Microfluidic Biosensors

Front Cover
Microfluidic Biosensors
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Foreword
1 Printed microfluidic biosensors and their biomedical applications
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 The emerging need of microfluidic biosensors
1.1.2 Printed microfluidics biosensors
1.2 Technologies in fabrication and assembly of printed microfluidics
1.2.1 2D microfluidics
1.2.2 Pseudo-3D microfluidics
1.2.3 3D printed microfluidics
1.2.4 4D microfluidics
1.3 Integration of printed microfluidics into functional biosensors
1.3.1 Conjugation of molecular recognition elements
1.3.2 Integration of actuators
1.3.3 Integration with optical and electrochemical signal acquisition units
1.4 Biomedical applications with printed microfluidic biosensors
1.4.1 Disease screening
1.4.2 Food safety
1.5 Conclusions and outlooks
References
2 Design and fabrication technologies for microfluidic sensors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Design and modeling of microfluidic platforms for sensing
2.2.1 Micromixers
2.2.2 Droplet generator
2.3 Fabrication methods
2.3.1 Soft lithography
2.3.2 3D printing fabrication method
2.3.3 Laminate fabrication method
2.3.4 Computer numerical control micromilling
2.4 Characterization and measurement techniques for microfluidic platforms
2.4.1 Leakage assessments
2.4.2 Mixing assessment
2.4.3 Characterization of mixed fluids
2.4.4 Droplet characterization
2.4.4.1 Contact angle measurement technique
2.4.4.2 Optical imaging of droplets
2.4.4.3 Electrical techniques for microfluidic droplet detection
2.5 Point-of-care microfluidic sensors using hybrid fabrication techniques
2.5.1 PDMS–paper hybrid microfluidic device for detection of whooping cough
2.5.2 Point-of-care detection of protein biomarkers using enhanced centrifugation-assisted lateral flow immunoassay
2.5.3 Point-of-care pathogen diagnostics using an integrated rotary microfluidic system
2.5.4 Automated microfluidics for rapid CRISPR-based COVID-19 detection
2.5.5 Array of microfluidic button valves for high throughput COVID-19 serology assays
2.5.6 Optofluidic sensor for coagulation risk monitoring of COVID-19 patients
2.6 Conclusions and outlooks
2.7 Future outlook
References
3 Lab-in-a-fiber biosensors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basics of lab-in-a-fiber devices
3.2.1 Fiber structures and guiding mechanisms
3.2.2 Light–analyte interaction forms
3.2.3 Device fabrications
3.2.3.1 Fiber drawing technique
3.3 Lab-in-a-fiber sensors for bioapplications
3.3.1 In-fiber absorption sensors
3.3.2 In-fiber fluorescent sensors
3.3.3 In-fiber SERS sensors
3.3.4 In-fiber interferometric biosensors
3.4 Conclusions and outlooks
Funding information
References
4 Flexible and mountable microfluidics for wearable biosensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Flexible materials for microfluidics
4.2.1 From rigid to flexible materials for high body compliance
4.2.2 Functions of flexible materials in microfluidics
4.2.3 Fabrication of flexible microfluidics on compliant substrates
4.3 Epidermal microfluidic patches
4.3.1 Considerations when developing epidermal patches
4.3.2 Epidermal microfluidics for detecting electrolytes and nutrients
4.3.3 Biochemical wearable microfluidic biosensors
4.4 Flexible microfluidic contact lenses
4.4.1 Basics of soft contact lenses
4.4.2 Microfluidics in contact lenses for pressure monitoring
4.4.3 Laser ablation microfluidics in contact lenses
4.4.4 Multiplexed sensing with microfluidic contact lenses
4.5 Flexible microfluidic-based smart bandages
4.5.1 Chronic wound
4.5.2 Smart bandages for chronic wound monitoring
4.5.3 Microfludic delivery systems for chronic wound management and treatment
4.6 Flexible microfluidic-based wearable mechanical sensors
4.6.1 Mechanical sensing mechanism via flexible microfluidics
4.6.2 Flexible microfluidic-based strain sensors
4.6.3 Flexible microfluidic-based pressure sensors
4.7 Summary and perspectives
References
5 Advanced techniques for manufacturing paper-based microfluidic analytical devices
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods for patterning paper
5.2.1 Screen printing
5.2.2 Plasma treatment
5.2.3 Wax printing
5.2.4 Photolithography
5.2.5 Inkjet printing
5.3 Application of microfluidics in diagnostics
5.3.1 Colorimetric-based application
5.3.2 Electrochemical-based application
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Digital microfluidic biosensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basics of digital microfluidic devices
6.2.1 Theory
6.2.2 Device configuration and fabrication
