Microbial Biomolecules: Emerging Approach in Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals and Environment Management

Front Cover
Microbial Biomolecules
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Rhizobacterial biomolecules for sustainable crop production and environmental management: plausible functions and molecul...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types and functions of rhizobacterial biomolecules
1.2.1 Enzymes
1.2.2 Plant growth-promoting hormones
1.2.3 Siderophores
1.2.4 Volatile organic compounds
1.2.5 Organic acids
1.2.6 Antibiotics
1.3 Emerging gaps and perspectives
1.4 Concluding remarks
References
2 Microbial biomolecules: reducing viral loads in agriculture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Virus impact on plants and economy
2.3 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria—the redeemer of plants
2.4 Nutrients availability by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for plants
2.5 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria itself as a biofertilizer
2.6 Strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria play a role in empowering plants to fight against virus stress
2.7 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
References
3 Quorum quenching in marine bacteria and its applications
3.1 Quorum quenching
3.2 Quorum quenching in marine bacteria
3.3 Applications of quorum quenching
3.4 Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4 Microbially synthesized nanoparticles: application in health-care management
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characteristics of nanoparticles
4.3 Classification of nanoparticles
4.4 Intracellular synthesis of nanoparticles by bacteria
4.5 Extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles by bacteria
4.6 Virus-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles
4.7 Metallic nanoparticles
4.7.1 Gold nanoparticles
4.7.2 Silver nanoparticles
4.7.3 Alloy nanoparticles
4.7.4 Other metallic nanoparticles
4.8 Oxide nanoparticles
4.8.1 Magnetic oxide nanoparticles
4.8.2 Nonmagnetic oxide nanoparticles
4.9 Sulfide nanoparticles
4.10 Mechanisms of nanoparticle formation by microorganisms
4.11 Control of size and morphology of nanoparticles
4.12 Applications of nanoparticles
4.12.1 Nanomedicine
4.12.2 Drug delivery
4.12.3 Antibacterial agent
4.12.4 Biosensor
4.12.5 Reaction rate enhancement agent
4.12.6 Magnetic separation and detection
4.12.7 In diagnostics
4.13 Conclusion
4.14 Future prospects
References
5 Microbial biofilm approaches in phytopathogen management
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Role of microbial species in biofilm formation
5.3 Mechanism of biofilm formation
5.3.1 Initial attachment of microbial cells to the surface
5.3.2 Irreversible attachment
5.3.3 Colony formation
5.3.4 Maturation
5.3.5 Detachment
5.4 Limiting factor for biofilm formation
5.5 The molecular mechanism involved in biofilm formation
5.6 Phytopathogen management approaches through biofilm
5.6.1 Cross talk between pathogenic and beneficial microbes with plants
5.6.2 Role of biofilm as in biocontrol
5.6.3 Role of biofilms in mitigating stress
5.6.4 Microbial approaches in the agriculture sector
5.7 Conclusion and future prospective
References
6 Health benefits of bacteriocins produced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bacteriocins
6.3 Mode of action of bacteriocins
6.4 Modulation of gut microbiota, immune modulation, and anti-inflammation activity
6.5 Antioxidant activity
6.6 Antibiofilm activity
6.7 Application of bacteriocins in a few important human diseases
6.7.1 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
6.8 Inflammatory bowel disease
6.9 Cancer
6.10 Obesity
6.11 Diabetes
6.12 Urinary tract infection
6.13 Summary
References
Further reading
7 Actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, and fungi: a rich source of bioactive molecules
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Actinomycetes: biology and bioactive compounds
7.3 Mechanism of production of bioactive compounds by actinomycetes
7.4 Cyanobacteria: biology and bioactive compounds
7.5 Mechanism of production of bioactive compounds by cyanobacteria
7.6 Fungi: biology and bioactive compounds
7.7 Mechanism of production of bioactive compounds by fungi
7.8 Applications of bioactive compounds of actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, and fungi
7.8.1 Production of antibiotics
7.8.2 Antiviral agents
7.8.3 Antitumor compounds
7.8.4 Production of pigments
7.8.5 Biopesticide agents
7.8.6 Antiinflammatory compounds
7.8.7 Biosurfactant
7.8.8 Some specified applications
7.9 Conclusion
References
8 Bioactive compounds from endophytic microorganisms
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Isolation, enrichment, purification, and characterization of endophytes for bioactive compounds
8.3 Antibacterial and antifungal compounds from endophytes
8.4 Antiviral compounds from endophytes
8.5 Antiinflammatory compounds from endophytes
8.6 Enzyme-inhibitory activity of compounds from endophytes
8.7 Antimycobacterial compounds from endophyte
8.8 Antidiabetic compounds from endophytes
8.9 Anticancer compounds from endophytes
8.10 Antioxidant compounds from endophytes
8.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
9 Microbial metabolites in plant disease management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Secondary metabolites
