Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites: From Design to Application

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Significance of Metal-Organic Frameworks Consisting of Porous Materials
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Definition of Porosity
1.2 Inferences Obtained from the Wide Range of Relevant Research Articles
1.2.1 Introduction to Porous MOFs
1.2.2 Zeolites—An Amorphous and Inorganic Porous Material
1.2.3 Activated Carbon—An Organic Porous Material
1.2.4 Formation of Pores in MOFs
1.2.5 Types of Pores
1.2.6 Characterization of Porous MOFs
1.2.7 Checking for Permanent Porosity
1.2.8 Advantages of MOF Porous Materials
1.2.9 Porous MOFs in Separation of Gases
1.2.10 Nano Porous MOFs
1.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal from Water
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Different Structures of MOFs
2.2.3 Physical Properties of MOFs
2.2.4 Synthesis of MOFs
2.2.4.1 Hydro/Solvothermal Method
2.2.4.2 Microwave/Ultrasonic Method
2.2.4.3 Electrochemical Synthesis
2.2.4.4 Mechanochemical Synthesis
2.2.4.5 Sonochemical Synthesis
2.2.4.6 Diffusion Method
2.2.4.7 Solvent Evaporation Technique
2.2.4.8 Post Synthesis Method
2.3 MOF Nanomaterials
2.4 MOF composites
2.5 Applications of MOFs
2.5.1 Biomedicine
2.5.2 Sensors
2.5.3 Catalysis
2.5.4 Gas Storage and Separation
2.5.5 Water Purification
2.5.5.1 Adsorption of Organic Pollutants
2.5.5.2 Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants
2.6 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions
2.6.1 Photodegradation of Heavy Metals
2.6.2 Ion-Imprinting Technique
2.7 Summary and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites for Adsorptive Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics of MOFNs for Adsorption
3.2.1 Porosity, Surface Area, and Crystallinity
3.2.2 Functional Groups and Surface Charge
3.2.3 Morphology and Size
3.2.4 Degradability and Hydrostability
3.2.5 Other Properties
3.3 Applications for Adsorption
3.3.1 Removal of Heavy Metals
3.3.2 Removal of Organics
3.3.3 Removal of Emerging Pollutants
3.3.3.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products
3.3.3.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds
3.3.3.3 Antibiotic-Resistant Genes
3.3.3.4 Persistent Organic Pollutants
3.3.3.5 Rare Earth Elements
3.4 Mechanisms of Adsorption
3.5 MOFN-Based Membranes
3.6 Recommendations and Future Outlook
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Carbon-Coated Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Capacitors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 MOF-Derived Nanoarchitectures: Structure, Properties, and Strategies for ECs
4.3 MOF-Derived Metal Oxide/Carbon Composites
4.3.1 MOF-Derived TMOs
4.3.2 MOF-Derived Carbon
4.3.3 MOF-Derived Composites
4.4 MOF-Derived Metal Sulfides/Carbon Composites
4.5 Binder-Free, Freestanding, and Flexible Devices
4.6 Hybrid Capacitors
4.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 5 Photovoltaic Performance of Titanium Oxide/Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposite
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Photovoltaic Cells
5.2.1 Background
5.2.2 Key Parameters to Evaluate Photovoltaic Cells
The Upper Limit of Open Circuit Voltage
Short Circuit Current (Isc)
Fill Factor (FF)
Power Conversion Efficiency (ƞ)
5.2.3 Perovskite Solar Cells
5.2.4 Organic Solar Cells
5.2.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
5.3 Titanium Dioxide
5.3.1 Background
5.3.2 Electronic Absorption of Titanium Dioxide
5.3.3 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide
5.3.4 Titanium Dioxide Composites
5.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks
5.4.1 Background
5.4.2 Properties of MOFs
5.4.3 Synthesis of MOFs
5.4.4 Titanium Oxide/Metal Organic Framework Composite for DSSC
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6 Bio-Based Magnetic Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Design of Magnetic MOFs
6.3 MOFs Based on Magnetic Frameworks
6.3.1 Use of Short Linkers
6.3.2 Metallo-Ligand Approach
6.3.3 Radical-as-Ligand Approach
6.4 Spin-Crossover MOFs
6.5 Magnetic MOFs in Biomedicine
6.5.1 Magnetic Hyperthermia
6.5.2 Biocatalysis
