Microbiology with Diseases by Body System

Cover
......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 13
Copyright Page
......Page 14
About the Author
......Page 16
Preface
......Page 17
Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions
......Page 19
Acknowledgments
......Page 25
Contents
......Page 26
Feature Boxes
......Page 33
1 A Brief History of Microbiology......Page 35
What Does Life Really Look Like?......Page 36
How Can Microbes Be Classified?......Page 38
Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate?......Page 41
What Causes Fermentation?......Page 44
What Causes Disease?......Page 46
How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?......Page 49
The Modern Age of Microbiology......Page 51
How Do Genes Work?......Page 52
How Do We Defend Against Disease?......Page 54
What Will the Future Hold?......Page 55
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 57
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 59
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 60
2 The Chemistry of Microbiology......Page 61
Isotopes......Page 62
Electron Configurations......Page 63
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds......Page 65
Polar Covalent Bonds......Page 66
Ionic Bonds......Page 67
Hydrogen Bonds......Page 68
Decomposition Reactions......Page 69
Water......Page 70
Acids and Bases......Page 71
Organic Macromolecules......Page 73
Functional Groups......Page 74
Lipids......Page 75
Carbohydrates......Page 77
Proteins......Page 79
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids......Page 83
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 86
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 87
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 89
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 90
3 Cell Structure and Function......Page 91
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview......Page 92
External Structures of Bacterial Cells......Page 93
Flagella......Page 95
Fimbriae and Pili......Page 98
Bacterial Cell Walls......Page 99
Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls......Page 100
Bacteria Without Cell Walls......Page 101
Function......Page 102
Inclusions......Page 107
Endospores......Page 108
Nonmembranous Organelles......Page 109
Fimbriae and Hami......Page 110
Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes......Page 111
External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells......Page 112
Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes......Page 113
Flagella......Page 115
Other Nonmembranous Organelles......Page 116
Membranous Organelles......Page 117
Endosymbiotic Theory......Page 121
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 123
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 125
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 128
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 129
4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification......Page 130
Microscopy......Page 131
General Principles of Microscopy......Page 132
Light Microscopy......Page 134
Electron Microscopy......Page 138
Probe Microscopy......Page 139
Principles of Staining......Page 140
Differential Stains......Page 142
Special Stains......Page 144
Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories......Page 146
Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics......Page 149
Taxonomic Keys......Page 152
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 154
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 155
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 156
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 157
5 Microbial Metabolism......Page 158
Catabolism and Anabolism......Page 159
ATP Production and Energy Storage......Page 160
The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism......Page 161
Glycolysis......Page 167
Cellular Respiration......Page 169
Fermentation......Page 174
Other Catabolic Pathways......Page 176
Protein Catabolism......Page 177
Chemicals and Structures......Page 178
Light-Dependent Reactions......Page 179
Light-Independent Reactions......Page 180
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis......Page 183
Amino Acid Biosynthesis......Page 184
Nucleotide Biosynthesis......Page 185
Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions......Page 186
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 188
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 190
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 192
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 193
6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth......Page 194
Growth Requirements......Page 195
Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements......Page 196
Physical Requirements......Page 199
Associations and Biofilms......Page 201
Culturing Microorganisms......Page 203
Obtaining Pure Cultures......Page 204
Culture Media......Page 206
Special Culture Techniques......Page 210
Growth of Microbial Populations......Page 211
Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth......Page 212
Phases of Microbial Population Growth......Page 213
Measuring Microbial Reproduction......Page 215
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 221
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 222
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 224
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 225
7 Microbial Genetics......Page 226
The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes......Page 227
The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes......Page 229
DNA Replication......Page 231
The Transfer of Genetic Information......Page 236
The Events in Transcription......Page 237
Translation......Page 240
Regulation of Genetic Expression......Page 245
Effects of Point Mutations......Page 250
Mutagens......Page 251
DNA Repair......Page 253
Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens......Page 255
Genetic Recombination and Transfer......Page 257
Transposons and Transposition......Page 260
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 265
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 266
CRITICAL THINKING
......Page 269
CONCEPT MAPPING
......Page 270
8 Recombinant DNA Technology......Page 271
Mutagens......Page 272
Synthetic Nucleic Acids......Page 273
Restriction Enzymes......Page 274
Vectors......Page 275
Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology......Page 276
Multiplying DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction......Page 277
Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells......Page 278
DNA Microarrays......Page 279
Inserting DNA into Cells......Page 280
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology......Page 281
Genetic Mapping......Page 282
Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications......Page 285
Agricultural Applications......Page 287
The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology......Page 288
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 290
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 291
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 292
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 293
9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment......Page 294
Terminology of Microbial Control......Page 295
Microbial Death Rates......Page 296
Action of Antimicrobial Agents......Page 297
Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods......Page 298
Heat-Related Methods......Page 300
Refrigeration and Freezing......Page 303
Filtration......Page 304
Osmotic Pressure......Page 305
Radiation......Page 306
Alcohols......Page 308
Halogens......Page 309
Surfactants......Page 310
