This contributed volume gives a state-of-the-art overview of microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs and NPs) in soils and their relationship with growing plants. Through chapters contributed by a wide variety of researchers, the book offers readers an understanding of MP and NP adsorption, uptake, and effects, as well as implications for trophic transmission, food safety, and security. Cutting-edge topics such as trophic transfer and remediation of MPs and NPs in soil samples are also addressed.
The book begins with a primer on terrestrial MPs and NPs, their effects on terrestrial plants, and how these contaminants affect human populations. From there, the volume is split into four sections which address both problems caused by MPs and NPs in soil and potential remediation solutions. The first section deals with the mechanics of how MPs and NPs pollute soils and how toxic chemicals affect the soil profile and its flora, fauna and microbes. The second section of the book discusses trophic transfer of MPs and NPs from roots to shoot, shoot to leaves, and then to fruits. The third section details the threats to humans that are present as a result of MPs and NPs in soils. The fourth and last section gives covers bioremediation techniques that can be employed in order to reclaim polluted soils.
Author(s): Naga Raju Maddela, Kondakindi Venkateswar Reddy, Pabbati Ranjit
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 438
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Soil Pollution by Micro and Nanoplastics
Chapter 1: Soil Pollution by Micro- and Nanoplastics: An Overview
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Scope and Importance
1.3 Outlines of Volume: Sections, Chapters, and Parts
1.4 Contributors
References
Chapter 2: Soil Pollution by Micro- and Nanoplastics: Sources, Fate, and Impact
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Soil Pollution by Microplastics and Nanoplastics: A Global Scenario
2.1.2 Transport of Micro- and Nanoplastics
2.1.3 Sources of Soil Contamination
2.1.3.1 Landfills
2.1.3.2 Floods, Rise Up of Salt Water in Coastal Soil, and Aeolian Transport
2.1.3.3 Soil Fertilized with Sewage Sludge or Irrigated with Wastewater
2.1.3.4 Soil Under Plastic Mulching
2.1.4 Fate of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Soil
2.1.5 Impacts of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on the Properties of Soil
2.1.5.1 Physical-Chemical Properties of Soil
2.1.5.2 Active Extracellular Molecules of Soil
2.1.5.3 Soil Microbial Community
2.1.5.4 Soil Fauna
2.1.5.5 Pedogenesis of Soil
2.1.5.6 Plants
2.1.6 Agricultural Soils
2.1.6.1 Reduction of the Input of Microplastic and Nanoplastic in Agricultural Soils
2.1.7 Urban Soil
2.1.8 Other Soils
2.1.8.1 Domestic Soil
2.1.8.2 Industrial Soil
2.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Abundance and Distribution of MPs and NPs in Soil: A Global Scenario
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Factors Controlling the Distribution of MPs and NPs in Soil
3.2.1 Properties of Soil
3.2.2 Morphology of MP and NP
3.2.3 Soil Biota
3.2.4 Cultivation
3.2.5 Weather Pattern
3.3 Summary of Regional MP and NP Abundance in Soil
3.3.1 Africa
3.3.2 America
3.3.3 Asia
3.3.4 Antarctica
3.3.5 Australia
3.3.6 Europe
References
Chapter 4: Methodology of Assessing Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Environment: Recent Advances in the Practical Approaches
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analysis of Microplastics
4.2.1 Mass-Based Analysis
4.3 Particle-Based Methods for Nondestructive Analysis of Microplastics
4.3.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy
4.4 Analysis of NPLs
4.4.1 Mass-Based Methods
4.4.2 Nondestructive Spectroscopic Methods
4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Persistence of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Soil
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Scenario of Plastic and Its Waste in the World and in India
5.3 Different Categories and Uses of Plastic
5.4 Sources and Formation of MNPs
5.5 General Soil Properties
5.5.1 Physical Properties
5.5.2 Chemical Properties
5.6 Impact on Soil Properties
5.6.1 Soil Chemical-Physical Properties
5.6.2 Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities
5.6.3 Soil Microbial Community
5.7 Soil Fauna
5.8 Soil Quality
5.8.1 Soil Physical Environment
