Microgrids: Modeling, Control, and Applications presents a systematic elaboration of different types of microgrids, with a particular focus on new trends and applications. The book includes sections on AC, DC and hybrid AC/DC microgrids and reflects state-of-the-art developments, covering theory, algorithms, simulations, error and uncertainty analysis, as well as novel applications of new control techniques. Offering a valuable resource for students and researchers working on the integration of renewable energy with existing grid and control of microgrids, this book combines recent advances and ongoing research into a single informative resource.
The book highlights recent findings while also analyzing modelling and control, thus making it a solid reference for researchers as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Author(s): Josep M. Guerrero, Ritu Kandari
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 268
City: London
Front Cover
Microgrids
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
I. Introduction to microgrids
1 Microgrids, their types, and applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microgrid classification
1.3 Structure
1.4 Modes of operation
1.5 Control of AC microgrid
1.5.1 Hierarchical control schemes
1.6 Control of DC microgrid
1.6.1 Control structures
1.7 Control of hybrid (AC/DC) microgrid
1.8 Microgrid research areas
1.9 Solar
1.9.1 Independent (or stand-alone) PV system
1.9.2 Grid-connected PV system
1.9.3 PV modeling
1.10 Maximum power point tracking
1.10.1 P&O method
1.11 Wind turbine system
1.12 Battery
1.12.1 Lithium-ion battery
1.12.2 Lead–acid battery
1.12.3 Battery modeling
1.12.4 Sizing batteries correctly
1.12.4.1 Voltage of system (min and max)
1.12.4.2 Duty cycle
1.12.4.3 Correction factor
1.13 Fuel cell
1.14 Advantages and applications of microgrid
1.15 Conclusion
References
II. AC microgrids
2 Disturbance observer–aided adaptive sliding mode controller for frequency regulation in hybrid power system
2.1 Introduction
2.2 System modeling
2.2.1 Model of reheated thermal power system
2.2.1.1 Transfer function model of double-stage reheat turbine
2.2.2 Distributed energy resources
2.2.2.1 Wind power generation
2.2.2.2 Fuel cell
2.2.2.3 Aqua-electrolyzer
2.2.2.4 Diesel engine generator
2.2.2.5 Battery energy storage system
2.3 Disturbance observer–aided adaptive sliding mode load frequency controller
2.3.1 Traditional sliding mode load frequency controller (SMLFC)
2.3.2 Adaptive sliding mode LFC with disturbance observer
2.3.2.1 Adaptive law
2.4 Results and discussion
2.4.1 Performance analysis of isolated HPS against multiple load perturbation
2.4.2 Performance analysis of isolated HPS with multiple-step loads and random wind power perturbation
2.4.3 Performance analysis of isolated HPS with GRC and GDB
2.4.4 Performance analysis of interconnected two-area HPS with multiple-step load and RWPP
2.4.5 Performance analysis of two-area HPS with GRC and GDB
2.4.6 Robust stability analysis
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Recent advancements in AC microgrids: a new smart approach to AC microgrid monitoring and control using IoT
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem statement
3.3 Literature survey
3.4 Block diagram
3.5 Methodology
3.6 Details of hardware and software used
3.6.1 LCD display (JDH162A): a 16×2 LCD is a display unit used in different activities
3.7 Details about the web portal: ThingSpeak
3.8 Algorithm
3.9 Software development flowchart
3.10 Results and discussions
3.10.1 Hardware section of the model
3.11 Graphical analysis
3.12 Conclusion and future scope
References
Further reading
III. DC microgrids
4 DC microgrid
4.1 Introduction
4.2 DC microgrid
4.3 Mode of operation
4.4 Advantages of DC microgrid
4.5 Standards
4.6 DC microgrid architecture
4.6.1 Photovoltaics cell/solar
4.6.2 DC–DC converters
4.7 Principle of chopper
4.8 Boost converter
4.9 Case-I (switch S is ON)
4.10 Case-II (switch S is OFF)
