This book covers state-of-the-art topics covering evidences indicate that the gut microbiota can be harnessed for cancer prevention as well as to modulate the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This book includes: 1) characterization of the dysregulated microbiome in gastrointestinal cancers (Chapters 1-6); 2) the molecular mechanism of action of gut microbiota via microbial metabolites and direct interaction with host cancer or immune cells (Chapters 7-11); 3) key methodologies for studying the role of gut microbiota in cancers (Chapters 12-13); and 4) the potential application of gut microbes for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers (Chapters 14-17).
The contributors are international experts in molecular and cellular biology, microbiology, metabolomics, bioinformatics and physician scientists to provide in-depth reviews of this subject. This book provides a rich resource of information on this important topic for graduate students, basic researchers and physicians.
Author(s): Jun Yu
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 298
City: Singapore
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Gut Microbiome in Health and Gastrointestinal Cancer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Digestive Roles of Healthy Gut Microbiome
2.2.1 Oesophagus and Stomach
2.2.2 Small Intestine
2.2.3 Large Intestine
2.3 Gut Microbiome and Immunity
2.4 Gut Microbiome and Gastrointestinal Cancer
2.4.1 Local Effects of Gut Microbiome on Gastric and Colorectal Cancer
2.4.2 Distant Effects of Gut Microbiome on Liver and Pancreatic Cancer
2.5 Current Limitations and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 3: Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microbiota in Human Biology
3.3 Association of Microbiome and CRC
3.4 Role of Individual Gut Bacteria in CRC
3.4.1 Opportunistic Pathogens in Promoting CRC
3.4.1.1 Fusobacterium nucleatum
3.4.1.2 pks+ Escherichia coli
3.4.1.3 Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis
3.4.1.4 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
3.4.1.5 Porphyromonas gingivalis
3.4.2 Probiotics that Are Protective Against CRC
3.4.2.1 Lactobacillus Family
3.4.2.2 Bifidobacterium Family
3.4.2.3 Akkermansia muciniphila
3.4.2.4 Streptococcus thermophilus
3.4.3 Role of Gut Fungi in CRC
3.4.4 Role of Gut Viruses in CRC
3.5 Clinical Application and Challenge of Microbiome in CRC
3.5.1 Biomarkers for CRC Diagnosis and Prevention
3.5.2 Modulation of Microbiota in CRC
3.5.3 Effect of Microbiota on Cancer Therapy in CRC
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Microbiome in Gastric Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microbiota in the Healthy, Non-neoplastic Stomach
4.3 The Prime Pathogen: Helicobacter pylori
4.3.1 H. pylori-Related Gastric Diseases
4.3.2 Pathogenic Mechanisms of H. pylori: Virulence Factors
4.3.3 Pathogenic Mechanisms of H. pylori: Immunity
4.4 Dysbiosis of Non-HP Microbiota in Gastric Cancer
4.5 Pathogenic Mechanisms of Non-HP Microbiota in Gastric Carcinogenesis
4.6 Microbial Metabolites: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
4.6.1 Reactive O2 and N2 Metabolites
4.6.2 Pros and Cons of Lactate
4.6.3 Epigenetic Modulation by SCFAs
4.7 Microbiota in Prevention and Therapy of GC: From Mice to Patients
4.7.1 Probiotics: Prevention of Gastric Disease
4.7.2 Antibiotics: Eradication of H. pylori
4.7.3 Cancer Therapies
4.7.3.1 Surgery
4.7.3.2 Chemotherapy
4.7.3.3 Immunotherapy
4.7.3.4 Oncomicrobiotics
4.7.3.5 Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Microbiota and Liver Cancer
5.1 Cancer and Gut Microbiome
5.2 Liver Diseases and Gut Microbiome
5.2.1 The Gut–Liver Axis
5.2.2 Hepatitis Viral Infection and Gut Microbiome
5.2.3 Alcoholic Liver Disease and Gut Microbiome
5.2.4 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Gut Microbiome
5.2.5 Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Gut Microbiome
5.3 Microbiota and Immunotherapy
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Non-bacteria Microbiome (Virus, Fungi, and Archaea) in Gastrointestinal Cancer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Functions of Non-bacteria Microbes in the Gut
6.2.1 Viruses in the Gut
6.2.2 Fungi in the Gut
6.2.3 Archaea in the Gut
6.3 Non-bacteria Gut Microbes and Gastrointestinal Cancers
6.3.1 Colorectal Cancer
6.3.2 Gastric Cancer
6.3.3 Esophageal Cancer
6.3.4 Pancreatic Cancer
6.3.5 Liver Cancer
6.4 Mechanisms of Non-bacteria Microbiome Involvement in Gastrointestinal Cancers
6.4.1 Alteration of the Microbiome
6.4.2 Production of Carcinogenic Products
6.4.3 Infection of Epithelial Cells
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 7: The Role of Microbiome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Natural Course of NAFLD
7.3 Gut–Liver Axis
7.4 Associations Between the Microbiome and NAFLD
7.4.1 Animal Studies
7.4.2 Clinical Evidence
7.5 Gut Microbial Metabolites in NAFLD
7.6 Gut Microbiome and NAFLD-Associated HCC
7.7 Therapeutic Implications of the Gut Microbiota
7.7.1 Diet
7.7.2 Prebiotics
7.7.3 Probiotics
7.7.4 Synbiotics
7.8 Other Interventions
7.9 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Diet and Gut Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancer
8.3 Diet Modulating Gut Microbiome to Influence Gastrointestinal Cancer
8.4 Fat and Gut Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancer
8.5 Fiber and Gut Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancer
8.6 Protein and Gut Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancer
8.7 Diet and Microbiome Regulation to Prevent Gastrointestinal Cancer