5.8.2 Soil Chemical Fertility
5.9 Soil Pedogenesis
5.10 Plants
5.11 Biological Indicators in Soil
5.12 Environmental Risk of MNPs in Soil
5.13 Environmental Management of MNPs
References
Chapter 6: Micro- and Nanoplastics as Carriers for Other Soil Pollutants
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Micro- and Nanoplastic Transportation to Soil
6.1.1.1 Factors Involving the Transportation of M&NPs
6.1.1.2 Micro- and Nanoplastic Movement Model in Soil
6.1.1.3 Microplastic Transportation Through Porous Media
6.1.1.4 Microplastic Migration in Soil Media
6.2 M&NPs as Carriers for Other Soil Pollutants
6.2.1 Adsorption and Migration
6.3 Adsorption of Various Toxic Chemicals into M&NPs
6.3.1 Microplastic Properties
6.3.1.1 Transition Temperature
6.3.1.2 Size of Microplastics
6.3.1.3 Environmental Conditions
6.4 Co-transport of Microplastics with Colloids
6.4.1 Transfer of Microplastics Attached to Contaminants
6.4.2 Soil Fauna’s Role in Pollutant Transport by Microplastics
6.4.3 Organic Pollutants
6.4.4 Inorganic Contaminants
6.4.5 Antibiotics
6.4.6 Heavy Metals
6.5 Competition Microplastics and Soils in Sorption of Toxic Chemicals
6.5.1 Biodegradable Plastics
6.5.2 M&NPs and Natural Colloid
6.5.3 Engineered Nanomaterials
6.6 Conclusions
6.7 Perspective
References
Chapter 7: Microplastics as a Carrier of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Revision of Literature
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Sources, Distributions, and Behavior Characteristics of MPs Harboring ARG in the Environment
7.2 Aquatic Environment
7.3 Terrestrial Environment
7.4 Atmosphere
7.4.1 The Role of MPs as Reservoirs for Microbes, ARGs, and Their Accumulation and Dissemination
7.5 ARGs in the Plastisphere and Potential Risks to Human Health
7.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Trophic Transfer of Micro and Nanoplastics
Chapter 8: Phytoaccumulation of Micro- and Nanoplastics: Root Uptake
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Plant
8.3 Phytotoxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics
8.4 Mechanisms of Phytoaccumulation of Micro- and Nanoplastics by Plant-Root System
8.5 Factors Responsible for Micro- and Nanoplastics Phytoaccumulation
8.6 Concentrations of MPs
8.7 Plant Growth and Net Primary Production
8.8 Microplastics Interaction with Soil Microbes
8.9 Conclusion
References
Part III: Toxicity of Micro and Nanoplastics
Chapter 9: Toxicity Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Terrestrial Environment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Global Production of Plastics and Generation of Waste
9.3 Current World Production Rate of Plastics
9.4 Future Projection of Production of Plastic
9.5 Types of Plastics
9.5.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
9.5.2 High-density Polyethylene
9.5.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
9.5.4 Low-density Polyethylene
9.5.5 Polypropylene
9.5.6 Polystyrene
9.5.7 Polycarbonate
9.6 Micro and Nanoplastics (MNPs) in the Environment
9.7 Sources and Information of Micro and Nanoplastics (MNPs)
9.8 Fate of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Environment
9.9 Classification of MNPs and Their Potential Toxic Effects on Human Health
9.10 Occurrence and Effects of MNPs
9.10.1 Terrestrial Habitats
9.10.2 Food Chain
9.11 Leaching of Toxic Chemicals from Plastics
9.12 Environmental Behaviour of MNPs and Its Effects on the Ecosystem
9.12.1 Nanoplastics
9.12.2 Microplastic Effects in Ecosystems
9.13 Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Human Body
9.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Ecological Impacts and Toxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Agroecosystem
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Micro and Nanoplastics in Soil
10.2.1 Micro- and Nanoplastics in Soil
10.3 Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics to Soil Microflora and Fauna
10.4 Soil Properties and Micro- and Nanoplastics Toxicity
10.5 Micro- and Nanoplastics Toxicity and Plant Performance
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Micro- and Nanoplastics on Plant Functionalities
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Plastics
11.2.1 Sources of MPs and NPs
11.2.2 Accumulation of MPs and NPs in Plants
11.3 Effects of MPs and NPs on Plant Functionalities
