This eighth volume in the series Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis discusses in detail the classification of the CNS tumors as well as brain tumor imaging. Scientists and Clinicians have contributed state of the art chapters on their respective areas of expertise, providing the reader a whole field view of the CNS tumors and brain tumor imaging in Europe. This fully illustrated volume: Explains the genetics of malignant brain tumors and gene amplification using quantitative-PCR; Presents a large number of standard and new imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, amide proton transfer imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance single voxel spectroscopy and intraoperative ultrasound imaging, for staging and diagnosing various primary and secondary brain cancers; Explains the usefulness of imaging methods for planning and monitoring (assessment) therapy for cancers; Discusses diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphomas, CNS atypical teratoid/rhabdoid and CNS Rosai-Dorfman disease; Includes the subject of translational medicine. Professor Hayat has summarized the problems associated with the complexities of research publications and has been successful in editing a must-read volume for oncologists, cancer researchers, medical teachers and students of cancer biology.
Author(s): M. A. Hayat
Edition: 1st Edition.
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 426
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis: Brain Cancer (Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis, Volume 8)......Page 1
Front-matter......Page 2
Title page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7......Page 16
Contents......Page 36
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma: WHO Grade II......Page 48
Extraventricular Neurocytoma: WHO Grade II......Page 49
Angiocentric Glioma: WHO Grade I......Page 50
Medulloblastoma: WHO Grade IV......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
Indications......Page 55
Therapy Planning......Page 56
Preinjection......Page 57
Radiation Dosimetry of Brain Transmission Scans......Page 58
FDG, MET or FET Positron Emission Tomography......Page 59
IMT Single Photon Emission Tomography......Page 60
Visual Interpretation......Page 61
Quantification......Page 62
Interpretation and Conclusion......Page 63
References......Page 64
Previous Studies Assessing Molecular Heterogeneity of Tumors......Page 66
Description of Method......Page 67
MRI-Guided Stereotactic Biopsy......Page 68
Use of Genomics Technologies for Regional Molecular Profiling......Page 70
Histopathological Considerations......Page 71
Assessing Quality of Biopsy Extracts......Page 72
Genomic Assessment of Regional Tumor Phenotype......Page 73
Utility of Stereotactic Biopsy for Tumor Characterization......Page 74
Clinical Impact of Improved Tumor Characterization......Page 75
References......Page 76
Markers for Glial Tumors......Page 78
Well-Circumscribed Astrocytic Tumors......Page 80
Markers for Neuronal Tumors......Page 81
Medulloblastoma......Page 82
Markers for Meningeal Tumors......Page 83
Germinoma (OCT 4)......Page 84
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (BAF47/INI1)......Page 85
Hemangioblastoma (Alpha-Inhibin, Aquaporin-1)......Page 86
Differential Diagnosis of Round Clear Cell (Oligodendroglioma-Like) Tumors......Page 87
Differential Diagnosis of Malignant (Small) Blue Cell Tumors in CNS......Page 88
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AS A USEFUL ADJUNCT IN GRADING OF BRAIN TUMORS: Ki-67 AND PHOSPHO-HISTON H3......Page 89
Meningioma......Page 90
Antigen Retrieval......Page 91
Immunohistochemical Staining of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue......Page 92
Protocol......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 94
INTRODUCTION......Page 97
AQP4 Astrocyte Endfeet Marker Involved in Brain Water Homeostasis......Page 98
Involvement of AQP9 in Brain Energy Metabolism......Page 99
AQP1 in Tumors: Water Homeostasis or Cell Migration?......Page 100
AQP4 in Tumors: Biomarker for Tumor Classification......Page 102
AQP9 in Brain Tumors: New Findings......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
INTRODUCTION......Page 109
Quantitative-PCR: Amplification Status......Page 110
RESULTS......Page 111
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 113
INTRODUCTION......Page 114
MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 115
Materials......Page 116
Methods......Page 117
Materials......Page 118
Materials......Page 119
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 123
INTRODUCTION......Page 126
METHODOLOGY OF INDICATIONS......Page 127
