The seventh volume of the series, Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, discusses General Methods, Overviews, Head and Neck Cancer, and Thyroid Cancer. As in the other six volumes of the series, these subjects are discussed in detail. This fully illustrated volume presents overviews in Radio-immunotherapy in Cancer, Multidrug Resistance, Cancer Biomarkers, Role of Antibodies in Cancer Treatment, Classification of Cancer Stage Using Patient’s Immune System, Cancer Stem Cells, General methods discussed are, Translating In Vitro Cell Lines Result into Clinical Practice, Late Relapse of Germ Cell Malignancies, Role of RNA Interference in Understanding the Molecular Bases of Cancer, Incorporating Pharmacogenomics into Cancer Therapy, Tumor Angiogenesis in Cancer, Spindle Cell Oncocytoma of the Adenohypophysis, Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity, Disseminated Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site, Unknown Lymphadenopathy. In part 2 of this volume Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Early Stage Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Salivary Gland Tumors, Retinoblastoma, Tongue Cancer Metastasis, Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Tonsillar Cancer and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma are discussed. Part 3 discusses in detail Thyroid Carcinoma, including Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Molecular Genetics of the Thyroid, Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, PET Imaging in Thyroid carcinoma, Thyroid Cancer and Markers for Diagnosis, Metastasized Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, and Prognostic Factors in Thyroid Carcinoma. The information presented in this volume should help in the development of novel, more effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of head and neck cancer and thyroid cancer. Professor Hayat has summarized the problems associated with the complexities of research publications and has been successful in editing a must-read volume for oncologists, cancer researchers, medical teachers and students of cancer biology.
Author(s): M. A. Hayat
Edition: 1st Edition.
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 523
Cover Page......Page 1
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, Volume 7......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN 9048131855......Page 5
Contributors......Page 7
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6......Page 17
Contents......Page 33
Part I: General Methods and Overviews......Page 48
Diagnosis......Page 50
Mechanism of RNA Interference......Page 52
RNAi as a Cell Based Screening Tool......Page 54
RNAi to Understand Compound Mechanism of Action......Page 57
Compound Sensitization, Combination Strategies and Synthetic Lethal RNAi Screens......Page 60
Problems Associated with RNAi Based Approaches......Page 63
References......Page 65
Emerging Technologies for Cancer Biomarker Discovery......Page 68
DNA Microarray......Page 69
Free Flow Electrophoresis......Page 70
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry......Page 71
Linear Ion Trap Quadrupole-Orbitrap......Page 72
Multiple Reaction Monitoring......Page 73
Tissue Array......Page 74
Currently Used Cancer Biomarkers (Table 2.2)......Page 75
Genomic-Based Biomarkers in Cancer......Page 77
Proteomic-Based Biomarkers in Cancer......Page 78
Transcriptomic-Based Biomarkers in Cancer......Page 79
Genomic-Based Biomarkers in Cancer......Page 80
Proteomic-Based Biomarkers in Cancer......Page 81
Challenges and Perspectives......Page 82
References......Page 83
Morphological Features of Tumor Angiogenesis......Page 88
Immunohistology......Page 90
Angiogenesis......Page 91
CD105 and Vasculogenesis......Page 92
Application of CD105 for Anti-angiogenic Cancer Therapy......Page 93
References......Page 95
Clinical Presentation......Page 98
Histology and Immunophenotype......Page 99
Differential Diagnosis......Page 101
Therapeutic and Prognostic Implications......Page 102
references......Page 103
Introduction......Page 106
Material and Methods......Page 107
Results......Page 109
Discussion......Page 112
References......Page 116
Echoendoscopes and Endoscopic Ultrasound Processors......Page 120
Needles......Page 121
Treatment of Sampled Material......Page 122
Diagnostic Yield......Page 124
References......Page 125
Therapy......Page 126
Introduction......Page 128
Therapeutic Radioisotopes......Page 129
Limitations of Classical Radioimmunotherapy in Solid Tumours......Page 131
Pre-targeting Approach......Page 132
Avidin–Biotin System......Page 134
Avidin–Biotin Pretargeting in Glioma......Page 136
Other Developments......Page 142
References......Page 143
Introduction......Page 146
Clinical Presentations of Neurotoxicity......Page 147
Pathophysiology of Neurotoxicity......Page 148
Clinical Evaluation and Assessment......Page 149
Neurophysiological Assessment......Page 150
Taxanes......Page 152
Cisplatin......Page 153
Other Neurotoxic Chemotherapies......Page 154
Oxaliplatin-Induced Neurotoxicity......Page 155
Assessment of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neurotoxicity......Page 157
Nerve Excitability Studies in Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy......Page 159
Future Directions and Neuroprotection......Page 162
References......Page 164
Influence of Pharmacological and Physiological Factors......Page 168
DNA Repair......Page 169
Cellular Models to Study Drug Resistance......Page 170