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Cellular and Animal Toxicities of Micro- and Nanoplastics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polymer Types of MPs/NPs
12.2.1 Primary Type
12.2.2 Secondary Type
12.3 Detection of MPs/NPs
12.3.1 Separation
12.3.2 Visualization
12.3.3 Characterization
12.4 Exposure of MPs/NPs to the Biological System
12.5 Factors That Influence Their Cytotoxicity
12.5.1 Size of MPs/NPs and Dosage
12.5.2 Charge
12.5.3 Additives
12.5.4 Adsorbed Pollutants
12.6 Toxicity Caused to Human Cells (In Vitro)/Potential Effects on Organ System
12.6.1 Immune Cells
12.6.2 Gastrointestinal Cells
12.6.3 Airway Cells
12.6.4 Mammalian Cells
12.6.5 Animals
12.7 Cellular and Molecular Interactions Caused by MPs and NPs
12.8 Regulatory Policies/International, National, and Regional Instruments
12.9 Conclusion/Future Directions
References
Part IV: Bioremediation of Micro and Nano Plastics-Polluted Soil
Chapter 13: Restoration of Micro-/Nano plastics: Contaminated Soil by Phytoremediation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology
13.3 Types of Phytoremediation
13.4 Harvesting/Disposal of Plant Material
13.5 Soil Remediation Methods
13.6 Applicability
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Bacterial Remediation of Micro-Nanoplastics (MNPs): Contaminated Soil
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Most Commonly Used Plastics
14.2.1 Classification Based on the Origin of the Plastics
14.3 Classification Based on the Structure of the Atoms
14.4 Classification on the Basis of Thermal Properties
14.5 Classification on the Basis of Degradability
14.5.1 Non-biodegradable Plastics
14.5.2 Biodegradable Plastics
14.6 Classification Based on the Fragment Size
14.7 Degradation of Plastics
14.7.1 Abiotic Methods
14.7.2 Biotic Methods
14.8 Mechanism of Plastic Biodegradation
14.9 Plastics Biodegradation Bacteria
14.9.1 Plastic-Degrading Bacteria
14.9.2 Plastic-Degrading Actinomycetes
14.10 Plastic-Degrading Bacterial Enzymes
14.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Mycoremediation of Micro-/Nanoplastics-Contaminated Soils
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Plastics
15.2.1 Types of Plastic Degradation
15.3 Bioremediation
15.4 Importance of Mycoremediation
15.5 Important Fungal Strains Involved in Bioremediation
15.5.1 Aspergillus flavus
15.5.2 Fusarium solani
15.5.3 Aspergillus niger
15.5.4 Candida antarctica
15.5.5 Phanerochaete chrysosporium
15.5.6 Aspergillus japonicus
15.5.7 Cladosporium cladosporioides
15.5.8 Alternaria solani
15.5.9 Trichoderma viride
15.5.10 Chaetomium globosum
15.6 Factors Influencing Mycoremediation
15.7 Diverse Enzymes Involved in Mycoremediation
15.7.1 Cutinases
15.7.2 Lipases and Esterases
15.7.3 Peroxidases and Laccases
15.7.4 Dehydrogenase
15.7.5 Depolymerase
15.7.6 Protease
15.7.7 Urease and Papain
15.7.8 Plastic Degradation by Enzyme Consortium
15.8 Methods of Analysis of Plastic Degradation
15.8.1 Gravimetric Measurement
15.8.2 Clearance Zone Formation
15.8.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
15.8.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
15.8.5 Carbon Labeled Polymers
15.8.6 Other Methods
15.9 Some Studies Undertaken for Microbial Degradation of Plastics
15.10 Conclusion and Future Considerations
References
Chapter 16: Emerging Techniques for the Mitigation of Micro and Nanoplastics in Soil
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Impacts of MNPs
16.2.1 Impacts of MNPs on Plants
16.2.2 Impacts of MNPs on Microorganisms and Mammals
16.3 Micro-Nano Plastics’ Biological and Toxicological Effects
16.4 Analytical Methods
16.4.1 Available Analytical Methods
16.5 Microbial Degradation of Micro-Nano Plastics
16.5.1 Mechanism of Micro-Nano Plastics Biodegradation
16.6 Recent Advancements in the Breakdown of Micro-Nano Plastics
16.6.1 Membrane and Enzyme Technology
16.6.2 Enzyme-Assisted Degradation
16.6.3 Advance Molecular Technologies
16.7 Bio-Membrane Technology
16.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Micro and Nanoplastics in Agricultural Soils: Challenges and Future Directions
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Distribution of Plastics in Agriculture
17.3 Incorporation Into the Food Chain
17.4 Alteration of Ecosystems and Possible Damage to Health
17.5 Methods of Prevention and Remediation of Contaminated Soils
17.6 Actions of Governments in the Face of the Problematic
References
Index
