Microbial Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Microbial Bioreactors: An Introduction
1.1 Microbial Bioresources
1.2 Microbial Bioresources for the Production of Enzymes
1.3 Microbial Bioresources for Therapeutic Application
1.4 Microbial Bioresources for Biogenesis
1.5 Microbial Fermentation
1.6 Microbial Biodegradation
1.7 Microbioresources for High-Value Metabolites
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Microbial Bioresource for the Production of Marine Enzymes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Prokaryotes
2.2.1 Amylases
2.2.2 Proteases
2.2.3 Bactericide
2.2.4 l-Asparaginase
2.2.5 Carbohydrases
2.3 Marine Archaea
2.4 Eukaryotes
2.4.1 Yeasts
2.4.2 Enzymes from Marine-Derived Fungi
References
Chapter 3 Lactic Acid Production Using Microbial Bioreactors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microbial Lactic Acid Producers
3.2.1 Bacteria
3.2.2 Fungi and Yeast
3.2.3 Microalgae
3.3 Alternative Substrates for Lactic Acid Production
3.4 Fermentation Process Parameters
3.5 Mode Improvement of Lactic Acid and Reactor Configuration
3.6 Challenges
3.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Advancement in the Research and Development of Synbiotic Products
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
4.2.1 Probiotics
4.2.2 Requirements and Selection Criteria for Probiotic Strains
4.3 Prebiotics
4.3.1 Requirements and Selection Criteria for Prebiotic Strains
4.4 Synbiotics
4.4.1 Synbiotic Selection Criteria
4.4.2 Mechanism of Action of Synbiotics
4.5 Health Benefits from Synbiotics
4.6 Bioreactor Design for Synbiotic Production
4.7 Microencapsulation and Nanotechnology to Ensure Their Viability
4.8 Nanoparticles
4.9 Applications in Various Fields such as Dermatological Diseases, Animal Feed, and Functional Foods
4.9.1 Dermatological Diseases
4.9.2 Functional Foods
4.9.3 Animal Feed
4.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Microbial Asparaginase and Its Bioprocessing Significance
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of l-Asparaginase
5.3 Bioprocessing
5.3.1 Sources of microbial l-Asparaginase
5.3.2 Upstream Bioprocessing
5.3.3 Downstream Bioprocessing
5.4 Scaled Up to Bioreactor
5.5 Characterization of l-Asparaginase
5.6 Applications of l-Asparaginase
5.6.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
5.7 Conclusions
5.6.2 Food Industry
References
Chapter 6 Bioreactor-Scale Strategy for Pectinase Production
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pectinase Classification and Origin Sources
6.2.1 Pectinases
6.2.2 Origin Source of Production of Microbial Pectinase
6.3 Substrates Used for Pectinase Production
6.4 Fermentation Strategies
6.4.1 Solid-State Fermentation
6.4.2 Submerged Fermentation
6.5 Bioreactor-Scale Strategies
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Microbes as a Bio-Factory for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolymer Production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates as a Novel Alternative to Substitute Petroleum-Derived Plastics
7.3 Microbial PHAs Classification, Synthesis, and Producing Microorganisms
7.3.1 PHAs Classification
7.3.2 Biosynthetic Pathways for PHAs Production
7.3.3 PHAs Producing Strains
7.3.4 Bacteria as the Main Species for the PHA Production
7.3.5 Algae as a Feasible Alternative for PHA Production
7.4 Trends and Challenges in the PHAs Synthesis Process
7.4.1 Upstream Processing Trends and Challenges
7.4.2 Downstream Processing, Trends and Challenges
7.5 Process Economics and Perspectives Toward Industrial Implementation
7.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8 Microbial Production of Critical Enzymes of Lignolytic Functions
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources of Lignolytic Enzymes
8.2.1 Plants
8.2.2 Insects
8.2.3 Bacteria
8.2.4 Fungi
8.2.5 Actinomycetes
8.2.6 Extremophiles
8.3 Lignolytic Enzymes
8.3.1 Lignin Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14)
8.3.2 Manganese Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13)
8.3.3 Versatile Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16)
8.3.4 Dye Decolorizing Peroxidases (DyPs) (EC 1.11.1.19)
8.3.5 Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2)
