This book highlights current efforts and research (in Malaysia) on Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) approach as a core technique for sludge treatment and energy recovery. It also includes health and socioeconomic perspectives used in this approach. The book begins with an overview of sludge in waste treatment plants and the efficient generation of renewable energy through dewatered sludge bioconversion via MFC. It presents the use of Electrogenic Bacteria (EB) for accelerating the hydrolysis treatment of sludge and the determination of metabolites produced in the process. The book highlights new achievements in the purification of sludge through rubber band technology and further treatment. It discusses the recovery of beneficial biodegradable polymer compounds that are added value for the plastic industry and presents safety issues of sludge on human health. Further, it presents a case study on the MFC project for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, and includes the economic perspective of innovation in energy. The book ends with various ways forward toward improving renewable energy production and clean waste treatment.
Author(s): Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar, Hafiza Shukor, Abu Zahrim Yaser
Series: Green Energy and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 265
City: Singapore
Foreword by the Exercising the Function of the Vice-Chancellor, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
Foreword by Director of Centre for Innovation and Consultation (CIC) Universiti Sains Malaysia
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Overview of Sludge in Waste Treatment Plant
1 Introduction
1.1 Terminology
2 Impact of Global Wastewater Regulations on Environment and Health
3 Health and Environmental Concern in Sludge Management
4 Sludge Constituents
5 Physical Characteristic
6 Chemical Characteristic
7 Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents
8 Metallic Constituents
9 Aggregate Organic Constituents
10 Sludge Reclamation and Reuse
11 Treatment Methods and Current Status
12 New Trends and Concerns
13 Future Trends in Technology
14 Conclusion
References
Effects of Treated and Untreated Sludge Applications on Human Health, the Environment and Other Ecological Factors
1 Introduction
2 Potentially Toxic Composition of Sludge
2.1 Microplastics
2.2 Pharmaceutical Active Substances
2.3 Heavy Metals
2.4 Organic Pollutants
2.5 Pathogens
3 Impact on Human Health
3.1 Toxicity Exposure
3.2 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity Effects
3.3 Carcinogenic Potential
4 Ecological Implications from Agricultural Use
4.1 Environmental Factor
4.2 Plant Yield
4.3 Effect to Animals and Marine Life
5 Conclusion
References
An Insight of Component and Typical Mechanism of Sludge Degrader Microbes in Dewatered Sludge
1 Introduction
2 Overall Reaction and Type of Microbe Degraders
2.1 Sugar Degrader
2.2 Amino Acid Degrader
2.3 Long-Chain Fatty Acid (LCFA) Degrader
2.4 Valerate and Butyrade Degrader
2.5 Propionate Degrader
2.6 Acetate Degrader
2.7 Hydrogen Degrader
2.8 Sulphate Degrader
3 Conclusions
References
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) as an Alternative Energy Source: The Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Sustainable and Renewable Energy in Malaysia
1 Introduction
2 Revolution of Malaysia’s Policies
3 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) as an Alternative Energy Source
4 The Public Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Sustainable and Renewable Energy
5 Conclusions
References
Application of Microbial Fuel Cell for Bioremediation of Sewage Sludge
1 Introduction
2 Abundance of Sewage Sludge
3 Characteristics of Sewage Sludge
4 Case for Energy Recovery
5 Necessity for Bioremediation
6 Microbial Fuel Cells
7 Mechanism of MFC
8 Advantages of MFC
9 MFC in Wastewater Treatment
10 Integration of MFC into Wastewater Treatment
11 Advantages of MFC Application in Wastewater Treatment
12 Proposed Reactions from Breakdown of Chemical Composition of Sludge
13 Application of MFC for Bioremediation and Electricity Generation
14 Earliest Sludge Treatment Using MFC Technology
14.1 MFC Configuration
14.2 Sludge as Substrate and Inoculum
14.3 Parameter Adjustment (pH)
14.4 Nutrient Recovery
15 Long-Term Application
16 Pretreatment Method Prior MFC Usage
17 Sludge as Inoculum
18 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
19 Improvement Parameter for Enhancing MFC Performance
19.1 Combination of Inoculums
19.2 Comparison of Inoculums
19.3 Substrate Pre-Treatment
19.4 Sludge Concentrations
19.5 Effect of Nitrate and Sulphate
References
Microbial Fuel Cell Technology as Advanced Sewage Sludge Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Sludge Disposal Techniques
3 Current Usage of Sewage Sludge
4 Microbial Fuel Cell
4.1 History of Microbial Fuel Cell
5 Dewatered Sludge as MFC Feedstock