9.2.1 Bacterial secondary metabolites
9.2.2 Fungal secondary metabolites
9.2.3 Secondary metabolites from actinomycetes
9.3 Endophytes
9.4 A new source of microbial metabolites for plant disease management
9.5 Challenges and future perspectives
9.5.1 Increase in yield of microbial metabolites
9.5.2 Sustained release and low cost
9.5.3 Environmental safety and toxicological assessment
9.5.4 Academics and industrial collaborations
9.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
10 Secondary metabolites from marine fungi: current status and application
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Polyketides
10.1.2 Nonribosomal peptides
10.1.3 Terpenes
10.1.4 Indole alkaloids
10.1.5 Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids
10.2 What makes marine fungi unique?
10.3 Secondary metabolites from marine fungi and their application
10.3.1 Cytotoxic secondary metabolites from marine fungi
10.3.2 The need of antimicrobial secondary metabolites from marine fungi
10.3.2.1 Secondary metabolites extracted from marine endophytic fungi showing antibacterial activity
10.3.2.1.1 Inhibitory mechanism of antibacterial compounds
10.3.2.2 Secondary metabolites extracted from marine endophytic fungi showing antiviral activity
10.3.2.2.1 Inhibitory mechanism of antiviral compounds
10.3.3 Antioxidant compounds derived from marine fungi
10.4 Commercial application and clinical investigations of marine fungi-derived secondary metabolites
10.5 Challenges ahead and opportunities
10.5.1 Low yield of the marine fungi-derived natural products
10.5.2 Marine environment ex situ and the uncultured microbiome
10.5.3 Relatively unexplored marine fungi
10.5.4 Solubility at physiological pH
10.5.5 Regulatory, government policies, and risk assessment
10.5.6 High throughput screening and artificial intelligence
10.5.7 Omics and genetic engineering approaches for increasing the production of secondary metabolites
10.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
11 An eco-friendly quick-fix biosurfactant approach with wide range of roles and potential
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Transforming the world from chemical surfactant to “biosurfactant”
11.1.2 Strategies for remediation of toxic contaminants: tagging bioremediation with bioaugmentation and biostimulation pro...
11.1.3 Bridging two streams: bioremediation and biosurfactants
11.1.4 The amphiphilic moiety: surfactants
11.1.5 Biosurfactants: an eco-friendly strategy of microbial consortium
11.2 Potential strengths of biosurfactants
11.2.1 Surface and interface activity
11.2.2 Temperature and pH tolerance
11.2.3 Biodegradability
11.2.4 Low toxicity
11.2.5 Emulsion forming and breaking process
11.2.6 Antiadhesive agents
11.3 Production of microbial surfactants
11.3.1 Rhamnolipids
11.3.1.1 Production and properties
11.3.2 Surfactin
11.3.3 Sophorolipids
11.4 Applications of biosurfactants
11.4.1 Biosurfactants in remediation of heavy metals
11.4.2 Biosurfactants as biocides
11.4.3 Role of biosurfactants in sustainable agriculture
11.4.3.1 Mechanism of MEOR: microbial enhanced oil recovery
11.4.4 Biosurfactants in commercial laundry detergents
11.4.5 Biosurfactants in food processing industries
11.4.6 Application of biosurfactants in the textile industry
11.4.7 Application of biosurfactants in the clinical field and medicine
11.4.8 Bioremediation: a process initiated by microbial biosurfactants with excellent biodegradability and low ecotoxicity
11.4.9 Consumer products
11.4.10 Fossil fuel enhanced recovery
11.5 Conclusions and future challenges
References
12 Microbial enzymes as a robust process to mitigate pollutants of environmental concern
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Controlling the fate of hazardous contaminants through microbial degradation
12.1.2 General reaction of bioremediation
12.1.3 Enzymes
12.1.3.1 The basics of enzymes
12.1.3.1.1 Enzyme classification
12.1.3.2 The importance of microbial enzymes
12.2 Decontaminating agents based on enzymes
12.3 Significant microbial enzymes for bioremediation
12.3.1 Cytochrome P450
12.3.2 Microbial oxidoreductases
12.3.3 Microbial oxygenases
12.3.4 Monooxygenase
