Microbiomes and the Global Climate Change

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Climate Change and Microbial Ecology
1: Microbes and Climate: A Tangled Relation
1.1 Brief History and Introduction of Microbial Evolution and Climate Change
1.2 Climatic Change and Microorganisms
1.3 Impact of Climate Change on Microbial Community
1.3.1 Anthropogenic Factors
1.3.1.1 Use of Antibiotics and Antifungal Agents
1.3.1.2 Use of Agrochemicals
1.3.1.3 Disposing Untreated Waste by Scientific Laboratories and Industries
1.4 Microorganisms, Agriculture, and Global Warming
1.5 Conclusion
References
2: Carbon Sequestration in Aquatic System Using Microbial Pump
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Understanding DOC Fractions
2.3 Classical Ocean Carbon Pumps
2.3.1 Solubility Pump
2.3.2 Biological Carbon Pump
2.3.3 Carbonate Pump
2.4 Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP)
2.5 Disturbances and Effects on Microbial Carbon Pump
2.5.1 Warming of Ocean Waters
2.5.2 Ocean Stratification and Nutrient Supply
2.5.3 Exposure to UV Radiation
2.5.4 Ocean Acidification
2.5.5 Thermohaline Circulation
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Climate Change Extenuation by Greenhouse Gas Quenching Microflora
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil Microbes and Climate Change
3.3 Microbes and Global Warming
3.4 Microbes as Carbon Sink
3.5 Combating Global Warming Through Biofuels
3.6 Volatile Organic Carbon Mitigation and Methylotrophs
3.7 Carbon Cycling and Climate Change
3.8 Methylotrophs Mitigating Methane
3.9 Methylotrophs Mitigating Methane in Paddy Fields
3.10 Conclusions
References
4: Role of Methanotrophs in Mitigating Global Warming
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methane and its Sources
4.2.1 Paddy Fields
4.2.2 Methane Hydrates
4.2.3 Coal Mines
4.3 Methanotrophs Based Mitigation of Methane
4.3.1 Methanotrophs
4.3.2 Biodiversity of Methanotrophs
4.3.3 Catalytic Properties of MMOs
4.4 Role of Methanotrophs in Mitigating Methane Emission
4.4.1 Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Landfills
4.4.2 Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Coal Mines
4.5 Engineered Strategies for Methane Removal
4.6 Conclusions
References
5: Paradigm Ecological Shift and Succession in Microbiomes: A Climatic Advent
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Responses of Soil Microbial Community Under Changing Multiple Climatic Factors
5.3 Development and Evolution of Microbial Ecosystems and Its Gradual Succession
5.4 Role of Microbes in Global Warming and Recycling the Essential Elements
5.5 Acceleration of the Spatial Turnover of Soil Microbial Communities Under Elevated CO2
5.6 Few Example of Microbial Community Succession Under Changing Environment Stimulated Through Soil Transplant
5.7 Influence of Climate Change in Shifting Plant Diseases from Minor to Major
5.8 Effect of Climate Change on Marine Microbial Succession
5.9 Conclusion
References
6: Exploring the Diversity of Marine Microbiome in Response to Changes in the Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Marine Microbiome
6.3 Marine Microorganisms (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) and Viruses
6.4 Importance of Marine Microbes
6.4.1 Biogeochemical Cycling of the Nutrients
6.4.2 Degradation of Organic Matters
6.4.3 Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds
6.4.4 Tackling Pollution
6.4.5 Maintenance of Marine Food Chain and Food Web
6.5 Environmental Factors Affecting the Marine Microbiome
6.5.1 Global Climate Change
6.5.2 Environmental Pollution
6.6 Conclusion
References
7: Polar Microbes as Climate-Resilient Pathways for Mitigation of Climate Change
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Polar Regions and Climate Change
7.3 Recent Environmental Changes in Polar Regions
7.3.1 Changes in Atmospheric Circulation
7.3.2 Changes in Temperature and Ocean Circulation
7.3.3 Changes in Sea Ice and Ice Sheets
7.3.4 Changes in Microbial Interactions
7.4 Microbial Diversity in Polar Regions
7.4.1 Diatoms
7.4.2 Snow Algae
7.4.3 Cyanobacteria
7.4.4 Other Microbes
7.5 Adaptations in Low Temperatures
7.5.1 Adaptations in Cell Envelope and Cell Membrane
7.5.2 Adaptations in Membrane Pigments
7.5.3 Adaptations in Cell Wall
7.5.4 Antifreeze Proteins
7.5.5 Compatible Solutes
7.5.6 Other Adaptations
7.6 Role of Microbes in Mitigation of Climate Change
7.7 Conclusion
References
Part II: Climate Change and Pathogens
8: Climate Change and Population Health
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Consequences of Climate change