6 Advantages Compared to Anaerobic Digester
7 Electrogenic Microorganisms in MFC
7.1 Aerobic Electrogenic Bacteria
7.2 Anaerobic Electrogenic Bacteria
7.3 Fungi
7.4 Algae
7.5 Bacteria
8 Microbial Fuel Cell Concept
8.1 Biological Concept
8.2 Chemical Concept
8.3 Electrical Concept
9 Conventional Fuel Cell vs Microbial Fuel Cell
10 Microbial Fuel Cell Design
10.1 Single Chamber MFC
10.2 Double Chamber MFC
10.3 Tubular Membrane MFC
10.4 Stack MFC
11 MFC Technology: World Energy’s Paradigm as a Driven Force
12 Conclusion
References
Utilization of Electrogenic Bacteria Consortium for Sewage Sludge Treatment via Organic Compound Degradation
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms of Electrogenic Bacteria
3 Flagella
4 Extracellular/Mediated Transfer
5 Biofilm/Redox-Active Proteins
6 Light-Dependent Direct Transfer
7 Bacteria Genera Involve as Electrogenic Bacteria (EB)
7.1 Bacillus
7.2 Geobacter
7.3 Klebsiella
7.4 Pseudomonas
7.5 Lysinibacillus
8 Sludge as Carbon-Rich Sources for EB
8.1 Composition of Sludge
9 Sludge Utilization by EB in MFC
9.1 Enzyme Utilization in Wastewater Treatment
9.2 Enzyme Production by Bacteria
10 EB Consortium Potential for Sludge Degradation
11 Conclusion
References
Assessment of Sludge-Based Microbial Fuel Cell Performance via Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
1 Introduction
2 Resistances Within MFC
3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as Method of Assessment of Resistance
4 Basic Concept of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
4.1 Impedance and Representation via Nyquist and Bode Plots
4.2 Equivalent Circuit
5 Electrochemical Parameters of Effect to Impedance
5.1 Electrolyte Resistance
5.2 Double-layer Capacitance
5.3 Polarization Resistance
5.4 Charge-transfer Resistance
5.5 Diffusion
6 Concept and Assumptions of EIS
7 Applications of EIS for Assessment of Sludge-Based Microbial Fuel Cell Performance
7.1 Inoculum Sludge Choice
7.2 Bioremediation Studies
7.3 MFC Variant Assessment
7.4 Optimization Studies
7.5 Electrode Coating
7.6 Substrate Utilization
7.7 Anode Additives
7.8 Catholyte Choice Assessment
8 Conclusion
References
Sewage Sludge Particle Surface Interactions: Technology and Purification Approaches
1 Introduction to Colloids in Wastewater
1.1 Theory of Colloids
2 Interparticle Interactions
2.1 Chemical and Surface Composition of Sewage Sludge
2.2 Heavy Metals
2.3 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
2.4 Sewage Sludge Stability
3 Sewage Sludge Recovery Technologies
4 Conclusions
References
Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms and the Possibility of Using Microbial Fuel Cell Technology to Reduce Their Transmission in the Environment
1 Introduction
2 Antimicrobial Resistance Microorganisms in the Environment and Its Implication to Humans
3 Mechanism of Resistance
3.1 Restricting drug's Entry
3.2 Modification of Drug Targets
3.3 Drug Inactivation
3.4 Active Efflux of a Drug
4 Antimicrobial Resistance Transmission in the Environment Through Wastewater
5 The Effect of Antimicrobial Resistance Microorganisms on Humans
6 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology and Its Application in Minimising Antimicrobial Resistance Transmission in the Environment
6.1 The Application of Microbial Fuel Cells Technology in Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment
7 Malaysia’s Initiatives for Preventing the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment
8 Conclusion
References
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Innovation in Wastewater Treatment Plant: From Economic Perspective
1 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell
2 The Type of Microbial Fuel Cell
3 Cost and Benefits of Current MFCs
4 MFCs from an Economic Viewpoint
5 Conclusion
References
The Environmental Education Element of Secondary School Science Curriculum in Malaysia: Enhancing Students Awareness in Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) as Green Technology in Treating Dewatered Sludge
1 Introduction
2 Sustainable Development, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Environmental Education (EE)
3 Environmental Education (EE) Around the World
4 Benefits/Effects of Environmental Education (EE) Programs
5 The Role of Environmental Education in Malaysia
6 The Environmental Education Element of Secondary School Science Curriculum in Malaysia
7 Green Technology as a Method to Increase Production of Renewable Resources
8 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) as Green Technology in Treating Dewatered Sludge
9 Conclusion
References
Potential Biodegradable Product from Dewatered Sludge
1 Introduction
2 Potential of Bioplastic from Sludge
2.1 Sludge from Agriculture Waste
2.2 Sludge from Food Processing Industry
2.3 Sludge from Municipal Sewage
3 Biological Treatment of Sewage
4 Advantages of Bioplastic
5 Conclusion
References