8.3.6 Feruloyl Esterase (EC.3.1.1.73)
8.3.7 Aryl Alcohol Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.7)
8.3.8 Pyranose-2-Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.10)
8.3.9 Vanillyl Alcohol Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.38)
8.3.10 Quinone Reductase (EC 1.6.5.5)
8.4 Microbial Production of Lignolytic Enzymes
8.5 Mechanism of Action of Lignolytic Enzymes
8.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Microbial Bioreactors for Biofuels
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Classification of Bioreactor
9.3 Liquid-Phase Bioreactor
9.3.1 Cell-Free
9.3.2 Immobilized Cell
9.4 Reactors for Solid-State Cultures
9.5 Bioreactor Operation Mode
9.6 Biofuels
9.6.1 Bioethanol
9.6.2 Biodiesel
9.6.3 Butanol
9.6.4 Biogas and Methane
9.6.5 Hydrogen
9.6.6 Biohythane
9.7 Considerations and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Potential Microbial Bioresources for Functional Sugar Molecules
10.1 Introduction
10.2 d-Allulose
10.3 d-Tagatose
10.4 Trehalose
10.5 Turanose
10.6 Trehalulose
10.7 d-Allose
10.8 d-Talose
10.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Microbial Production of Bioactive Peptides
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antioxidant Activity
11.3 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity
11.4 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antihypertensive Activity
11.5 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antidiabetic Activity
11.6 Microbial Production of Peptides with Immunomodulatory Activities
11.7 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antitumoral Activity
11.8 Microbial Production of Peptides with Opioid Activity
11.9 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antithrombotic Activity
11.10 Production of Recombinant Peptides in Microbial Expression Systems
11.11 Purification and Identification of Microbial Bioactive Peptides
11.12 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 12 Trends in Microbial Sources of Oils, Fats, and Fatty Acids for Industrial Use
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microbial Sources
12.2.1 Microalgal Sources
12.2.2 Bacterial Sources
12.2.3 Fungal and Yeast Sources
12.3 Application in Food and Health
12.4 Opportunities and Prospective Future
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Microbial Bioreactors for Secondary Metabolite Production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Design of Bioreactors
13.3 Types of Bioreactors for Secondary Metabolite Production
13.3.1 Stirred Tank Bioreactor (STB)
13.3.2 Bubble Column
13.3.3 Air-Lift
13.3.4 Biofilm Bioreactor
13.3.5 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) Bioreactors
13.3.6 Tray Bioreactor
13.3.7 Packed Bed Bioreactor
13.3.8 Stirred and Rotating Drum Bioreactor
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14 Microbial Cell Factories for Nitrilase Productionand Its Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nitrilase Categorization, Sources, Metabolism, and Production Process
14.2.1 Nitrilase Categorization
14.2.2 Nitrilase Sources
14.2.3 Nitrilase in the Metabolism of Nitriles
14.2.4 Isolation and Screening of Nitrilase-Producing Microorganisms
14.2.5 Cultivation of Nitrilase-Producing Microbes
14.2.6 Nitrilase Production in Bioreactor
14.3 Nitrilase in the Biotransformation of Nitriles
14.3.1 Aliphatic Acids
14.3.2 Aromatic Acids
14.3.3 Arylacetic Acids
14.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Chemistry and Sources of Lactase Enzyme with an Emphasis on Microbial Biotransformation in Milk
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Lactase Enzyme
15.3 Sources of Lactase
15.3.1 Plants
15.3.2 Bacteria
15.3.3 Yeasts
15.3.4 Molds
15.4 Microbial Biotransformation of Lactase Enzyme
15.4.1 Improvement of Microbial Strains
15.4.2 Galactooligosaccharide Synthesis and Transglycosylation
15.4.3 Lactose Intolerance
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Microbial Biogas Production: Challenges and Opportunities
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Generalities of Biogas Production: the Process and Its Yields
16.3 Feedstocks Used in Biogas Production and Their Characteristics