Aldehydes......Page 311
Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics......Page 312
Development of Resistant Microbes......Page 314
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 315
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 316
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 317
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 319
10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs......Page 320
The History of Antimicrobial Agents......Page 321
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis......Page 322
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes......Page 325
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis......Page 327
Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating......Page 329
Spectrum of Action......Page 330
Effectiveness......Page 331
Routes of Administration......Page 333
Safety and Side Effects......Page 334
Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 335
Retarding Resistance......Page 338
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 350
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 351
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 353
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 354
11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes......Page 355
Endospores......Page 356
Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells......Page 357
Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells......Page 358
Survey of Archaea......Page 360
Extremophiles......Page 361
Methanogens......Page 362
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria......Page 363
Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria......Page 365
High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria......Page 368
Gram-Negative Proteobacteria......Page 369
Other Gram-Negative Bacteria......Page 377
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 379
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 381
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 382
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 383
12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes......Page 384
Reproduction of Eukaryotes......Page 385
Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms......Page 388
Distribution of Protozoa......Page 389
Nutrition of Protozoa......Page 390
Classification of Protozoa......Page 391
Fungi......Page 395
Morphology of Fungi......Page 396
Nutrition of Fungi......Page 397
Reproduction of Fungi......Page 398
Classification of Fungi......Page 399
Lichens......Page 402
Reproduction of Algae......Page 404
Classification of Algae......Page 405
Water Molds......Page 407
Insects......Page 408
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 410
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 412
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 413
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 414
13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions......Page 415
Characteristics of Viruses......Page 416
Hosts of Viruses......Page 417
Sizes of Viruses......Page 419
The Viral Envelope......Page 420
Classification of Viruses......Page 421
Viral Replication......Page 422
Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages......Page 423
Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages......Page 426
Replication of Animal Viruses......Page 427
The Role of Viruses in Cancer......Page 431
Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms......Page 433
Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture......Page 434
Characteristics of Viroids......Page 435
Characteristics of Prions......Page 436
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 439
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 441
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 442
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 443
14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology......Page 444
Types of Symbiosis......Page 445
Microbiome of Humans......Page 447
How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens......Page 448
Human Carriers......Page 449
Nonliving Reservoirs......Page 450
Portals of Entry......Page 451
The Role of Adhesion in Infection......Page 452
The Nature of Infectious Disease......Page 453
Causation of Disease: Etiology......Page 454
Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents......Page 457
The Stages of Infectious Diseases......Page 460
Contact Transmission......Page 461
Vehicle Transmission......Page 462
Classification of Infectious Diseases......Page 463
Frequency of Disease......Page 465
Epidemiological Studies......Page 466
Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections......Page 468
Epidemiology and Public Health......Page 471
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 473
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 474
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 476
15 Innate Immunity......Page 477
The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity......Page 478
The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity......Page 479
The Role of the Microbiome in Innate Immunity......Page 480
Other First-Line Defenses......Page 481
Defense Components of Blood......Page 482
Phagocytosis......Page 485
Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens......Page 487
Inflammation......Page 492
Fever......Page 495
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 497
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 498
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 500
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 501
16 Adaptive Immunity......Page 502
Overview of Adaptive Immunity......Page 503
The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System......Page 504
Antigens......Page 506
Preparation for an Adaptive Immune Response......Page 508
B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies......Page 513
Immune Response Cytokines......Page 518
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses......Page 519
Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions......Page 520
Memory T Cells......Page 521
Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection......Page 522
Memory Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory......Page 524
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity......Page 525
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy......Page 526
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 528
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 529
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 531
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 532
17 Immunization and Immune Testing......Page 533
Brief History of Immunization......Page 534
Active Immunization......Page 535
Passive Immunotherapy......Page 540
Precipitation Tests......Page 542
Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests......Page 543
Agglutination Tests......Page 544
Labeled Antibody Tests......Page 545
Point-of-Care Testing......Page 548
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 551
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 552
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 553
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 554
18 Immune Disorders......Page 555
Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity......Page 556
Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity......Page 560
Type III (Immune Complex–Mediated) Hypersensitivity......Page 562
Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity......Page 564
Causes of Autoimmune Diseases......Page 568
Examples of Autoimmune Diseases......Page 569
