Methods for Novel Psychoactive Substance Analysis

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Target Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Blood and Urine
1 Introduction
2 Target Methods
2.1 Sample Preparation
2.2 Quantitation
2.3 LC-MS/MS (LC-QQQ-MS)
2.3.1 Liquid Chromatography
2.3.2 Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
2.3.3 Data Analysis
2.4 GC-MS
2.5 Immunoassay
2.6 LC-HRMS (Targeted Testing)
3 Considerations
References
Chapter 2: Target Analysis of Synthetic Cathinones in Blood and Urine
1 Introduction
2 Analytical Techniques
2.1 Cleanup
2.1.1 Protein Precipitation
2.1.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
2.1.3 Solid-Phase Extraction
2.1.4 Other Cleanup Techniques
2.2 Instrumental Analysis
2.2.1 Chromatographic Separation
2.2.2 Mass Spectrometry
3 Analytical Challenges
3.1 Identification of Enantiomers
3.2 Stability of Synthetic Cathinones
4 Concentrations in Blood Specimens
References
Chapter 3: Target Analysis of Phenethylamines, Tryptamines, and Piperazines in Blood and Urine
1 Introduction
2 Determination of Phenethylamines in Blood and Urine
2.1 Target Analytes
2.2 Doses and Concentrations
2.3 Stability
2.4 Internal Standards
2.5 Extraction Procedures
2.6 Derivatization
2.7 Chromatographic Separation
2.8 Mass Spectrometry
3 Tryptamines in Blood and Urine
3.1 Target Analytes
3.2 Doses and Concentrations
3.3 Stability
3.4 Internal Standards
3.5 Extraction Procedures
3.6 Chromatographic Separation
3.7 Mass Spectrometry
4 Piperazines in Blood and Urine
4.1 Target Analytes
4.2 Doses and Concentrations
4.3 Stability
4.4 Internal Standards
4.5 Extraction Procedures
4.6 Derivatization
4.7 Chromatographic Separation
4.8 Mass Spectrometry and Diode Array Detector
5 Multianalyte Methods in Blood and Urine
References
Chapter 4: Target Analysis of Synthetic Opioids in Blood and Urine
1 Introduction
2 Types of Novel Psychoactive Opioids (Target and Derivatives)
3 Testing Regime
3.1 Sensitivity
3.2 Selectivity
3.3 Scope and Targets for Analysis
3.4 Protocol
3.5 Combined Substance Use
4 Sample Preparation Techniques
4.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
4.2 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)
4.3 Protein Precipitation (PP)
5 Chromatographic Separation and Detection Techniques
5.1 Immunoassay
5.2 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
5.3 Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
References
Chapter 5: Target Analysis of Designer Benzodiazepines in Blood and Urine
1 Introduction
2 Designer Benzodiazepines
3 Benzodiazepine Classification
4 DBZD Toxicity
5 DBZD Metabolism
6 Analytical Methods for DBZD Target Analysis in Blood and Urine
6.1 Methodology
6.2 Screening and Confirmation Methods
7 DBZD Stability Studies
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Target Analysis of NPS in Alternative Matrix Hair
1 Introduction
1.1 Opioids
1.2 Benzodiazepines
1.3 Stimulants and Hallucinogens
1.4 Cannabinoids
2 Pre-analytical Considerations
3 Analysis of NPS in Hair
3.1 Screening for NPS in Hair
3.2 Confirmation Analysis for NPS in Hair
3.3 Polydrug Methods
3.4 Single Drug Groups Methods
3.4.1 Opioids
3.4.2 Benzodiazepines
3.4.3 Stimulants and Hallucinogens
3.4.4 Synthetic Cannabinoids
4 Interpretation Challenges
References
Chapter 7: Target Analysis of NPS in Oral Fluid
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Synthetic Cannabinoids
3 Synthetic Cathinones
4 Phenethylamines
5 Designer Piperazines
6 Tryptamines
7 Non-fentanyl-Derived Synthetic Opioids
8 Fentanyl and Analogues
9 Designer Benzodiazepines
References
Chapter 8: Target Analysis of NPS in Other Alternative Matrices: Dried Blood Spots and Meconium
1 Dried Blood Spot
1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
1.2 Types of Cards
1.3 Sampling
1.4 Sample Preparation
1.5 Extraction
1.6 Factors Influencing the Analysis
1.7 Analytical Method
1.8 Synthetic Cathinones, Phenethylamines, Piperazines, and Tryptamine Derivatives
1.8.1 Extraction
1.8.2 Instrumental Analysis
1.8.3 Stability
1.8.4 Real Samples
1.9 New Designer Benzodiazepines
1.9.1 Extraction
1.9.2 Instrumental Analysis
1.9.3 Stability
1.9.4 Real Samples
1.10 Synthetic Cannabinoids
1.10.1 Extraction
1.10.2 Instrumental Analysis
1.10.3 Stability
1.10.4 Real Samples
1.11 Synthetic Opioids
1.11.1 Extraction
1.11.2 Instrumental Analysis
1.11.3 Stability
1.11.4 Real Samples
2 Meconium
2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.2 State of the Art on Drugs of Abuse Analysis in Meconium
2.3 Synthetic Cathinones
2.3.1 Extraction Procedures
2.3.2 Instrumental Analysis
2.3.3 Real Samples
2.4 New Designer Benzodiazepines
2.4.1 Extraction
2.4.2 Instrumental Analysis
2.4.3 Real Samples
2.5 Synthetic Opioids and Synthetic Cannabinoids
References
Chapter 9: High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in NPS Analysis
1 Introduction
2 HRMS Method Development and Acquisition Method
2.1 Sample Preparation
2.2 Separation Method
2.3 Data Acquisition
3 HRMS Data-Processing Workflow and Acceptance Criteria
3.1 Targeted Analysis
3.2 Nontargeted Analysis
3.3 Retrospective Data Analysis
3.4 Screening vs. Quantitative Analysis
4 HRMS Method Validation, Quality Assurance, and Certification
4.1 Validation
4.2 Quality Assurance and Certification
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 10: High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Identification of New Analytes & Metabolites
1 Introduction
2 Identification of New Analytes
3 Metabolite Studies
3.1 Model Systems
3.2 Experimental Design for In Vitro Experiments
3.3 Data Acquisition and Chromatography
3.4 Metabolite Predictions
3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation
3.6 Writing and Reading Metabolism Studies
3.7 Presentation
3.8 Using Results from Metabolite Studies
3.9 Enzyme Kinetics and Identification of Metabolizing Enzymes
4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Untitled
Index