Microbial Extremozymes: Novel Sources and Industrial Applications

Front Cover
Microbial Extremozymes: Novel Sources and Industrial Applications
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1 Microbial screening for extremozymes
Introduction
What are extremozymes?
Classification of extremophiles
Thermophiles
Hyperthermophiles
Psychrophiles
Acidophiles and alkaliphiles
Barophiles
Halophiles
Radiophiles
Industrial relevance of extremozymes
Screening for extremozymes
Screening of thermophiles
Screening of psychrophiles
Screening of alkaliphiles and acidophiles
Screening of barophiles
Screening of halophiles
Functional approach for screening
Future prospects of extremozymes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Structure-function relationship of extremozymes
Introduction
Genome and proteome studies to identify extremozyme
Directed evolution
Rational/semirational design
Factors affecting extremozyme functionality and stability
Changes in amino acid residues
Role of ion pairs in hyperthermophilic proteins
Cooperative association
Solvent-exposed surface area
Catalytic mechanisms
Thermal and catalytic properties
Thermophilicity and structural features
pH adaptations and structural features
Halophilicity and structural features
Piezophiles and structural features
Radiophiles and structural stability
Metallophiles
Xerophiles and structural stability
In silico tools to study extremozyme
Biophysical techniques to characterize extremozymes
Biotechnological applications of extremozymes
Thermophilic pectinases
Thermophilic cellulases
Thermophilic xylanases
Thermophilic amylases
Thermophilic proteases
Thermophilic lipases
Thermophilic laccases
Thermophilic phytases
References
Chapter 3 Innovative technologies for enzyme production from extremophilic microbes
Introduction
Traditional to modern techniques
Culture-dependent approach
Metagenomics or culture-independent technique
Sequence-based approaches
Function-based approach
Functional screening of libraries
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Cold-active enzymes: Enabling nonthermal processing in food industry
Introduction
Definition of psychrophilic enzymes
Need for psychrophilic enzymes
Nonthermal food processing
Fruit juice industry
Virgin and extra virgin oils
Cold-pressed plant milk
Winemaking
Cheese making
Ambient temperature biocatalysis
Cold-cook starch hydrolysis
Detergent additives
Waste water treatment
Cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications
Utilization of cold-chain
Dairy products
Meat processing
Animal husbandry
List of psychrophilic enzymes and their sources
Molecular adaptations of cold-active enzymes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Metagenomic approach for the isolation of novel extremophiles
Introduction
Saline and arid environments
Hot and cold environments
Acidic and alkaline environments
High pressure
Radiations
Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 6 Microbial extremozymes: Novel sources and industrial applications
Microorganisms
General properties of archaea
Thermophilic proteins
Piezophilic proteins
Acidophilic proteins
Halophilic proteins
Enzyme production in industrial scale
Enzymes effective for polysaccharides in industrial scale
α -Amylase enzymes
Cellulase enzyme
Xylanase enzyme
Inulinase
Mannanase enzyme
Lactase
β -Glucanase
Phytases
Chitinase enzyme
Invertase
Pectinases
Enzymes effective for proteins proteases
Proteases enzymes
Enzymes effective for lipids esterases and lipases
Industrial applications of enzymes
References
Chapter 7 Potential of microbial extremophiles for biotechnological applications: An overview
Introduction
Ecology and classification of extremophiles
Thermophiles
Mesophiles
Psychrophiles
Acidophiles
Alkaliphiles
Halophiles
Piezophiles
Metallophiles
Xerophiles
Geophiles
Applications of extremophiles
Bioremediation
Hydrocarbon degradation by extremophiles
Textile dye degradation
Bioremediation of heavy metals
Plant growth promotion by extremophiles
Potential applications of extremozymes
Lipases production by extremophiles
Proteases production by extremophiles
Amylases production by extremophiles
l -Glutaminase production by extremophiles
Beta-galactosidase production by extremophiles
Cellulase production by extremophiles
Xylanases production by extremophiles
Applications of extremolytes
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8 Biomedical application of marine extremozymes
Introduction
Enzyme activity in extreme condition
Marine environment
Marine bacteria
Marine actinomycetes
Production of extremozymes form marine microbes
Psychrophiles
Thermophiles
Acidophiles
Halophilic
Barophilic
Xerophiles
Biomedical applications of extremozymes
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Pharmaceutical application of extremozymes
