Microalgae Biotechnology for Wastewater Treatment, Resource Recovery and Biofuels: Towards Sustainable Biorefinery

Contents
1 Introduction
References
2 Wastewater-Mediated Microalgae Isolation and Culturing Techniques
2.1 Pre-isolation Techniques
2.1.1 Sample Collection From Wastewater
2.1.2 Enrichment of Sample
2.1.3 Filtration
2.1.4 Centrifugation
2.2 Techniques for Microalgae Isolation From Wastewater
2.2.1 Single-Cell Isolation
2.2.2 Isolation in Agar
2.2.3 Dilution Techniques
2.3 Advanced Techniques for Microalgae Isolation in Wastewater
2.3.1 Identification of Microalgae Strains Using Artificial Intelligence
2.3.2 AI Mediated Microalgae Screening
2.4 Purification of Microalgae Cultures
2.4.1 Antibiotic Treatment
2.4.2 Enzyme Treatment
References
3 Classification of Microalgae and Factors Responsible for Growth
3.1 Classification of Microalgae
3.1.1 Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
3.1.2 Cyanophyta (Blue-Green Algae)
3.1.3 Chrysophyta (Golden Algae)
3.1.4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
3.2 Factors Responsible for Microalgal Growth
3.2.1 Light
3.2.2 pH and Salinity
3.2.3 Temperature
3.2.4 Nutrients
References
4 Traditional Cultivation System
4.1 Modes of Microalgae Cultivation
4.1.1 Photoautotrophic
4.1.2 Photoautotrophic Open Cultivation System
4.1.3 Photoautotrophic Closed Cultivation System
4.1.4 Membrane Photobioreactor
4.1.5 Photoautotrophic Hybrid Cultivation System
4.2 Heterotrophic Mode
4.3 Mixotrophic Mode
4.4 Microalgae Cultivation Strategies
4.4.1 Batch Cultivation
4.4.2 Continuous Cultivation
4.4.3 Semi-continuous Cultivation
References
5 Different Wastewater as Growth Medium
5.1 Diversity of Microalgae in Wastewater
5.1.1 Municipal Wastewater
5.1.2 Agricultural Wastewater
5.1.3 Industrial Wastewater
5.2 Advanced Approaches for Elevating Lipid Accumulation in Microalgae
5.2.1 Combined Abiotic Stress
5.2.2 Two-Stage Cultivation
5.2.3 Utilization of Nanomaterial’s in Nutrient Medium
5.2.4 Incorporation of Phytohormones
5.3 Advanced Approaches for Microalgae Cultivation in Wastewater
5.3.1 Immobilized Microalgae Culture
5.3.2 Biofilm-Attached Cultivation of Microalgae
5.3.3 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
5.3.4 Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR)
5.3.5 Algal Turf Scrubber
5.3.6 AI-Assisted Microalgae Cultivation
5.3.7 Combined Studies
References
6 Harvesting and Lipid Extraction Techniques of Microalgae in Wastewater
6.1 Harvesting of Microalgae Biomass
6.1.1 Centrifugation
6.1.2 Filtration
6.1.3 Gravitational Sedimentation
6.1.4 Flocculation
6.1.5 Bioflocculation
6.1.6 Flotation
6.1.7 Electrical-Based Technique
6.2 Lipid Extraction Techniques
6.2.1 Mechanical Pre-treatment Methods
6.2.2 Non-mechanical Pre-treatment Methods
References
7 Microalgae Biomass Conversion Process
7.1 Thermochemical Conversion
7.1.1 Gasification
7.1.2 Liquefaction
7.1.3 Pyrolysis
7.1.4 Combustion
7.2 Biochemical Conversion
7.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
7.2.2 Fermentation
7.2.3 Photobiological Process
7.2.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells
8 Biorefinery Concept and Value-Added Products
8.1 Biorefinery Concepts
8.2 Value-Added Products
8.2.1 Pigments
8.2.2 Vitamins
8.2.3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
8.2.4 Biodiesel Production from Microalgae
8.2.5 Bioethanol
8.2.6 Biohydrogen and Biogas
8.2.7 Biofertilizer
8.2.8 Food and Feed
8.2.9 Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical
8.2.10 Nanomaterial Synthesis
8.2.11 Microalgae in Biological Activity
8.2.12 Anti-angiogenic Activity
References
9 Utilization of Microalgal Deoiled Biomass
9.1 Chemical-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterials from DOB
9.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis
References
Challenges and Future Directions
Bibliography