8.2.1 Exposure to Thermal Extremes and Other Weather Events
8.2.2 Biological Impact of Air Pollution, Pollens, and Spores
8.2.3 Effect Due to Change in Range and Activity of Vectors
8.2.4 Effect of Alteration in Infective Agents
8.2.5 Effect of Alteration in Crop Production
8.2.6 Effect of Extreme Weather Events
8.2.7 Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
8.3 Future Trends
8.4 Strategies to Minimize the Health Risk
8.5 What is Being Done at Country and International Level?
References
9: Impact of Climate Change on the Incidence and Transfer of Food- and Water-Borne Diseases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Climate Change a Global Concern
9.3 Incidence of Diseases in Relation to the Climate Change
9.3.1 Food Handling and Security
9.3.2 Foodborne Diseases
9.3.2.1 Campylobacteriosis
9.3.2.2 Salmonellosis
9.3.2.3 Listeriosis
9.3.2.4 Bacillus cereus
9.3.2.5 Clostridium
9.3.2.6 Staphylococcus
9.3.2.7 Escherichia coli
9.3.3 Waterborne Diseases
9.3.3.1 Vibrio Spp.
9.4 Risk and Mitigation Approach
9.5 Conclusion
References
10: Climate Change: Any Dangers from Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria?
10.1 Pathogens
10.1.1 Pathogen Prevalence
10.1.2 Gene Transfer
10.2 Agriculture
10.2.1 AMA and AMR Pathways in Agriculture
10.2.2 Influence of Climate Change on Agriculture
10.2.3 Possible Changes Induced by Climate Change on AMR in Agriculture
10.3 Water Distribution and Quality
10.3.1 Surface Waters
10.3.2 Water Distribution
10.4 Melting Glaciers and Permafrost Thaws
10.5 Hydrological Changes and Legacy Pollution
10.6 Summary
References
11: Phyllosphere Microbiome: Plant Defense Strategies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Phylloplane
11.3 Phylloplane Microbes or Epiphytes
11.4 Inter-Microbial Interactions
11.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Epiphytes
11.6 Climate Change and Microbial Colonization
11.7 Plant-Microbe Interactions
11.8 Elicitation of Plant Defense Response by Fungal Metabolites and Ergosterol
11.9 Intercellular Fluid Proteins
11.10 Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) in Plant Defense
11.11 Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase (TAL) in Plant Defense
11.12 Peroxidases (POX)
11.13 Polyphenol Oxidases (PPO)
11.14 Age Related Resistance (ARR) in Plants
11.15 Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in Plants
11.16 Priming and Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins
11.17 Changes Induced in Total Phenols and Flavonoids by Microorganisms
11.18 Conclusion
11.19 Future Prospects
References
Part III: Climate Change and Agriculture
12: Understanding Methanogens, Methanotrophs, and Methane Emission in Rice Ecosystem
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methanogens and Methane Production in Rice Field
12.3 Methanotrophs and Methane Oxidation in Rice Soil
12.4 Methane Oxidation in Rice Ecosystem
12.5 Factors Affecting Methane Emission in Rice Ecosystems
12.5.1 Soil Temperature
12.5.2 Soil Organic Matter
12.5.3 Soil Texture
12.5.4 Application of Fertilizers
12.6 Mitigation of Methane Emission from Rice Ecosystem
12.6.1 Irrigation Management
12.6.2 Rice Cultivar
12.6.3 Methane Mitigation Through Azolla
12.6.4 Other Interventions for Methane Mitigation in Rice
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Soil Microflora and its Role in Diminution of Global Climate Change
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Terrestrial Microbiome
13.3 Changes in Climate Affect Soil Microflora
13.3.1 Temperature and Thermal Adaptation on Soil Microbes
13.3.2 Precipitation
13.3.3 Elevation of Carbon Dioxide
13.3.4 Resistance Development in Several Harmful Plant Pathogens
13.4 Effects of Soil Microflora on Climate Change
13.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emission
13.4.2 Methane Emission
13.4.3 Role of Ruminants, Earthworms and Herbivores
13.5 Agriculture
13.5.1 Methane Emission from Different Agricultural Activities
13.5.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion and Use of Fertilizers
13.5.3 Eutrophication
13.6 Microbial Mitigation of Climate Change
13.6.1 Management of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens
13.6.1.1 Exploitation of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Other Rhizobacterial Species
13.6.1.2 Exploitation of Rhizobacteria Against Other Biotic Stresses
13.6.1.3 Induction of Systemic Resistance