Introduction
Classification of extremophiles
Factors affecting the stability of the extremozymes
Ionic interactions
Cooperative association
Solvent-exposed surface area
Catalytic mechanisms
Alteration in amino acid residues
Extremophilic enzymes versus mesophilic enzymes
Pharmaceutical applications of extremophilic enzymes
Tannases
Pullulanases
Chitinases
Esterase
Nitrile-degrading enzymes
Proteases
Lipases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Extremozymes from extremophilic microorganisms as sources of bioremediation
Introduction
Bioremediation technology
Types of bioremediation
Microorganisms in bioremediation
Genetic engineering of microorganisms in bioremediation
Extremophiles and extremozymes in bioremediation
High temperature
Low temperature
High pH
Low pH
High salinity
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Functionality of thermophilic bacteria as probiotics
Introduction
Probiotics
Thermophilic microorganisms
Thermophilic probiotic characteristics
Mesophilic vs thermophilic microorganisms
Importance
Industrial
Health
Thermophilic strains used in industrial processes
Bacillus coagulans
Streptococcus (GRAS)
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Food products with thermophilic probiotics
Future perspectives
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Current trends in applicability of thermophiles and thermozymes in bioremediation of environmental pollutants
Introduction
Adaptive or survival strategies of thermophiles
Adaptive strategies of thermophiles: Whole cell
Adaptive strategies at the level of cellular proteins and enzymes
Environmental applications of thermophiles and their enzymes
Remediation of heavy metals
Bioleaching and electronic waste recycling
Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum hydrocarbons
Remediation of other recalcitrant organic pollutants
Remediation of dyes and textile effluents
Remediation of plastic and related compounds
Remediation of pharmaceutically active compounds
Use of thermophiles in treatment of other industrial wastes/effluents
Dairy wastewater
Leather and wood pulp processing
Agroindustrial wastes/agrobiomass treatment
Major issues on application of thermophiles/thermozymes in industrial wastes/effluents
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 13 l -Asparaginases from hyperthermophilic archaea and their applications
Introduction
Classification of l -asparaginases
l -Asparaginases from hyperthermophilic archaea
Applications of l -asparaginases
In therapeutics
In biosensors
In food industry
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Psychrozymes: A novel and promising resource for industrial applications
Introduction
Historical background of psychrophiles
Biodiversity
Habitats
Cryodefense strategies
Regulation of membrane fluidity
Carotenoid pigments
Antifreeze, cold-acclimation, and cold-shock proteins
Cryoprotectants
Psychrozymes
Industrial applications of psychrozymes
Pectinase
β -Galactosidase
Cellulase
Lipase
Protease
Amylase
Phytase
Xylanase
Alkaline phosphatase
DNA ligase
Uracil-DNA N -glycosylase and double strand-specific DNase
Other notable enzymes
Manipulation of psychrozymes
Commercially available psychrozymes
Future prospects
References
Chapter 15 Applications of extremozymes in the food industry
Introduction
Pectinases from extremophiles
Amylases from extremophiles
Lipases from extremophiles
Proteases from extremophiles
Lactases from extremophiles
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Extremophilic lipases and esterases: Characteristics and industrial applications
Introduction
Lipases structural features
Enzyme catalytic mechanism
Structural features of extremophilic lipases
Biochemical properties of extremophilic lipases
Extremophilic lipases through directed evolution
Industrial applications of lipases: Current state and perspectives
References
Chapter 17 Current applications and future trends of extremozymes in detergent industries
Introduction
Extremozymes and detergents
Lipase
Protease
Amylase
Pullulanase
Cellulase
Mannanase
Pectinases
Cutinase
Xylanase
Protein engineering in extremozymes
Future outlook
References
Chapter 18 Bioenergy production in extremophiles
Introduction
Production of biofuels by extremophiles
Liquid biofuel producing extremophiles
Thermophilic bacteria
Clostridium
Thermoanaerobacter
Geobacillus
Hyperthermophilic archaea
Acidophiles
Microalgae
Gas biofuel producing extremophiles
Extremophilic enzymes for bioenergy production
Multifunctional chimeras in biofuel production
Immobilization and recycling of enzymes for biofuel production
Current and future prospects
References
Chapter 19 Enzyme engineering and application of extremozymes: A vast vision for the future
Introduction
What do you mean by enzymes?