Leukemic K562 Cells as a Model to Study Multi-drug Resistance......Page 172
Animal Models to Study Drug Resistance......Page 175
Drug Resistance in the Clinic......Page 176
Reversal of Drug Resistance in the Clinical Setting......Page 177
References......Page 178
Structure of an Antibody......Page 182
Antibody Fragments Combinatorial Libraries......Page 184
Pharmacokinetics of Antibodies......Page 185
Manufacturing of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 186
Mechanisms of Action of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies (Pharmacodynamics)......Page 187
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Currently Licensed......Page 190
Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 191
Anti-HER-2 Monoclonal Antibody......Page 192
Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 193
Anti-VEGF Monoclonal Antibody......Page 194
Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against New Targets and with Innovative Mechanisms of Action......Page 195
Preclinical Evaluation......Page 196
References......Page 197
Introduction......Page 200
Thiopurine Methyltransferase (TPMT)......Page 201
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)......Page 202
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)......Page 204
Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MDR1,P-Glycoprotein, ABCB1)......Page 205
Solute Carrier (SLC) Transporters......Page 206
Thymidylate Synthase (TS, TYMS)......Page 207
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D (XPD)/ERCC2......Page 208
Typical Genotyping Protocols......Page 209
Candidate Gene Association Strategies......Page 210
Integrative In Vitro/In Vivo Pharmacogenomic Approaches......Page 211
Candidate Gene Association Studies......Page 212
Late-Stage Clinical Development (Phase III Clinical Trials)......Page 214
Incorporating Pharmacogenomics into Clinical Trials: Technical and Legal Issues......Page 215
References......Page 216
Cancer Stem Cells: Concept......Page 220
Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells......Page 221
Origin of Cancer Stem Cells......Page 222
Epigenetics and Cancer Stem Cells......Page 224
Future Perspectives......Page 225
References......Page 227
Introduction......Page 230
Selection Bias......Page 231
Selection Pressure......Page 232
Cell Line Preference and Availability......Page 233
Microbial Contamination......Page 234
New Insights: Microarray Gene-Expression Profiling of Tumours and Cell Lines......Page 235
Conclusions......Page 236
References......Page 237
Prognosis......Page 240
Classification System for Cancer Stage......Page 242
TH1/ TH2-Type Immune Responses and the Regulating Role of the TH3-Type......Page 243
Importance of a New Population Named TH17......Page 244
Method to Study the TH1/TH2/TH3/HT17 Cytokine Network......Page 245
Peripheral Blood Cytokine Network......Page 246
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Separation and Generation of Dendritic Cells from Monocytes Using Dynabeads......Page 247
Cytokine Detection......Page 248
Data Analysis......Page 249
The TH1/TH2/TH3/TH17 Cytokine Network in Healthy Subjects......Page 250
Cytokine Network Relationships in Men and Women......Page 251
Disease Stage Indices in Colorectal Cancer......Page 252
Cytokines, sIL2R and sICAM Serum Levels......Page 253
Characterization of Disease Stage......Page 255
Simultaneous Measurement of sCEA and TIMP1......Page 257
References......Page 258
Incidence......Page 262
Seminoma Clinical Stage I......Page 263
Seminoma Clinical Stage >I......Page 264
Nonseminoma Clinical Stage I......Page 265
Nonseminoma Clinical Stage >I......Page 266
Detection and Differential Diagnosis......Page 267
Treatment and Survival......Page 269
Non-seminoma......Page 271
References......Page 272
Part II: Head and Neck Cancer......Page 274
A New Class of Agents for Head and Neck Cancer?......Page 276
A New Target in the Head and Neck Cancer Cell?......Page 277
Evidence for Furaic Acid as a New Head and Neck Cancer Therapy......Page 278
References......Page 280
Introduction......Page 284
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription......Page 285
Activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Signaling......Page 286
Physiological Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3......Page 287
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay......Page 288
Method......Page 289
DNA Binding Affinity Purification......Page 290
Method......Page 291
Method......Page 292
Method......Page 293
In Vivo Studies......Page 294
In Vivo Studies......Page 297
References......Page 299
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging......Page 302
Measurement of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging......Page 303
Clinical Use of Diffusion Weighted Imaging......Page 305
Salivary Gland Tumors......Page 307
2D ADC Color Mapping of Salivary Gland Tumors......Page 308
ADCs of Healthy Major Salivary Glands......Page 310
ADCs of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors......Page 313
Applications of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Mapping to the Diagnosis of Malignant Lesions......Page 314
References......Page 315
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)......Page 318
Epidemiology......Page 319
Evidence of HPV Role in Carcinogenesis......Page 320
HPV and Prognosis in Tonsillar Cancer......Page 322
P16INK4a – a Surrogate Marker for HPV 16......Page 323
Future Perspectives......Page 324
DNA In Situ Hybridization (ISH)......Page 325