METHODOLOGY OF CHOICE OF FRACTIONATION SCHEDULE......Page 128
METHODOLOGY OF DOSIMETRY......Page 129
CONSTRUCTION OF HYPOFRACTIONATED PLANS......Page 134
CASE EXAMPLE......Page 135
COHORT STUDY......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
INTRODUCTION......Page 140
Angiogenic Growth Factors......Page 142
Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors......Page 143
Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Migration......Page 145
CONCLUSION......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 149
HISTOPATHOLOGY AND GENETIC BACKGROUND OF GLIOMAS......Page 152
CURRENT TREATMENT MODALITIES......Page 153
VEGF-A and angiogenesis......Page 154
PRECLINICAL ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY OF BRAIN TUMORS......Page 156
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY......Page 157
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
INTRODUCTION......Page 163
CHEMICAL EXCHANGE-DEPENDENT SATURATION TRANSFER IMAGING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS......Page 164
APT IMAGING OF EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN TUMOR MODELS......Page 165
APT IMAGING OF HUMAN BRAIN TUMORS......Page 167
REFERENCES......Page 169
INTRODUCTION......Page 172
Diffusion Tensor......Page 173
Diffusion Tensor Metrics......Page 175
DATA ACQUISITION METHODS......Page 176
9L Gliosarcoma......Page 177
C6 Glioma......Page 178
F98 Glioma......Page 180
Tractography......Page 181
Tumor Cell Density and Diffusion Anisotropy......Page 182
Other Challenges......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
INTRODUCTION......Page 186
Diffusion Weighted Imaging......Page 187
Diffusion Tensor Imaging......Page 188
Diffusion Imaging in Tissue Characterization......Page 189
Diffusion Imaging in Tumor Grading......Page 190
Diffusion Imaging in Treatment Follow-Up......Page 191
Diffusion Imaging in Differentiation of Recurrent Tumor from Radiation Injury and Post-surgical Injury......Page 193
Pitfalls......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
INTRODUCTION......Page 198
IMAGING BRAIN TUMORS WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND FDG......Page 199
AMINO ACID PET IN BRAIN TUMORS......Page 200
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING IN LESS COMMON TUMOR TYPES......Page 202
DELINEATION OF TUMOR EXTENT FOR TREATMENT PLANNING......Page 203
MINIMIZING DAMAGE TO UNINVOLVED BRAIN STRUCTURES......Page 208
MONITORING BRAIN TUMORS: WHEN IS THE BEST TIME TO INTERVENE?......Page 211
SELECTION OF TREATMENT MODALITIES......Page 212
ASSESSING RESPONSE TO TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS......Page 213
THE FUTURE OF PET IMAGING IN BRAIN TUMORS......Page 215
References......Page 217
INTRODUCTION......Page 220
INTENSITY AND DyNAMICS OF O-(2-[18F]Fluorethyl)-L-TYROSINE-UPTAKE......Page 221
CORRELATION OF O-(2-[18F]Fluorethyl)-L-TYROSINE-UPTAKE WITH MORPHOLOGICAL IMAGING......Page 225
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMAGE ACQUISITION AND INTERPRETATION......Page 226
CLINICAL APPLICATION......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 228
Patient Selection......Page 230
Analysis of Stereotactic PET Images and Target Definition......Page 231
RESULTS......Page 233
PET for the Guidance of Stereotactic Brain Biopsy......Page 236
Accuracy of Stereotactic PET Coregistration......Page 238
Comparison Between Met and FDG......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 240
RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND TECHNICAL ISSUES......Page 243
99mTc-MIBI-SPECT IN BRAIN TUMORS EVALUATION......Page 245
99mTc-MIBI-SPECT IN HEMORRHAGIC BRAIN NEOPLASM......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 252
INTRODUCTION......Page 254
Preparation of 123I-IPA......Page 255
Correlative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 256
Qualitative Interpretation and Quantitative Image Analysis......Page 257
Initial Evaluation of Suspected Brain Tumors......Page 258
Evaluation of Suspected Recurrence or Progression......Page 260
DISCUSSION......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 264
SINGLE VOXEL MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 266
WHAT DOES SINGLE VOXEL MRS TELL US ABOUT A BRAIN TUMOR?......Page 267
INFORMATION PROVIDED BY A SINGLE VOXEL MR SPECTRUM......Page 268
How to Perform a Single Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study When a Brain Tumor Is Suspected......Page 269
Reporting on a Single Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study......Page 270
Quantifying a Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study: Processing a Single Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectrum......Page 274
