The fully updated Third Edition of Bennett L. Schwartz’s Memory: Foundations and Applications engages students in an exploration of how memory works in everyday life through unique applications in areas such as education, job-related memory, investigations, and courtrooms. Throughout the book, integrated coverage of cognitive psychology and neuroscience connects theory and research to the areas in the brain where memory processes occur. Four overarching themes that create a framework for the text include: the active nature of learning and remembering; memory's status as a biological process; the multiple components of memory systems; and how memory principles can improve our individual ability to learn and remember. Featuring substantive changes that bring the book completely up to date, the Third Edition offers students an array of high-interest examples for augmenting their own memory abilities and appreciation of memory science.
Author(s): Bennett L. Schwartz
Edition: 3
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Year: 2018
Language: English
Commentary: Converted PDF
Tags: Memory, Memory: Physiology, Mnemonics
Preface......Page 18
1 Introduction to the Study of Memory......Page 24
The Science of Memory......Page 26
The History of Memory Research......Page 28
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)......Page 30
Mary Calkins (1863–1930)......Page 34
Behaviorism......Page 36
Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969)......Page 37
Endel Tulving (1927– )......Page 38
Cognitive Psychology......Page 40
Elizabeth Loftus (1944– )......Page 41
Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 42
Section Quiz......Page 44
Methods of Studying Memory......Page 46
Recall......Page 50
Recognition......Page 51
Implicit Memory Tests......Page 52
Source Judgments......Page 53
Metamemory Judgments......Page 54
Neuropsychology......Page 55
Animal Models......Page 56
Neuroimaging......Page 57
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 61
Improving Memory Efficiency......Page 62
Themes for the Book......Page 65
Key Terms......Page 66
Review Questions......Page 67
Online Resources......Page 68
2 Memory and the Brain......Page 69
Old Questions, New Answers......Page 70
Brain and Memory......Page 72
Neurons......Page 74
Neurotransmitters......Page 80
Structures of the Human Brain......Page 82
Subcortical Structures......Page 85
Cortical Areas of the Brain Associated With Memory......Page 88
Interim Summary and Quiz......Page 92
EEG (Electroencephalography)......Page 93
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)......Page 95
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)......Page 96
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologies......Page 97
Brain Stimulation Techniques......Page 99
Section Quiz......Page 102
Neuropsychology: Memory Deficits and Amnesia......Page 103
Chemical Enhancement of Memory......Page 105
Olfaction, Memory, and the Brain......Page 107
Memory, Music, and the Brain......Page 108
Key Terms......Page 109
Online Resources......Page 111
3 Working Memory......Page 112
What Is Working Memory?......Page 113
Some Terminological Clarifications......Page 114
Sensory Memory......Page 115
Working Memory Capacity......Page 117
Pronunciation Time......Page 123
The Duration of Information in Working Memory......Page 125
The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication for Working Memory......Page 131
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 136
The Working Memory Model of Baddeley......Page 138
The Phonological Loop......Page 142
Visuospatial Sketchpad......Page 145
The Episodic Buffer......Page 148
The Central Executive......Page 149
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 151
Working Memory and the Brain......Page 153
Reading Fluency......Page 155
Verbal Fluency......Page 156
Summary......Page 157
Key Terms......Page 158
Online Resources......Page 159
4 Episodic Memory......Page 160
Behavioral Evidence......Page 165
Neuropsychological Evidence......Page 167
Evidence From Neuroimaging......Page 168
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 170
Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval (Part I)......Page 171
Encoding in Episodic Memory......Page 172
Levels of Processing......Page 173
The Self-Reference Effect......Page 180
Survival Processing......Page 181
The Generation Effect......Page 183
Organization......Page 186
Distinctiveness......Page 187
