Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 4
Contents at a Glance......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 20
About the Author......Page 21
Introduction......Page 22
PART I INTRODUCING MICROSOFT VISUAL C# AND MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 2017......Page 32
Beginning programming with the Visual Studio 2017 environment......Page 33
Writing your first program......Page 38
Using namespaces......Page 45
Creating a graphical application......Page 49
Examining the Universal Windows Platform app......Page 58
Adding code to the graphical application......Page 61
Summary......Page 65
Quick reference......Page 66
Understanding statements......Page 67
Identifying keywords......Page 68
Using variables......Page 69
Declaring variables......Page 70
Specifying numeric values......Page 71
Working with primitive data types......Page 72
Displaying primitive data type values......Page 73
Operators and types......Page 80
Examining arithmetic operators......Page 82
Controlling precedence......Page 87
Associativity and the assignment operator......Page 88
Prefix and postfix......Page 89
Declaring implicitly typed local variables......Page 90
Summary......Page 91
Quick reference......Page 92
Declaring a method......Page 93
Returning data from a method......Page 95
Using expression-bodied methods......Page 96
Calling methods......Page 97
Specifying the method call syntax......Page 98
Returning multiple values from a method......Page 100
Applying scope......Page 103
Defining class scope......Page 104
Overloading methods......Page 105
Writing methods......Page 106
Refactoring code......Page 111
Nesting methods......Page 115
Using optional parameters and named arguments......Page 118
Defining optional parameters......Page 119
Resolving ambiguities with optional parameters and named arguments......Page 120
Quick reference......Page 126
Declaring Boolean variables......Page 129
Understanding equality and relational operators......Page 130
Understanding conditional logical operators......Page 131
Summarizing operator precedence and associativity......Page 132
Understanding if statement syntax......Page 133
Using blocks to group statements......Page 135
Cascading if statements......Page 136
Using switch statements......Page 141
Understanding switch statement syntax......Page 142
Following the switch statement rules......Page 143
Quick reference......Page 147
Using compound assignment operators......Page 149
Writing while statements......Page 151
Writing for statements......Page 156
Understanding for statement scope......Page 157
Writing do statements......Page 158
Summary......Page 166
Quick reference......Page 167
Coping with errors......Page 168
Trying code and catching exceptions......Page 169
Unhandled exceptions......Page 170
Using multiple catch handlers......Page 171
Catching multiple exceptions......Page 172
Filtering exceptions......Page 173
Propagating exceptions......Page 178
Using checked and unchecked integer arithmetic......Page 179
Writing checked statements......Page 180
Writing checked expressions......Page 181
Throwing exceptions......Page 185
Using a finally block......Page 190
Summary......Page 191
Quick reference......Page 192
PART II UNDERSTANDING THE C# OBJECT MODEL......Page 193
Understanding classification......Page 194
Defining and using a class......Page 195
Controlling accessibility......Page 196
Working with constructors......Page 198
Overloading constructors......Page 200
Deconstructing an object......Page 208
Understanding static methods and data......Page 209
Creating a shared field......Page 210
Creating a static field by using the const keyword......Page 211
Static using statements......Page 212
Anonymous classes......Page 215
Quick reference......Page 216
Copying value type variables and classes......Page 218
Understanding null values and nullable types......Page 224
The null-conditional operator......Page 225
Using nullable types......Page 226
Understanding the properties of nullable types......Page 227
Creating ref parameters......Page 228
Creating out parameters......Page 229
How computer memory is organized......Page 232
Using the stack and the heap......Page 233
The System.Object class......Page 234
Boxing......Page 235
Unboxing......Page 236
The is operator......Page 237
The switch statement revisited......Page 238
Quick reference......Page 242
Declaring an enumeration......Page 244
Using an enumeration......Page 245
Choosing an enumeration’s underlying type......Page 246
Working with structures......Page 249
Declaring a structure......Page 250
Understanding differences between structures and classes......Page 251
Understanding structure initialization......Page 253
Copying structure variables......Page 258
Summary......Page 261
Quick reference......Page 262
Declaring array variables......Page 263
Creating an array instance......Page 264
Populating and using an array......Page 265
Creating an implicitly typed array......Page 266
Iterating through an array......Page 267
Passing arrays as parameters and return values for a method......Page 269
Copying arrays......Page 270
Using multidimensional arrays......Page 272
Creating jagged arrays......Page 273
Accessing arrays that contain value types......Page 283
Quick reference......Page 286
Overloading—a recap......Page 288
Using array arguments......Page 289
Declaring a params array......Page 290
Using params object[ ]......Page 292
Using a params array......Page 294
Comparing parameter arrays and optional parameters......Page 297
Summary......Page 299
Quick reference......Page 300
What is inheritance?......Page 301
Using inheritance......Page 302
Calling base-class constructors......Page 304
Assigning classes......Page 305
Declaring new methods......Page 307
Declaring virtual methods......Page 308
Declaring override methods......Page 309
Understanding protected access......Page 311
Creating extension methods......Page 317
Quick reference......Page 321
Understanding interfaces......Page 323
Defining an interface......Page 324
Implementing an interface......Page 325
Referencing a class through its interface......Page 326
Explicitly implementing an interface......Page 327
Interface restrictions......Page 329
Defining and using interfaces......Page 330
Abstract classes......Page 339
Abstract methods......Page 340
Implementing and using an abstract class......Page 341
Summary......Page 347
Quick reference......Page 348
The life and times of an object......Page 349
Writing destructors......Page 350
Why use the garbage collector?......Page 352
How does the garbage collector work?......Page 354
Resource management......Page 355
Exception-safe disposal......Page 356
The using statement and the IDisposable interface......Page 357