QUANTIFYING AN MRS STUDY: RATIO-BASED DETERMINATIONS......Page 275
WHEN THERE IS AN INDICATION FOR A SV MRS EXAM......Page 277
Discrimination Between Tumor and Pseudotumoral Lesion......Page 278
Tumor Classification......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280
PRINCIPLES OF PARALLEL MRI......Page 283
PARALLEL MRI ACQUISITIONS......Page 284
PARALLEL MRI RECONSTRUCTIONS......Page 286
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION......Page 288
APPLICATION – SENSE HUMAN BRAIN FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 290
APPLICATION – SENSE PROTON SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 297
CLASSIFICATION AND OVERVIEW OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS......Page 301
INTRA-AXIAL TUMOR IMAGING PROTOCOL......Page 302
DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING......Page 305
PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 306
BASICS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR IMAGE INTERPRETATION......Page 307
Primary (Non-lymphomatous) Neoplasms......Page 308
Secondary Neoplasms (Metastases)......Page 309
Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions......Page 310
Brain Abscess......Page 311
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTION......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 314
DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING AND T2 SHINE-THROUGH......Page 317
CELLURARITY AND APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT......Page 318
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF APPARNET DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT IN BRAIN TUMOR ASSESSMENTS......Page 319
Astrocytomas, Oligodendrogliomas, and Ependymomas......Page 320
Medulloblastomas, Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, and Ependymomas......Page 321
Glioblastomas, Metastatic Tumors, and Malignant Lymphomas......Page 322
Pituitary and Parasellar Tumors and Others......Page 323
Visualizing Tumor Infiltration......Page 324
Distinguishing Tumor Recurrence from Radiation Necrosis......Page 325
Monitoring Treatment Effects......Page 326
Distinguishing Tumor Recurrence from Resection Injury......Page 327
Distinguishing Brain Abscesses from Cystic or Necrotic Malignant Tumors......Page 328
Study Limitations: Variations in Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Measurements, Selection of Regions of Interest......Page 329
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 332
BIOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS......Page 335
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES......Page 336
HUMAN IMAGING......Page 338
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 341
INTRODUCTION......Page 343
IMAGING PROTOCOL......Page 346
IMAGING PROPERTIES OF SOLITARY BRAIN METASTASIS......Page 350
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SOLITARY BRAIN METASTASIS......Page 355
FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSION......Page 358
REFERENCES......Page 359
INTRODUCTION......Page 362
Transducers (Arrays)......Page 363
Resolution......Page 364
EFFICACY OF INTRA-OPERATIVE ULTRASOUND......Page 366
REFERENCES......Page 371
INTRODUCTION......Page 373
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS......Page 374
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 375
WHOLE-BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY......Page 376
Single Agent Chemotherapy......Page 378
Retreatment with Methotrexate......Page 379
Combination Chemotherapy......Page 380
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES......Page 381
HIGH-DOSE CHEMOTHERAPY AND AUTOLOGOUS STEM-CELL RESCUE......Page 382
INTRATHECAL CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 383
CONCLUSIONS......Page 384
REFERENCES......Page 385
Role in CNS Atypical Tratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor......Page 388
Methods......Page 389
Method......Page 390
Method......Page 391
Methods......Page 392
Methods......Page 393
Evaluation of IGF-I/-II/IGF-IR in CNS AT/RT......Page 394
THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF IGF-IR IN CNS AT/RT......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 397
INTRODUCTION, EPIDEMIOLIGY AND ETIOLOGY......Page 400
INTRACRANIAL RDD: CLINCAL AND IMAGING FINDINGS AND DIFFeRENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 401
SPINAL RDD: CLINICAL AND IMAGING FINDINGS AND DIFFeRENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 403
CLINICAL COURSE AND TREATMENT......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
Index......Page 409