12.3.5 Microbial dioxygenases
12.3.6 Microbial laccases
12.3.7 Microbial peroxidases
12.3.8 Categorization of peroxidase enzymes
12.3.8.1 Microbial lignin peroxidases
12.3.8.2 Microbial manganese peroxidases
12.3.8.3 Microbial versatile peroxidases
12.3.9 Microbial hydrolases
12.3.10 Microbial lipases
12.3.11 Microbial cellulases
12.3.12 Microbial proteases
12.3.13 Phosphotriesterases
12.3.14 Haloalkane dehalogenases
12.3.15 Nanozymes
12.3.15.1 Biomimicry based on nanomaterials (nanobiomimicry)
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Consequences of pharmaceutically active compounds and their removal strategies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classes, structures, and therapeutic application of most common pharmaceuticals
13.3 Occurrence and sources of pharmaceutically active compounds
13.4 Environmental impacts of pharmaceutically active compounds
13.5 Adverse impacts of PhACs on the environment
13.6 Presence of PhACs in different water bodies
13.7 Impact on ecosystem
13.8 The threat to the aquatic environment
13.9 Adverse health issues
13.10 Ecotoxicology and genotoxicity aspects
13.11 Control measures and removal fate
13.12 Treatment techniques
13.12.1 Physical techniques
13.12.2 Chemical techniques
13.12.3 Treatment using biological procedures
13.12.4 Phytoremediation technique
13.12.5 Removal of pharmaceuticals by biological method
13.12.6 Electrocoagulation method
13.12.7 Removal of pharmaceutical products by sorption method
13.13 Removal of different pharmaceuticals by advanced oxidation processes
13.14 Other methods for removal of PhAC from water
13.15 Removal of PPCPs by advanced MOFs
13.16 PCPs removal using magnetic MOF-nanocomposites
13.17 Alternative treatment technique of AOPs/adsorption
13.18 Concluding remarks and future suggestions
References
14 Bioprospecting microbial proteases in various industries/sectors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification of protease
14.2.1 Exopeptidases
14.2.2 Aminopeptidases
14.2.3 Carboxypeptidases
14.2.4 Endopeptidases
14.2.4.1 Serine proteases
14.2.4.2 Cysteine/thiol proteases
14.2.4.3 Metalloprotease
14.2.4.4 Aspartic proteases
14.3 Sources of protease
14.3.1 Plants
14.3.1.1 Animals
14.3.1.2 Microbes
14.3.1.3 Fungal
14.3.1.4 Bacterial
14.3.1.5 Bacillus thuringiensis proteases
14.4 Types of microbial proteases
14.4.1 Keratin
14.5 Alkaline proteases
14.6 Acidic protease
14.7 Neutral proteases
14.8 Applications of protease
14.9 Food industry
14.10 Detergent industry
14.11 Leather industry
14.12 Pharmaceutics/cosmetic industry
14.13 Silk degumming
14.14 Silver recovery
14.15 Chemical industry
14.16 Waste management
14.17 Miscellaneous applications of protease
14.18 Improvement of biocatalytic characteristics of proteases
14.18.1 Protein engineering
14.19 Protease immobilization
14.20 Conclusions and perspectives
References
15 Prospects of microbial phytases in the food and feed industry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mode of action
15.3 Microbial phytase sources
15.3.1 Bacteria
15.3.2 Fungi and yeast
15.4 Application
15.4.1 Aquaculture
15.4.1.1 Growth performance
15.4.1.2 Digestibility
15.4.1.3 Nutrient absorption and deposition
15.4.1.4 Feed utilization
15.4.2 Poultry
15.4.2.1 Growth performance and feed parameters
15.4.2.2 Nutrient digestibility
15.4.2.3 Phosphorous utilization
15.4.2.4 Availability of dietary energy and amino acids
15.4.2.5 Egg production
15.4.2.5.1 Egg quality
15.4.2.6 Bone mineralization
15.4.3 Pig feed
15.4.3.1 Growth performance
15.4.3.2 Nutrient digestibility
15.4.3.3 Bone mineralization
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Gut microbial metabolites and colorectal cancer
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Colorectal cancer
16.3 Microbial flora and development of colorectal cancer
16.4 Gut microbial flora and food metabolism
16.5 Role of microbial flora and its derivatives in colorectal cancer
16.6 Gut microbes as an epigenetic modifier
16.7 Mechanism of bacterial metabolites and derivatives to develop colorectal cancer
16.8 Conclusion
References
17 Microbial synthesized antibiotics in healthcare management
17.1 Introduction
