Microorganisms and Mental Health

Preface
References
Contents
Evolutionary Aspects of Infections: Inflammation and Sickness Behaviors
1 Introduction
2 Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior
3 Evolutionary Aspects of Sickness Behavior
4 The Adaptive Value of Sickness Behavior
5 Conclusion
References
The Immune System and Depression: From Epidemiological to Clinical Evidence
1 Why Study the Immune System and Depression?
1.1 The Immune System and the Central Nervous System (CNS)
2 Infections and Depression
3 Autoimmune Disorders and Depression
4 Immune Findings Related to Depression
4.1 Blood-Based Immune Findings Associated with Depression
4.2 CSF Based Immune Findings Associated with Depression
4.3 Brain Imaging of Microglial Activation Related to Depression
4.4 The Gut-Immuno-Brain-Axis in Depression
4.5 (Immuno-)Genetics of Depression
5 Immune Hypotheses of Depression Pathogenesis
6 Perspectives
6.1 The Obstacles of Immune System Research Concerning Depression
6.2 Immunotherapy for Depression?
7 Conclusion
References
Infections, Inflammation, and Psychiatric Illness: Review of Postmortem Evidence
1 Evidence for Infection in the Postmortem Brain
2 Evidence for Inflammation in the Postmortem Brain
2.1 Schizophrenia
2.2 Mood Disorders
3 Heterogeneity of Immune/Inflammation Evidence in Postmortem Psychiatric Brains
4 Conclusions
References
Infections During Pregnancy and Risks for Adult Psychosis: Findings from the New England Family Study
1 Setting the Stage: The Continuum of Reproductive Casualty and Collaborative Perinatal Project
2 Initial Serologic Studies: Prenatal Infections and Risk for Psychosis Among Offspring
3 Maternal Immune Response: A Potential Common Pathway
4 Beyond Diagnosis to the Impacts of Prenatal Immune Exposures on the Brain
5 Conclusions
References
Sources and Translational Relevance of Heterogeneity in Maternal Immune Activation Models
1 Introduction
2 Planned and Unplanned Sources of Model Variability
3 Methodological Control Over Model Variability
4 Benefits of Model Variability for Translational Research
5 Enhancing Bidirectional Translational Validity
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Evolutionary Aspects of Diverse Microbial Exposures and Mental Health: Focus on ``Old Friends´´ and Stress Resilience
1 Introduction
2 Global Incidence and Prevalence of Common Mental Health Disorders
3 A Need for more Effective Therapies with a More Rapid Onset of Action
4 A Need for Approaches to Increasing Stress Resilience: Strategies for Prevention of Common Mental Health Disorders
5 Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Common Mental Disorders
5.1 Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Anxiety Disorders
5.2 Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Mood Disorders
5.3 Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
6 The Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Disease in Modern Urban Societies
7 Urban vs. Rural Upbringing and Mental Health
8 Hypothetical Frameworks Highlighting the Importance of Exposures to Diverse Microbial Environments to Mental Health
8.1 The Hygiene Hypothesis
8.2 The ``Farm Effect´´
8.3 The Biodiversity Hypothesis
8.4 The Disappearing Microbiota Hypothesis
8.5 The ``Old Friends´´ Hypothesis
8.5.1 The Phylogenetically Broad But Strain-Specific Nature of Microorganisms That Induce Immunoregulation
8.5.2 Immunoregulatory Strategies for Prevention of Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders: Soil-Derived Mycobacterium vaccae NC...
9 Conclusions
10 Future Directions
References
The Microbiome and Mental Health Across the Lifespan
1 Introduction
2 Schizophrenia
3 Substance Use
4 Alzheimer´s Disease
5 Suicidality
6 Loneliness and Wisdom in Older Adults
7 Longevity
8 Discussion
References
Influences of the Immune System and Microbiome on the Etiology of ASD and GI Symptomology of Autistic Individuals
1 Objectives
2 Background on Autism Spectrum Disorder
3 The Intersection of the Immune System and Microbiome on Autism Etiology
3.1 Maternal Immune Activation and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Offspring
3.2 The Microbiome Modulates the Impact of the Immune System on Neurodevelopment
3.3 Other Potential Factors Involved in the MIA Model
4 Links Between Microbiome/Microbial Interventions and GI Symptoms in ASD
4.1 Observational Studies Linking Microbiome Composition with GI Symptoms
4.2 Experimental Studies Linking the Microbiome with GI Symptoms
5 Conclusions
5.1 Caveats and Considerations
5.2 Implications
References
Fungal Forces in Mental Health: Microbial Meddlers or Function Fixers?