4.11 Buck-boost converter
4.12 Case-I (switch S is ON)
4.13 Case-II (switch S is OFF)
4.13.1 Maximum power point tracking controller
4.13.2 Storage device—battery
4.14 Working principle
4.15 Discharging mechanism
4.16 Charging mechanism
4.17 State of charge and state of health
4.18 Types of batteries
4.18.1 Modeling
4.19 Types of modeling methods
4.20 Equivalent circuit model
4.21 Data-driven model
4.22 Case study
4.23 Conclusion
References
5 Role of dual active bridge isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter in a DC microgrid
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microgrid
5.3 Dual-active bridge converter
5.3.1 DAB parameter design
5.4 Fuzzy logic controller
5.5 Performance evaluation
5.5.1 Single-phase shift technique
5.5.2 Forward conduction mode
5.5.3 Reverse conduction mode
5.6 Experimental verification
5.7 Conclusion
References
IV. Hybrid AC/DC microgrids
6 Introduction to hybrid AC/DC microgrids
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Hybrid micro-grid
6.1.2 The topographies of hybrid micro-grid
6.1.3 Need of hybrid micro-grid
6.1.4 Comparison between conventional grid and hybrid micro-grid
6.2 Architecture of hybrid micro-grid
6.3 Architecture of AC-coupled hybrid micro-grid
6.4 Architecture of DC-coupled hybrid micro-grid
6.5 Architecture of AC-DC coupled hybrid micro-grid
6.6 Modeling of hybrid micro-grid components
6.6.1 PV system model
6.6.2 Wind energy system model
6.6.3 Biomass energy model
6.6.4 Small-hydro system model
6.6.5 Battery model
6.6.6 Fuel cell model
6.7 Power quality issues in hybrid micro-grid
6.8 Control strategies and energy management system for hybrid micro-grid
6.8.1 AC-coupled hybrid micro-grid
6.8.2 DC-coupled hybrid micro-grid
6.8.3 AC-DC coupled hybrid micro-grid
6.8.4 Transition between grid-connected and standalone operation mode for energy management
6.9 Modeling of hybrid micro-grid
6.9.1 Modeling of PV and wind hybrid micro-grid
6.9.2 Modeling of PV, wind and biomass hybrid micro-grid
6.9.3 Modeling of PV, wind, biomass and small hydro hybrid micro-grid
6.10 Mathematical modeling of hybrid micro-grid
6.10.1 Modeling of AC micro-grid
6.10.2 Modeling of DC micro-grid
6.11 Coordination control of the converters
6.11.1 Isolated mode
6.12 Grid-connected mode
6.13 Economic potential and their benefits for hybrid micro-grid
6.13.1 Credit risk
6.13.2 Commercial risk
6.13.3 Returns
6.14 Case study regarding hybrid micro-grid
6.15 Conclusion
References
7 Control of hybrid AC/DC microgrids
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Microgrid stability
7.1.2 Frequency stability
7.2 Literature review
7.3 Theoretical approach—different control techniques
7.3.1 Structures of robust controllers
7.3.2 General mixed sensitivity problem
7.3.3 H Infinity control problem
7.3.4 Structured singular value- μ control theory
7.4 Methodology
7.5 Results and discussion—case studies
7.5.1 H infinity controller frequency response
7.5.2 Mu synthesis controller frequency response
7.5.3 μ synthesis controller with parametric variations
7.5.4 Order reduction of the controller
7.5.5 Case studies—comparison of control techniques
7.6 Conclusion
7.7 Summary
References
8 Recent advancements in hybrid AC/DC microgrids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Challenges in hybrid AC/DC microgrid and possible solutions
8.2.1 Operational aspects
8.2.2 Compatibility issues
8.2.3 Uncertainty, and perturbations in the renewable sources of energy
8.2.4 Protection
8.2.5 Reliability
8.3 Advances in hybrid microgrids
8.3.1 System modeling
8.3.2 K-nearest neighbors
8.3.3 Control law formulation
8.4 Case study
8.4.1 Preparation of data set
8.4.2 Data labeling
8.4.3 Data division for training and testing
8.4.4 Training the model
8.4.5 Training accuracy
8.4.6 Testing accuracy
8.4.7 Making predictions
8.4.8 Evaluating testing accuracy
8.4.9 Evaluating training accuracy
8.4.10 Plotting
8.4.11 Using logistic regression
8.5 Conclusion
References
Index
Back Cover