17.2 A brief history of microbial antibiotics
17.3 Antibiotic function
17.4 Antibiotic production by microbial species
17.5 Biological activities of microbial antibiotics
17.6 Antibiotics essential to human healthcare
17.7 Microbial synthesized antibiotics and their economic history
17.7.1 β-Lactam antibiotics
17.7.2 Tetracyclines
17.7.3 Macrolides
17.7.4 Other important antibiotics
17.8 Demand and need to develop new antibiotics
17.9 Antibiotics’ effectiveness since the late 1990s
17.9.1 New streptogramins
17.9.2 Modified tetracyclines
17.9.3 Modified erythromycins
17.9.4 Peptides
17.9.5 Linezolid
17.9.6 Antifungal antibiotics
17.10 Future perspectives
17.11 Conclusion
References
18 Microbial proteases—robust biocatalytic tools for greener biotechnology
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of proteases
18.2.1 Serine protease
18.2.2 Aspartic protease
18.2.3 Cysteine/thiol protease
18.2.4 Metalloprotease
18.3 Microbial protease sources
18.3.1 Fungal sources
18.3.2 Bacterial protease
18.4 Strategies to improve the catalytic performance of proteases
18.4.1 Protease engineering
18.4.2 Protease immobilization
18.5 Emerging applications of proteases
18.5.1 Food industry
18.5.2 Detergent industry
18.5.3 Waste management
18.5.4 Leather and fabric processing
18.5.5 Silver recovery
18.5.6 Cosmetic and chemical industry
18.5.7 Biomedical industry
18.6 Conclusion and perspective
Acknowledgement
References
19 Applications of microbial biomolecules in sustainable agriculture
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Role of agriculture in developing countries
19.3 Microbial biomolecules
19.4 Source of microbial biomolecules
19.4.1 Archaea
19.4.2 Bacteria
19.4.3 Fungi
19.5 Different biomolecules produced by microbes and their application in agriculture
19.5.1 Microbial enzymes
19.5.2 Primary metabolites
19.5.3 Secondary metabolites
19.5.4 Recombinant products
19.6 Phytase producing microbes and their influence on plant development
19.7 Uses of enzymes in agriculture
19.7.1 An organic way of farming-1
19.7.2 An organic way of farming- 2: revolutionized phase
19.7.3 An enzyme in agriculture is the organic fertilizer
19.7.4 Enzymes and agriculture go hand in hand
19.8 Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture
19.9 Phytohormones
19.9.1 Auxin
19.9.2 Gibberellin and abscisic acid
19.9.3 Cytokinin
19.9.4 Ethylene
19.10 Conclusion
References
20 Prospecting bio-enzymes for a greener environment
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Laccases, source, and biocatalytic features
20.3 Peroxidases, occurrence, and biocatalytic features
20.4 Enzymatic treatment as a greener route for pollutants mitigation
20.5 Laccase as a biocatalyst to remove environmental pollutants
20.6 Peroxidases for removing environmental pollutants
20.6.1 Soybean peroxidase for removal of EPs
20.6.2 Horseradish peroxidase of removal of EPs
20.6.3 Lignin peroxidase to remove EPs
20.6.4 Manganese peroxidase to remove EPs
20.6.5 Use of chloroperoxidases to remove emerging pollutants
20.7 Challenges and perspectives
20.8 Conclusion
References
21 Enzyme immobilization on alginate biopolymer for biotechnological applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Interaction of alginate and enzymes
21.2.1 Enzyme entrapment in alginate matrix
21.2.2 Encapsulation of enzymes in alginate
21.2.3 Immobilization of biocatalysts through adsorption
21.2.4 Covalent immobilization
21.3 Factor affecting enzyme immobilization on alginates
21.3.1 Cross linkage
21.3.2 Effect of pH and ionic strength
21.3.3 Viscosity
21.4 Application of enzymes immobilized in alginates
21.4.1 Food industry
21.4.2 Environmental applications
21.4.3 Medicinal applications
21.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
22 Natural prebiotics and probiotics in use as an alternative to antiviral drugs against the pandemic COVID-19
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Coronavirus structure and genome
22.3 Transmission, symptoms, and prevention of Covid-19
22.4 Covid 19 and gut dysbiosis
22.5 Probiotics
22.5.1 Prebiotics as immune boosters
22.6 Conclusion
References
Index
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