16.4 Microbial Biodiversity in Biogas Production
16.4.1 Generalities
16.4.2 Anaerobic Fungi in Biogas Production
16.4.3 Anaerobic Bacteria in Biogas Production
16.4.4 Methanogenic Archaeal and Algae in Biogas Production
16.5 The Role of the Enzymes in Biogas Production
16.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Biogas Production
16.6.1 Challenges for Biogas Production
16.6.2 Opportunities for Biogas Production
References
Chapter 17 Molecular Farming and Anticancer Vaccine: Current Opportunities and Openings
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Vaccines and the Possibility in Noncommunicable Diseases
17.3 Vaccine Production
17.3.1 Cancer Vaccine
17.4 Types of Cancer Vaccine
17.5 Microbial Production of Anticancer Vaccine: Challenges and Opportunities
17.5.1 Yeast-Based Cancer Vaccine (YBCV)
17.5.2 Bacteria-Based Cancer Vaccine (BBCV)
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Microbial Bioreactors at Different Scales for the Alginate Production by Azotobacter vinelandii
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bacterial Alginate
18.2.1 Compositions and Structures
18.2.2 Applications
18.3 Alginate Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation
18.4 Production of Bacterial Alginate on a Bioreactor Scale
18.4.1 Cultivation Modality for Alginate Production
18.4.2 Influence of Oxygen on Alginate Production
18.4.3 Influence of Cultivation Modality on the Molecular Weight of Alginate
18.5 Chemical Characterization of Alginate Quality
18.5.1 Scale-up of Alginate Production
18.6 Prospects and Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 19 Environment-Friendly Microbial Bioremediation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Principle of Bioremediation
19.3 Typesof Bioremediations
19.3.1 Biostimulation
19.3.2 Bioattenuation
19.3.3 Bioaugmentation
19.3.4 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs)
19.4 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation
19.4.1 Biological Factors
19.4.2 Environmental Factors
19.5 Bioremediation Techniques
19.6 Methodsfor Ex Situ Bioremediation
19.6.1 Solid Phase Treatment
19.6.2 Engineered Bioremediation
19.7 Bioremediation Using Microbial Enzymes
19.7.1 Laccases
19.7.2 Lipases
19.7.3 Proteases
19.7.4 Peroxidases
19.7.5 Hydrolytic Enzymes
19.7.6 Oxidoreductases
19.8 Bioremediation Prospects
19.9 Future Prospective
19.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Microbial Bioresource for Plastic-Degrading Enzymes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Classification of Plastics: Biobased, Biodegradable, and Fossil-Based Plastics
20.2.1 Fossil-Based Plastics
20.2.2 Biobased Plastics
20.2.3 Biodegradable Plastics
20.3 General Mechanism of Plastic Biodegradation
20.4 Microbial Sources of Plastic-Degrading Enzymes
20.4.1 Actinomycetes
20.4.2 Algae
20.4.3 Bacteria
20.4.4 Fungi
20.5 Biotechnological Strategies for Identifying/Improving Microbial Enzymes and Their Sources for Plastic Biodegradation
20.5.1 Conventional Culturing Approach
20.5.2 Metagenomics
20.5.3 Recombinant Technology
20.5.4 Protein Engineering
20.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 21 Strategies, Trends, and Technological Advancements in Microbial Bioreactor System for Probiotic Products
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Bioreactors and Production of Probiotics
21.2.1 Conventional Batch Bioreactor System
21.2.2 Membrane Bioreactor System
21.2.3 Co-culture Fermentation
21.2.4 Recent Methods for Producing Multiple Probiotic Strains
21.3 Strategies Employed for Harvesting and Drying Probiotic Cells
21.4 Final Remarks and Possible Directions for the Future
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 22 Microbial Bioproduction of Antiaging Molecules
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Aging Process: An Overview
22.3 Human Health and the Aging Gut Microbiome
22.4 The Antiaging Bioproducts from Microbes
22.4.1 Bacteria
22.4.2 Fungi
22.4.3 Algae
22.5 The Impact of Microbial Bioproducts on Gut Diversity
22.6 Microbial Bioproduction of Extremolytes
22.7 The Role of Antiaging and Antioxidant Molecules
22.8 Conclusions
References
Index
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