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases......Page 570
Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases......Page 571
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 579
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 581
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 583
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 584
19 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds......Page 585
Structure of the Skin......Page 586
Microbiome of the Skin......Page 587
Folliculitis......Page 588
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome......Page 590
Impetigo (Pyoderma) and Erysipelas......Page 591
Necrotizing Fasciitis......Page 592
Acne......Page 593
Cat Scratch Disease......Page 596
Pseudomonas Infection......Page 597
Cutaneous Anthrax......Page 598
Gas Gangrene......Page 599
Diseases of Poxviruses......Page 603
Herpes Infections......Page 605
Warts......Page 607
Chickenpox and Shingles......Page 608
Rubella......Page 610
Measles (Rubeola)......Page 612
Other Viral Rashes......Page 614
Superficial Mycoses......Page 615
Cutaneous Mycoses......Page 616
Wound Mycoses......Page 618
Leishmaniasis......Page 620
Scabies......Page 621
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 623
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 624
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 627
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 628
20 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes......Page 629
Cells of the Nervous System......Page 630
Bacterial Meningitis......Page 632
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)......Page 635
Botulism......Page 638
Tetanus......Page 640
Poliomyelitis......Page 644
Rabies......Page 646
Arboviral Encephalitis......Page 648
Cryptococcal Meningitis......Page 652
African Trypanosomiasis......Page 653
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy......Page 654
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)......Page 655
Microbial Diseases of the Eyes......Page 656
Trachoma......Page 657
Other Microbial Diseases of the Eyes......Page 658
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 659
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 660
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 661
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 662
21 Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases......Page 663
Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases......Page 664
Septicemia, Bacteremia, and Toxemia......Page 665
Endocarditis......Page 668
Brucellosis......Page 669
Tularemia......Page 670
Plague......Page 672
Lyme Disease......Page 674
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis......Page 677
Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases......Page 678
Infectious Mononucleosis......Page 679
Cytomegalovirus Disease......Page 681
Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever......Page 682
African Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers......Page 683
Malaria......Page 688
Toxoplasmosis......Page 689
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)......Page 693
Schistosomiasis......Page 695
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 698
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 700
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 703
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 704
22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System......Page 705
Microbiome of the Respiratory System......Page 706
Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases......Page 708
Diphtheria......Page 709
Rhinosinusitis and Otitis Media......Page 711
Common Cold......Page 713
Bacterial Pneumonias......Page 714
Legionnaires’ Disease......Page 717
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)......Page 719
Inhalational Anthrax......Page 723
Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes......Page 724
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection......Page 728
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)......Page 729
Other Viral Respiratory Diseases......Page 731
Coccidioidomycosis......Page 732
Blastomycosis......Page 733
Histoplasmosis......Page 734
Pneumocystis Pneumonia......Page 735
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 737
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 739
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 741
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 742
23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System......Page 743
The Accessory Digestive Organs......Page 744
Microbiome of the Digestive System......Page 745
Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease......Page 746
Peptic Ulcer Disease......Page 748
Bacterial Gastroenteritis......Page 749
Bacterial Food Poisoning (Intoxication)......Page 757
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System......Page 759
Oral Herpes......Page 760
Mumps......Page 761
Viral Gastroenteritis......Page 762
Viral Hepatitis......Page 763
Cryptosporidiosis......Page 766
Amebiasis......Page 770
Tapeworm Infestations......Page 771
Pinworm Infestations......Page 773
Anisakiasis......Page 774
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 776
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 777
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 779
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 780
24 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems......Page 781
Structures of the Reproductive Systems......Page 782
Leptospirosis......Page 784
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 785
Bacterial Vaginosis......Page 789
Vaginal Candidiasis......Page 790
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases (STDs)......Page 791
Gonorrhea......Page 794
Syphilis......Page 795
Chlamydial Infections......Page 798
Viral STDs......Page 800
Genital Herpes......Page 801
Genital Warts......Page 802
Trichomoniasis......Page 803
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 805
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 806
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 809
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 810
25 Applied and Industrial Microbiology......Page 811
The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production......Page 812
The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage......Page 815
Foodborne Illnesses......Page 818
The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations......Page 819
Industrial Products of Microorganisms......Page 820
Water Treatment......Page 822
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 829
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 830
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 833
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 834
26 Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes......Page 835
Microbial Ecology......Page 836
Bioremediation......Page 838
The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage......Page 839
The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 840
Soil Microbiology......Page 843
Aquatic Microbiology......Page 844
Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror......Page 846
Defense Against Bioterrorism......Page 847
Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism......Page 849
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 850
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 851
CONCEPT MAPPING......Page 853
Answers to Questions for Review
......Page 854
Appendix A Metabolic Pathways
......Page 859
Appendix B Some Mathematical Considerations in Microbiology
......Page 866
Glossary......Page 868
Credits
......Page 888
Index
......Page 892