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 189
Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval (Part II)......Page 191
Retrieval From Episodic Memory......Page 192
Encoding Specificity......Page 196
Inhibition in Episodic Memory......Page 202
Retrieval-Induced Inhibition......Page 205
Part-Set Cueing......Page 207
Directed Forgetting......Page 209
Prospective Memory......Page 210
Summary......Page 213
Key Terms......Page 214
Online Resources......Page 215
5 Semantic Memory......Page 216
Associative Structures in Semantic Memory......Page 217
Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks......Page 221
Sentence Verification Tasks......Page 223
Bilingual Representation......Page 224
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 227
Concepts and Categories......Page 228
Categories Are Fuzzy......Page 229
Family Resemblance......Page 234
Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory......Page 235
Prototype Theory......Page 237
Situated Simulation Theory......Page 239
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 240
Schemas and Scripts......Page 241
Reconstruction of Events......Page 246
Semantic Memory and Music......Page 248
Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory......Page 249
Section Quiz......Page 253
Key Terms......Page 254
Review Questions......Page 255
Online Resources......Page 256
6 Visual Memory......Page 257
Visual Memory: Recognition and Recall......Page 260
Representation and Imagery......Page 261
Shepard and Metzler’s Mental Rotation Experiment......Page 263
Neuroimaging and the Analog View......Page 270
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 273
Other Topics in Visual Memory......Page 275
Photographic Memory: Reality or Fantasy?......Page 276
Cognitive Maps......Page 279
Memory for Faces......Page 281
Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups in Eyewitness Memory......Page 282
Own-Race Bias......Page 288
The Neuroscience of Face Memory......Page 290
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 292
Application of Visual Imagery to Mnemonics......Page 294
Method of Loci......Page 295
Keyword Technique......Page 297
Pegword Mnemonic......Page 301
Interactive Versus Bizarre Imagery......Page 302
Key Terms......Page 303
Review Questions......Page 304
Online Resources......Page 305
7 Autobiographical Memory......Page 306
Conway’s Theory of Representation in Autobiographical Memory......Page 308
General Events......Page 311
Lifetime Periods......Page 314
The Working Self......Page 315
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 317
Childhood Amnesia......Page 319
Psychodynamic View......Page 323
Age-Related Changes in Self-Concept......Page 324
Influence of Language on Memory Development......Page 325
Childhood Amnesia May Result From Multiple Causes......Page 327
Flashbulb Memories......Page 329
Accuracy of Flashbulb Memories......Page 330
Theories of Flashbulb Memory Formation......Page 335
Collaborative Memory......Page 338
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 339
Diary Studies and Autobiographical Memory......Page 341
The Cue-Word Technique for Eliciting Autobiographical Memories and the Reminiscence Bump......Page 345
Field and Observer Memories......Page 349
Involuntary Memories......Page 351
Music and Autobiographical Memory......Page 352
Sense of Smell and Autobiographical Memory......Page 353
The Neuroscience of Autobiographical Memory......Page 354
Summary......Page 358
Key Terms......Page 360
Online Resources......Page 361
8 False Memory......Page 363
Correspondence, Accuracy, and Amount......Page 368
Source Monitoring......Page 369
Deese-Roediger-McDermott Procedure (DRM)......Page 370
False Memory Induction Procedure......Page 374
Imagination Inflation......Page 378
Fabricated or Altered Evidence......Page 382
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 383
Hypnosis and Memory......Page 384
Recovered Memory: The Reality of Repression......Page 385
Mechanisms of Repression and Recovery......Page 387
Failure to Rehearse......Page 388
Retrieval Suppression......Page 393
False Memories and Legal Psychology......Page 395
Eyewitness Testimony......Page 396
Effects of Wording on Memory of an Accident......Page 397
The Misinformation Effect......Page 399
Explanations for the Misinformation Effect......Page 401
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 405
The Cognitive Interview: More Information Without Suggestion......Page 407
Summary......Page 410