6.5.3 Methods of Enzyme Immobilization of MOFs
6.6 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Using MOFs
6.6.1 MOF Magnetization
6.6.2 In Situ Growth of Magnetic NPs
6.6.3 Single-Step MOF Coating
6.6.4 Layer-by-Layer MOF Growth
6.6.5 MOF Carbonization under Inert Atmosphere
6.7 Applications of MSPE
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Composites Based on Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis of MOF-Carbon Composite
7.2.1 In Situ Synthetic Approach
7.2.1.1 One-Pot Synthesis
7.2.1.2 Stepwise Synthesis
7.2.2 Ex Situ Synthesis Approach
7.2.2.1 Direct Mixing
7.2.2.2 Self-Assembly Method
7.2.3 Miscellaneous Approach
7.2.3.1 Pickering Emulsion-Induced Growth
7.2.3.2 In Situ Polymerization Method
7.3 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 8 Application of Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks for Phototherapy of Cancer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 NMOFs for Photodynamic Therapy
8.2.1 Porphyrin-Based NMOFs for PDT
8.2.1.1 Porphyrins as MOF Organic Linkers
8.2.1.2 One Pot in Situ Synthesis Involving Porphyrin
8.2.2 Phthalocyanine Containing NMOFs for PDT
8.2.3 BODIPY-Containing NMOFs for PDT
8.3 Surface Modification of NMOFs
8.4 Targeted Delivery of NMOFs for PDT
8.5 NMOFs for Photothermal Therapy
8.5.1 NMOF-Enabled PTT
8.5.2 NMOF-Combined PTT
8.5.3 NMOFs for Combination of PDT and PTT
8.6 Summary and Outlook
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9 Carbon Nanotube-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 MOFs
9.1.2 CNTs
9.1.3 Synthesis
9.2 Applications of CNT-Based MOF Nanocomposites
9.2.1 Chemical/Electrochemical Sensing Applications
9.2.2 Environmental Applications
9.2.3 Biological/Medical Applications
9.2.4 Energy Storage and Other Applications
9.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methods of Preparation
10.2.1 Embedding
10.2.2 Layer-by-Layer (LbL)
10.2.3 Encapsulation
10.2.4 Mixing
10.3 Characterization of Magnetic MOFs
10.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
10.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
10.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
10.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Metal-Organic Framework with Immobilized Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Hydrogen Production
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework Structures
11.1.1.1 Solvothermal MOF Synthesis
11.1.1.2 Microwave-Assisted MOF
11.1.1.3 MOF Synthesis with Ultrasonication
11.1.1.4 MOF Synthesis by Electrochemical Method
11.1.1.5 Mechanochemical Synthesis of MOF
11.1.1.6 Ionic Fluid-Assisted MOF Synthesis
11.1.1.7 MOF Synthesis by Microfluidic Method
11.1.1.8 MOF Synthesis by Dry Gel Method
11.2 Characterization Methods
11.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
11.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)Method
11.2.3 Thermal Analysis
11.2.4 Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
11.3 Immobilization
11.3.1 Immobilization by Physical Adsorption
11.3.2 Immobilization by Chemical Reactions
11.3.3 The Synthesis of MOF Contains Immobilized Nanoparticles
11.3.4 Synthesis of MIL-101
11.3.5 Synthesis of RhNi/MIL-101 Catalysts
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Immobilized Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Generation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electrochemical Water Splitting
12.2.1 Fundamentals for Electrochemical Water Splitting
12.2.2 Mechanism of Electrochemical HER
12.2.3 Assessment of the HER Activity
12.2.3.1 Overpotential
12.2.3.2 Exchange Current Density and Tafel Plot
12.2.3.3 Impedance
12.2.4 Factors Affecting HER Performance
12.2.4.1 Intrinsic Property of the Electrode Material
12.2.4.2 The Number of Active Sites
12.2.4.3 Electron Transfer Ability
12.3 Overview of Metal-Organic Frameworks
12.3.1 Contextual Background of Metal-Organic Frameworks
12.3.2 MOF as HER Electrocatalyst
12.3.2.1 Pure MOFs as HER Electrocatalysts
12.3.2.2 MOF Composite for HER
12.3.2.3 Other MOF Composites as HER Electrocatalysts
12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
12.5 Acknowledgment
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
References
Index