What do you mean by extremozymes?
Scientific doctrine of enzyme engineering and biotechnology
Significant advancements in enzyme engineering
Significant advancements in application of extremozymes
Environmental remediation and enzyme engineering
Water and wastewater treatment and enzyme engineering
Enzyme engineering and science of sustainability
Future scientific thoughts and recommendations
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20 Metagenomics for mining of thermoalkalophilic enzymes
Introduction
Timeline/history of metagenomics
Sources of metagenome
Methodologies used in metagenomics
Selection of sources/niches
Isolation or extraction of environmental DNA
Construction of the metagenomic library
Screening of metagenomic libraries
Approaches used in metagenomics libraries screening
Sequence-driven metagenomics approach
Function (phenotypic)-driven metagenomics approach
Softwares used in metagenomics
IDBA-UD
MEGAHIT
MetaSPAdes
MetaQUAST
FastQC
PRINTSEQ
Meta-QC chain
QIIME
MEGAN and CARMA
Thermo-alkalophilic enzymes
The need for alkali-thermophilic enzymes
Applications of alkali-thermophilic enzymes in various industries
Enzymes used in the pulp and paper industry
Detergent industry
Enzymes used in the food industry
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Molecular mechanism of radio-resistance and heavy metal tolerance adaptation in microbes
Introduction
Radio-resistant bacteria
Mechanism of survival in radio-resistant organisms
Role of PprI-mediated DNA repair in Deinococcus radiodurans
RecA-dependent radioresistance in Deinococcus radiodurans
RecA-independent radioresistance in Deinococcus radiodurans
Role of manganese in protection against the oxidative damage
Unique morphology of radio-resistant organisms
Heavy metal resistance
Effect of heavy metals
Microbial detoxification strategies
Biosorption
Bioaccumulation
Siderophore formation
Biosurfactants production
Mechanism of metal resistant
Extracellular barrier
Active transport of metal ions (efflux)
Intracellular sequestration
Extracellular sequestration
Reduction of heavy metal ions by bacteria
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 22 New Biotech tool from Hot Sources: Thermostable self-labeling protein-tags near to the boiling water
Introduction
From the DNA repair to the SNAP- tag technology
Thermo-AGTs
Thermostable AGT from Saccharolobus solfataricus
New fluorometric assay
Ss OGT mutant-H 5: New thermophilic tag for biotechnological applications
Toward hyperthermophilic protein tags: Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermotoga Neapolitana AGTs
References
Chapter 23 Microbial nanotechnology: New horizons in food science and technology
Introduction
Synthesis of nanoparticles
Nanotechnology approaches for sustainable food production
Nanotechnology for safe food processing
Nanoencapsulation
Nanoemulsions
Anticaking
Antimicrobials and preservation
Biofilms and microbial food safety
Nanotechnology for safe food packaging and labeling
Antimicrobials and food packaging
Contaminant sensors
Nanotechnology for food and nutrition
Conclusion
References
Index
Back Cover