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Diet Modulates Gut Microbiome and Metabolites in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microbiome and Gut Barrier Dysfunction in NAFLD
9.3 Microbial Metabolites in NAFLD
9.4 Diet Modulates Gut Microbiome to Influence NAFLD
9.4.1 Cholesterol and Gut Microbiome in NASH and NAFLD-HCC
9.4.2 Fat and Gut Microbiome in NASH and NAFLD-HCC
9.4.3 Sugar and Gut Microbiome in NASH and NAFLD-HCC
9.4.4 Protein and Gut Microbiome in NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC
9.4.5 Fiber and Gut Microbiome in NASH and NAFLD-HCC
9.5 Modulation of Diet and Microbiome in Preventing NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Host–Microbiome Interactions in Gastrointestinal Cancers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Microbes and the Hallmarks of GI Cancers
10.3 DNA Damage
10.4 Inflammation and Infection
10.5 Microbial Manipulation of the Key Pathways in the Host
10.6 Microbial Factors Contribute to GI Tumorigenesis
10.7 Diagnosis and Therapeutic Targets Based on the Microbial Cancer Hall Markers
10.8 Future Direction
References
Chapter 11: Gut Microbiome and Immune Responses in Gastrointestinal Cancer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Importance of Immune Responses in Gastrointestinal Cancers
11.2.1 Cancer Pathogenesis
11.2.2 Prognostication and Treatment of Cancer
11.3 Immunity-Microbiota Crosstalk
11.3.1 Influence of the Microbiome on the Immune System
11.3.2 Influence of the Immune System on the Microbiome
11.4 Gut Microbiome and Immune Responses During Anti-cancer Therapy
11.4.1 Impact on Response to Therapy
11.4.2 Impact on Immune-Mediated Toxicity
11.5 Modulating the Gut Microbiome and its Effect on Immune Responses in Gastrointestinal Cancer
11.5.1 Diet
11.5.2 Antibiotics
11.5.3 Probiotics
11.5.4 Faecal Microbiota Transplantation
11.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Animal Models in the Study of Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancer
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Animal Models
12.2.1 Esophageal Cancer
12.2.2 Gastric Cancer
12.2.3 Colorectal Cancer
12.2.4 Liver Cancer
12.2.5 Pancreatic Cancer
12.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 13: Machine Learning on Microbiome Research in Gastrointestinal Cancer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 What Do We Know About the Gut Microbiome?
13.3 The Current Approaches for Studying the Gut Microbiome
13.4 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
13.5 Challenges
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Gut Microbiota Modulation: Probiotics and Prebiotics in GI Cancer
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Probiotics and Prebiotics
14.2 Colorectal Cancer and Intestinal Microbiota
14.2.1 Probiotic and Prebiotic in the Treatment and Prevention of CRC
14.2.2 Clinical Studies of Probiotics Related to CRC
14.3 Gastric Cancer (GC)
14.3.1 Gastric Carcinogenesis and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection
14.3.2 Gastric Cancer and Gastric Microbiome
14.3.3 Probiotic in the Treatment and Prevention of GC
14.4 Liver Cancer
14.4.1 Gut Microbiota and HCC
14.4.2 Probiotics in the Treatment and Prevention of HCC
14.4.3 Clinical Studies on Probiotics Related to HCV Infection and NAFLD
14.5 Pancreatic Cancer
14.5.1 Risk Factors of PC Development
14.6 Use of Probiotics to Increase the Efficacies of Anti-GI Cancer Therapy
14.7 Future Probiotics Development
14.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Gut Microbiota Impacts on the Efficacy of Anticancer Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Effects of Gut Microbiota on Chemotherapy
15.3 Effects of Gut Microbiota on Immunotherapy
15.4 Effects of Gut Microbiota on Radiotherapy
15.5 Effects of Gut Microbiota on Surgery
15.6 Direct Effects of Gut Microbiota on Colorectal Cancer
15.6.1 Diet and Lifestyle
15.6.2 Microbial Products
15.6.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
15.7 Prospect
References
Chapter 16: Targeting Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer
16.1 Introduction
16.2 CRC Metagenomic Landscape
16.3 Microbial Carcinogenesis in CRC
16.4 Gut Microbiota as Biomarkers for CRC
16.5 Modifying Gut Microbiota for Prophylaxis of CRC
16.6 Modifying Gut Microbiota to Enhance CRC Treatments
16.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Microbiota in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Next Milestone of Immuno-oncology?
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Pharmacomicrobiomics Interactions Between Microbiota and ICIs
17.2.1 T Cell Modulation
17.2.2 Innate Immunity
17.2.3 Metabolites and Molecular Mimicry
17.2.4 Epithelial Injury
17.3 Clinical Potential—Predictive Biomarkers
17.3.1 Monotherapy
17.3.2 Combined Immune Checkpoint Blockade
17.4 Clinical Potential: Microbiota Modulation
17.4.1 Dietary Modulation
17.4.2 Probiotics
17.4.3 Antibiotics
17.4.4 Faecal Microbiota Transplantation
17.5 Challenges and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 18: Gut Microbiota in Coronavirus Disease 2019
18.1 Introduction
18.2 SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Gut Microbiota
18.2.1 Gut Dysbiosis and COVID-19 Severity
18.2.2 Persistent Dysbiosis after SARS-CoV-2 Clearance
18.2.3 Mechanistic Link Between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Gut Microbiota
18.3 Therapeutic Microbiota Modulation Against COVID-19
18.3.1 Dietary Intervention
18.3.2 Prebiotics
18.3.3 Probiotics
18.3.4 Faecal Microbiota Transplantation
18.4 Future Directions
References