13.6.2 Microbial Exploitation for Sustainable Agriculture and Plant Growth Enhancement
13.6.2.1 Development of Biofertilizer or Nitrogen Fixer
13.6.2.2 Phytohormone Synthesis
13.6.3 Bioremediation
13.6.3.1 Microbial Bioremediation: Overview and Types
13.6.3.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
13.6.3.3 Other Scopes and Possibilities: Synthetic Biology Approach
13.7 Conclusion
References
14: Role of Microorganisms in Plant Adaptation Towards Climate Change for Sustainable Agriculture
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Adaptation to Stress by Microbes
14.3 Alleviation of Abiotic Stress in Plants by Rhizospheric Microbes
14.4 Symbiotic Fungi for Reduction of Abiotic Stress
14.5 Dual Symbiotic Systems for Alleviating of Abiotic Stress
14.6 Conclusion
References
15: Novel Approaches for Genome Editing to Develop Climate Smart Crops
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Genome-Editing Techniques
15.2.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
15.2.2 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases-TALENs
15.2.3 CRISPR/Cas9 System
15.2.4 Editing by Nucleobase Modification (Base Editors)
15.3 Novel Technical Breakthroughs
15.3.1 DNA-Free Genome-Editing System
15.3.2 CRISPR/Cpf1 System
15.4 Outcomes of Genome Editing in Understanding Climate Stress Tolerance
15.5 Conclusions and Future Implications
References
Part IV: Climate Change and the Environmental Microbiology
16: Role of Soil Microbial Flora in Remediation of Hydrocarbon Stressed Soils
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Anthropogenic Pollution
16.3 Environmental Contaminants and their Fate
16.4 Effects of Xenobiotics on Soil Quality
16.5 Role of Healthy Soil in Climate Change
16.6 Role of Microbial Flora in the Degradation of PAHs
16.6.1 Factors Affecting the Bacterial Degradation of PAHs
16.6.1.1 Abiotic Factors
Temperature
pH
Salinity and Pressure
Substrate and Properties
Solubility
Availability of Nutrients
End Products Toxicity and Accumulation
16.6.1.2 Biotic Factors
Inoculum Size and Type
Electron Acceptors
Bioavailability of Pollutants and Biosurfactants
16.7 Genetics of PAHs Metabolism in Aerobic Bacteria
16.8 Kinetics of Bacterial Degradation of PAHs
16.9 Enzymology of PAHs Metabolism in Aerobic Bacteria
16.9.1 Hydroxylation-Activation of PAHs by Dioxygenases to Produce Cis-Dihydrodiols
16.9.2 Rearomatization-Conversion of Cis-Dihydrodiols by Dehydrogenase to Diol Intermediates
16.9.3 Cleavage of Diol Intermediate to Catechols by Ring-Cleaving Dioxygenases
16.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
17: Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria as Potent Scavengers of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbons
17.2.1 Saturates (Aliphatics)
17.2.2 Aromatics (Ringed Hydrocarbons)
17.2.3 Resins
17.2.4 Asphaltenes
17.3 Impact of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Environment
17.3.1 Impacts on Humans
17.3.2 Impact on Microorganisms
17.4 Biosurfactants and their Properties
17.4.1 Classification and Properties of Biosurfactants
17.4.1.1 Glycolipids
17.4.1.2 Rhamnolipids
17.4.1.3 Sophorolipids
17.4.1.4 Trehalose Lipids
17.4.1.5 Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides
17.4.1.6 Fatty Acids and Phospholipids
17.4.1.7 Polymeric Biosurfactants
17.4.1.8 Particulate Biosurfactants
17.5 Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria in the Contaminated Environment
17.6 Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
17.7 Factors Affecting the Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon
17.7.1 Oxygen (O2)
17.7.2 Soil Properties and Nutrient Availability
17.7.3 Water Content and Temperature
17.7.4 Hydrocarbon Bioavailability
17.7.5 Concentration of Petroleum Hydrocarbon
17.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
18: Potent Biotechnological Applications of Psychrozymes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Habitats of Psychrophilic Microorganisms
18.3 Cold-Loving Enzymes
18.3.1 Food Sector
18.3.2 Brewage Sector
18.3.3 Pharmaceutical Sector
18.3.4 Leather and Textile Sectors
18.3.5 Detergent Sector
18.3.6 Biotechnology
18.3.7 Waste Management
18.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
19: Role of Green Nanotechnology in Alleviating Climate Change
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Role of Nanotechnology
19.3 Green Nanotechnology
19.4 Role of Microbiome in Nanotechnology
19.5 Nanobioremediation
19.6 Conclusion
References