HPV mRNA Amplification and Detection......Page 326
HPV DNA Load......Page 327
References......Page 328
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction......Page 332
TaqMan Probes......Page 333
Self Fluorescing Amplicons......Page 334
Quantification of Results......Page 335
Standard Curve Method......Page 336
Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OTSCC), A Major Subset of Oral Cancer......Page 337
Metastasis – A Major Clinical Problem of Oral Cancer......Page 338
Cancer Biomarkers......Page 340
Cortactin (CTTN)......Page 341
Quantification and Statistical Evaluation of the Markers......Page 345
Future Developments......Page 347
References......Page 348
Introduction......Page 350
Patient Characteristics......Page 351
Treatment......Page 352
Follow-Up and Statistical Analysis......Page 353
Results......Page 354
Incidence of RLN Metastasis Demonstrated by CT......Page 355
Hazard Consistency and Hazard Discrimination......Page 356
Imaging Criteria for Metastatic RLNs......Page 357
Incidence of RLNs Metastasis......Page 358
Spread Patterns of RLNs Metastasis......Page 359
Prognostic Significance and Staging of RLNs Metastasis......Page 360
References......Page 362
Epidemiology......Page 366
Semeiology......Page 367
Clinical Features......Page 368
Clinical Investigation (Balmer and Munier 2002)......Page 371
Extraocular Retinoblastoma......Page 372
Second or Multiple Nonocular Tumors......Page 373
Differential Diagnosis......Page 374
Treatment......Page 375
Chemotherapy......Page 376
Chemothermotherapy......Page 377
Proton Therapy......Page 378
Future Advances......Page 379
Prognosis......Page 380
References......Page 381
Part III: Thyroid Carcinoma......Page 384
Diagnosis......Page 386
Papillary......Page 388
RET Oncogene......Page 390
APC......Page 391
PTEN......Page 392
RET Oncogene......Page 393
P53 Mutations......Page 394
Fine Needle Aspirations (FNA) Reports......Page 395
References......Page 396
Introduction......Page 400
cDNA Microarrays......Page 401
Oligonucleotide Arrays......Page 402
Future Tag-Sequence Methods......Page 403
Sample Preparation......Page 404
Quality Assessment......Page 405
Probe/Tag Mapping......Page 406
Differential Expression Analysis......Page 407
Validation Methods......Page 408
Defining New Molecular Subtypes with Gene Expression Data......Page 410
Expression Profiling Studies in Thyroid Cancer......Page 411
Cross-Platform Integration and Meta-Analysis......Page 414
Molecular Markers for Thyroid Cancer......Page 416
References......Page 419
Introduction......Page 426
Materials......Page 427
HBME1 in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Benign Thyroid Lesions......Page 428
CK19 in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Benign Thyroid Lesions......Page 430
References......Page 431
Comparative Genomic Hybridization......Page 434
Vysis GenoSensor Array CGH......Page 436
Laser Capture Microdissection......Page 437
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization......Page 438
DNASE Digestion and Labelled Probe Purification......Page 439
Hybridization......Page 440
Washing the Microarrays......Page 441
Image Analysis......Page 442
Discussion......Page 443
References......Page 444
Introduction......Page 446
Positron Emission Tomography......Page 447
Mechanism......Page 448
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC): Follow-Up......Page 449
Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)......Page 450
Mechanism......Page 451
Medullary Thyroid Cancer......Page 452
Mechanism......Page 453
Scan Method......Page 454
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer......Page 455
Conclusion......Page 456
References......Page 458
Therapy......Page 462
Pentagastrin Testing......Page 464
Ultrasound......Page 465
Fine Needle Aspiration......Page 466
Localizing and Treating Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma......Page 467
Radiopeptide Scanning Versus Anatomical Imaging Modalities......Page 468
Radiolabeled Peptides......Page 469
Minigastrin for Detecting Metastasized Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma......Page 470
Biodistribution of Minigastrin......Page 471
Clinical Studies......Page 472
Peptide Receptor Radiotherapy of Metastasized Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with Gastrin Analogs......Page 474
References......Page 477
Prognosis......Page 480
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Medullary Thyroid Cancer......Page 482
Genetic Screening......Page 484
Prognostic Factors......Page 485
Prophylactic Surgery for Patients with ret Proto-Oncogene Mutations......Page 488
Surveillance......Page 489
References......Page 490
Plasminogen Activating System (PAS)......Page 492
The Plasminogen Activating System in Pathophysiological Conditions......Page 493
Role of Plasminogen Activating System in Human Cancers......Page 494
Clinical Significance of the Expression of Plasminogen Activating System Components......Page 495
The Plasminogen Activating System in Human Thyroid Carcinomas......Page 496
Substrate Gel Electrophoresis (Zymograms)......Page 498
Invasion Assay......Page 500
Real Time RT-PCR......Page 501
Immunohistochemistry......Page 502
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)......Page 503
References......Page 504
A......Page 506
C......Page 507
D......Page 509
E......Page 510
F......Page 511
H......Page 512
K......Page 513
M......Page 514
N......Page 516
O,P......Page 517
R......Page 519
S......Page 520
T......Page 522
X,Z......Page 523