1 Introduction
1.1 The Microbiome and Gut-Brain Axis
1.2 Inflammation, Dysbiosis, and the Psychiatric Microbiome
2 Overview of Fungal Basics
3 Pathogenic Fungi
4 The Psychiatric Mycobiome
4.1 DNA Sequencing
4.2 Immunoassays
4.3 Changing the Mycobiome
5 Fungi and the CNS
6 Conclusions
References
Effect of Cytomegalovirus on the Immune System: Implications for Aging and Mental Health
1 Introduction
2 HCMV Infection
2.1 Transmission
2.2 Cellular Tropism, Viral Entry, and Initial Immune Activation
2.3 The HCMV Life Cycle
3 Host Cell Immune Evasion
3.1 HCMV Disrupts Toll-Like Receptors
3.2 HCMV Interferes with Interferons
3.3 HCMV Encodes an IL-10 Homolog That Supresses Immunity
3.4 MHC Expression and Antigen Presentation is Inhibited by HCMV
4 Impact on the Immune System
5 Clinical Relevance
5.1 Aging and Immunosenescence
5.2 Vaccine Response
5.3 Disease Susceptibility
6 Relevance to Mental Health
6.1 Stress Is a Risk Factor for Psychiatric Illness
6.2 Stress Is a Risk Factor for HCMV Infection and Reactivation
6.3 Inflammation Is Implicated in the Etiology of Psychiatric Disorders
6.4 Inflammation Predisposes to HCMV Reactivation and Vice Versa
6.5 Is HCMV an Overlooked Co-Factor in the Genesis of Psychiatric Illness?
References
Effect of Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Central Nervous System: Implications for Psychiatric Disorders
1 Introduction
2 CMV in Immune-Naïve and Immunocompromised Populations
3 CMV and Mood Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder)
4 CMV and Schizophrenia
5 Potential Mechanisms
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Herpesvirus Infections in the Human Brain: A Neural Cell Model of the Complement System Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem ...
1 Introduction
1.1 HSV-1 and Its Role in Human Pathology
1.2 Links Between Herpesviruses and Dementias
1.3 Links Between Herpesviruses and Other Forms of Cognitive Decline
1.4 The Human Complement Cascade
1.5 Special Features of the Complement System in the Brain
1.6 The Need for Human Brain-Relevant Cellular Models of the Complement System
1.7 Using hiPSC-Derived Cells to Model Brain Complement Function
2 Methods
2.1 Human iPSCs
2.2 iPSC-Derived Neuronal Cell Differentiation
2.3 iPSC-Derived Microglial Cell Differentiation and Characterization
2.4 Characterization of hi-M
2.5 Human Fetal Astrocytes
2.6 hi-M and hi-N Co-culture
2.7 hi-M, hi-N, and ha-D Co-cultures
2.8 Gene Expression Analysis
2.9 Complement Protein Assays
3 Results
3.1 Cellular and Transcriptomic Characterization of Hematopoietic Precursor Cells (HPCs) Derived hi-N and hi-M
3.2 Complement Gene Expression Analysis
3.3 Detection and Localization of Complement Proteins in hi-N and hi-M
4 Discussion
References
Non-SARS Coronaviruses in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Study Participants
2.2 Immunoassay Measures
2.3 Demographic and Clinical Measures
2.4 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
4 Discussion
References
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Tick-Borne Diseases
1 Lyme Disease
1.1 Background
1.2 Diagnostic Challenges
2 Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS)
2.1 Background
2.2 Risk Factors
2.3 Mechanisms of Persistent Illness
2.3.1 Persistent Infection
2.3.2 Immune Dysregulation
2.3.3 Altered Brain Functioning
3 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Lyme Disease
4 Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Children After Lyme Disease
5 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Non-Lyme-Related Diseases
6 Treatment Approaches for Persistent Medical and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Associated with Lyme Disease
6.1 Antibiotics
6.2 Psychotropics
6.3 Other Pharmaceuticals and Supplements
6.4 Immune Modulation
7 Illustrative Case: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in a Child with Multiple Infections
8 Conclusion
References
Behavioral Changes Induced by Latent Toxoplasmosis Could Arise from CNS Inflammation and Neuropathogenesis
1 Introduction
2 The Distribution of Tissue Cysts Has the Potential to Disturb Brain-Wide As Well As Specific Regions of the Network
3 The Toxoplasma Manipulation Hypothesis Could Be a Consequence, Not a Cause, of Parasitism in the Hosts
4 The Persistence of Tissue Cysts Requires Continued Immune Surveillance to Prevent Reactivation and Disease
5 Tissue Cysts Are Significant Contributors to Behavioral Changes and Neuro-Immune Responses
6 Mechanisms Through Which Cyst Presence Is Responsible for Behavioral Changes
7 Neuropathogenesis Could Arise from Chronic Neuroinflammation, as an Indirect Effect of the Tissue Cysts
8 Conclusion
References
Therapeutic Implications of the Microbial Hypothesis of Mental Illness
1 Introduction
2 Herpesviruses
2.1 Herpesviruses Implicated in Psychiatric Illness
2.2 Anti-Herpetic Medications and Vaccines
2.3 Treatment of Herpesvirus-Induced Inflammation
2.4 Antiviral Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
2.5 Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
2.6 Summary
3 Toxoplasma gondii
3.1 Toxoplasma gondii and Psychiatric Illness
3.2 Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii in the Context of Mental Illness
3.3 Summary
4 The Microbiome
4.1 The Microbiome and Mental Illness
4.2 Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders with Probiotics
4.3 Summary
5 Conclusion
References