Calling the Dispose method from a destructor......Page 359
Implementing exception-safe disposal......Page 360
Quick reference......Page 369
PART III DEFINING EXTENSIBLE TYPES WITH C#......Page 371
Implementing encapsulation by using methods......Page 372
What are properties?......Page 374
Using properties......Page 376
Read-only properties......Page 377
Property accessibility......Page 378
Understanding the property restrictions......Page 379
Declaring interface properties......Page 381
Replacing methods with properties......Page 382
Generating automatic properties......Page 386
Initializing objects by using properties......Page 388
Quick reference......Page 392
Storing binary values......Page 395
Displaying binary values......Page 396
Manipulating binary values......Page 397
Solving the same problems using indexers......Page 398
Understanding indexer accessors......Page 400
Comparing indexers and arrays......Page 401
Indexers in interfaces......Page 403
Using indexers in a Windows application......Page 404
Quick reference......Page 409
The problem: Misusing with the object type......Page 412
The generics solution......Page 415
The theory of binary trees......Page 418
Building a binary tree class by using generics......Page 422
Creating a generic method......Page 431
Defining a generic method to build a binary tree......Page 432
Variance and generic interfaces......Page 434
Covariant interfaces......Page 436
Contravariant interfaces......Page 438
Quick reference......Page 440
What are collection classes?......Page 442
The List collection class......Page 444
The LinkedList collection class......Page 446
The Queue collection class......Page 447
The Stack collection class......Page 448
The Dictionary collection class......Page 449
The SortedList collection class......Page 451
The HashSet collection class......Page 452
Using collection initializers......Page 453
The Find methods, predicates, and lambda expressions......Page 454
The forms of lambda expressions......Page 456
Comparing arrays and collections......Page 458
Using collection classes to play cards......Page 459
Quick reference......Page 463
Enumerating the elements in a collection......Page 466
Manually implementing an enumerator......Page 467
Implementing the IEnumerable interface......Page 472
Implementing an enumerator by using an iterator......Page 474
A simple iterator......Page 475
Defining an enumerator for the Tree class by using an iterator......Page 477
Summary......Page 479
Quick reference......Page 480
Chapter 20 Decoupling application logic and handling events......Page 481
Understanding delegates......Page 482
Examples of delegates in the .NET Framework class library......Page 483
Implementing the factory by using a delegate......Page 485
Declaring and using delegates......Page 488
Creating a method adapter......Page 496
Enabling notifications by using events......Page 497
Subscribing to an event......Page 498
Raising an event......Page 499
Understanding user interface events......Page 500
Using events......Page 501
Quick reference......Page 507
What is LINQ?......Page 510
Using LINQ in a C# application......Page 511
Selecting data......Page 513
Filtering data......Page 515
Ordering, grouping, and aggregating data......Page 516
Joining data......Page 518
Using query operators......Page 519
Querying data in Tree objects......Page 522
LINQ and deferred evaluation......Page 529
Quick reference......Page 532
Understanding operators......Page 535
Overloaded operators......Page 536
Creating symmetric operators......Page 537
Understanding compound assignment evaluation......Page 539
Declaring increment and decrement operators......Page 540
Comparing operators in structures and classes......Page 541
Implementing operators......Page 542
Understanding conversion operators......Page 548
Providing built-in conversions......Page 549
Implementing user-defined conversion operators......Page 550
Writing conversion operators......Page 551
Summary......Page 553
Quick reference......Page 554
PART IV BUILDING UNIVERSAL WINDOWS PLATFORM APPLICATIONS WITH C#......Page 555
Why perform multitasking by using parallel processing?......Page 556
The rise of the multicore processor......Page 557
Tasks, threads, and the ThreadPool......Page 558
Creating, running, and controlling tasks......Page 560
Using the Task class to implement parallelism......Page 562
Abstracting tasks by using the Parallel class......Page 576
When not to use the Parallel class......Page 580
The mechanics of cooperative cancellation......Page 582
Using continuations with canceled and faulted tasks......Page 594
Quick reference......Page 595
Chapter 24 Improving response time by performing asynchronous operations......Page 598
Defining asynchronous methods: The problem......Page 599
Defining asynchronous methods: The solution......Page 602
Defining asynchronous methods that return values......Page 609
Asynchronous method gotchas......Page 610
Asynchronous methods and the Windows Runtime APIs......Page 612
Tasks, memory allocation, and efficiency......Page 614
Using PLINQ to parallelize declarative data access......Page 616
Using PLINQ to improve performance while iterating through a collection......Page 617
Canceling a PLINQ query......Page 621
Synchronizing concurrent access to data......Page 622
Synchronization primitives for coordinating tasks......Page 625
Canceling synchronization......Page 627
The concurrent collection classes......Page 628
Using a concurrent collection and a lock to implement thread-safe data access......Page 629
Summary......Page 638
Quick reference......Page 639
Chapter 25 Implementing the user interface for a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 641
Features of a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 642
Using the Blank App template to build a Universal Windows Platform app......Page 645
Implementing a scalable user interface......Page 648
Applying styles to a UI......Page 678
Quick reference......Page 687
Implementing the Model–View–ViewModel pattern......Page 688
Displaying data by using data binding......Page 689
Modifying data by using data binding......Page 696
Using data binding with a ComboBox control......Page 700
Creating a ViewModel......Page 703
Adding commands to a ViewModel......Page 706
Searching for data using Cortana......Page 716
Providing a vocal response to voice commands......Page 729
Summary......Page 732
Quick reference......Page 733
Retrieving data from a database......Page 734
Creating an entity model......Page 741
Creating and using a REST web service......Page 750
Inserting, updating, and deleting data through a REST web service......Page 766
Reporting errors and updating the UI......Page 777
Summary......Page 784
Quick reference......Page 785
Index......Page 787
Code Snippets......Page 879