6.3 Integrated digital microfluidic devices with sensing technologies
6.3.1 Integration of sensing techniques into digital microfluidic systems
6.3.1.1 Optical sensing in digital microfluidic systems
6.3.1.2 Electrochemical sensing in digital microfluidic systems
6.3.2 Applications of digital microfluidic biosensors
6.3.2.1 Cell-based applications
6.3.2.2 DNA-based applications
6.3.2.3 Protein-based applications
6.4 Conclusions and outlooks
References
7 Emerging functional materials for microfluidic biosensors
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Microfluidic biosensors
7.1.2 From conventional toward emerging functional materials
7.2 Materials, properties, and functions for microfluidic biosensors
7.2.1 Material for design and development of microfluidics
7.2.2 Inorganic materials (silicon, glass, and ceramic)
7.2.3 Polymeric Material
7.2.4 Emerging polymer and polymer composite for 3D-printed microfluidics
7.2.5 Advanced polymer composites for 3D-printed microfluidics
7.2.6 Paper-based microfluidics
7.3 Emerging materials for improved signal transduction in microfluidic biosensor
7.3.1 Graphene-based 2D nanomaterials
7.3.2 2D transition metal nanomaterials
7.3.2.1 Transition metal oxides
7.3.2.2 Transition metal chalcogenides
7.3.3 MXenes
7.3.4 Black phosphorus
7.4 Conclusions and outlooks
References
8 Smartphone and microfluidic systems in medical and food analysis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Scientometric analysis
8.3 Smartphone-based sensing technologies in the medical field
8.3.1 Smartphone-based tissue image analysis for early stage skin cancer detection
8.3.2 Improving smartphone-based infectious disease detection in remote locations
8.3.3 Smartphone-based noninvasive diagnostics
8.4 Smartphone-based sensing technologies in the food analysis field
8.4.1 Optical detection
8.4.1.1 Lateral flow assays
8.4.1.2 Paper-based assays
8.4.1.3 Microfluidic chips and LOC technology
8.4.2 Electrochemical detection
8.5 Validation requirements and benchmarking
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9 CMOS-based microanalysis systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fabrication techniques for microfluidic biosensors
9.2.1 Photolithography
9.2.2 Electron beam lithograpy
9.2.3 Wax (2-D) printing
9.2.4 3D printing
9.2.5 Soft lithography
9.2.6 Nanoimprint lithography
9.3 Detection methods for different analytes
9.3.1 Ions and electrolytes
9.3.1.1 Fluorescence-based detection of ions and electrolytes
9.3.1.2 Absorbance-based detection of ions and electrolytes
9.3.1.3 Colorimetric detection of ions and electrolytes
9.3.1.4 SERS and chemiluminescence-based detection of ions and electrolytes
9.3.1.5 Electrochemical detection of ions and electrolytes
9.3.2 Metabolites (glucose, lactate, etc.)
9.3.3 Proteins
9.4 Biosensor CMOS instrumentation
9.4.1 Amperometric sensor instrumentation
9.4.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
9.4.3 Monolithic integration of biosensors
9.5 Application areas
9.5.1 POC diagnostics
9.5.2 Food safety
9.5.3 Healthcare monitoring
9.5.4 Trends on POC: beyond wearable and implantable devices
References
10 Microfluidic-based plasmonic biosensors
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Basics of microfluidics and biosensor technology
10.1.2 Biosensors and classification
10.1.3 Optical biosensor
10.2 Plasmonic biosensors
10.2.1 Principle of surface plasmons
10.2.2 Conventional surface plasmon resonance biosensors
10.2.3 LSPR biosensors
10.3 Patterned metallic structure array for enhanced plasmonic biosensors
10.3.1 Anisotropy nanostructure arrays
10.3.2 Nanohole/cavity arrays
10.4 The applications of microfluidic-based plasmonic biosensors
10.4.1 Integrated surface plasmon resonance and LSPR sensing systems
10.4.2 Surface plasmon resonance imaging
10.4.3 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
10.4.4 Plasmonic sensor integrated with other sensors for multiplex biosensing
10.5 Conclusion and outlook
References
11 Fiber-optic devices for sensing, manipulating, and imaging cells in vitro and in vivo
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic principles
11.2.1 Plasmonic sensing
11.2.2 Interferometric sensing
11.2.3 Optical cell trapping
11.3 Bulk-cell analysis
11.3.1 Detecting cell
11.3.2 Detecting cell metabolites
11.3.3 Monitoring cell behavior
11.4 Single-cell analysis
11.4.1 Manipulating cells and organelles
11.4.2 Probing intracellular process
11.5 Intravital-cell analysis
11.5.1 In vivo flow cytometry
11.5.2 Endomicroscopy
11.6 Conclusion
Reference
Index
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