Review Questions......Page 411
Online Resources......Page 412
9 Metamemory......Page 413
What Is Metamemory?......Page 415
Theories of Metamemory......Page 419
Direct-Access Theories......Page 420
Indirect or Inferential Theories......Page 421
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 422
Tip-of-the-Tongue States......Page 424
Brain Mechanisms......Page 427
Feeling of Knowing......Page 428
Mechanisms of Feeling of Knowing......Page 430
Neuropsychology and Feeling of Knowing......Page 432
Judgments of Learning......Page 433
Factors That Influence Judgments of Learning......Page 437
Brain Mechanisms for Judgments of Learning......Page 439
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 440
Control Processes in Metamemory......Page 442
Labor-in-Vain Effect......Page 444
Region of Proximal Learning......Page 446
TOTs and Retrieval Time......Page 449
Retrospective Confidence......Page 450
The Déjà vu Experience......Page 453
Summary......Page 456
Review Questions......Page 457
Online Resources......Page 458
10 Memory Disorders......Page 459
What Is Amnesia?......Page 460
Patient HM......Page 461
Clive Wearing......Page 462
Anterograde Amnesia......Page 463
Implicit Memory in the Amnesic Syndrome......Page 465
Awareness in the Amnesic Syndrome......Page 467
Simulated Anterograde Amnesia......Page 470
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 471
Retrograde Amnesia......Page 473
Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 477
Korsakoff’s Disease......Page 478
Behavioral Issues in Frontal Patients......Page 484
Transient Global Amnesia......Page 486
Short-Term Memory Amnesia......Page 488
Reduplicative Paramnesia and Capgrass Syndrome......Page 489
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 492
Psychogenic Amnesia......Page 494
Dissociative Amnesia......Page 496
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 497
Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 498
Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 500
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 502
Memory Rehabilitation......Page 503
Summary......Page 504
Key Terms......Page 505
Review Questions......Page 506
Online Resources......Page 507
Memory in Infancy......Page 509
Visual Recognition......Page 510
Nonnutritive Sucking......Page 513
Conjugate Reinforcement Technique......Page 514
Imitation......Page 515
Memory for Language in Infancy......Page 516
Episodic Memory......Page 517
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 518
Memory in Early Childhood......Page 520
Why Does Memory Improve During Early Childhood?......Page 521
Memory Strategies View......Page 522
Memory Efficiency View......Page 524
Episodic Memory......Page 525
Memory Conversations and Episodic Memory......Page 527
Children’s Eyewitness Memory......Page 529
Memory and Stress in Children’s Episodic Memory......Page 531
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 535
Memory in Older Children......Page 537
Metamemory in Children......Page 541
Overconfidence in Judgments......Page 546
A Guide to Developing Memory Skills in Young Children......Page 549
Summary......Page 550
Key Terms......Page 551
Online Resources......Page 552
12 Memory in Older Adults......Page 554
Processing Speed......Page 559
Inhibition Theory......Page 562
Decline in the Strategic Use of Memory......Page 564
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 565
Age-Related Changes in Working Memory......Page 567
Semantic Memory......Page 571
Recall Versus Recognition in Episodic Memory......Page 572
False Memory in Older Adults......Page 575
Misattribution of Source......Page 576
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 578
Metamemory in Older Adults......Page 580
Judgments of Learning......Page 582
TOTs and Aging......Page 586
Use It or Lose It: Maintaining Memory Ability in Older Adults......Page 588
Mnemonic Tips for Older Adults......Page 590
The Neuroscience of Memory and Aging......Page 592
Summary......Page 593
Key Terms......Page 595
Online Resources......Page 596
13 Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency: A User’s Guide......Page 597
1. Process for Meaning......Page 601
Technical Mnemonics......Page 604
Avoid Distraction to Enhance Meaning and Retention......Page 605
2. Engage in Retrieval Practice......Page 606
Retrieval Cues and Encoding Variability......Page 610
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 612
3. Use Metamemory......Page 614
Judgments of Learning as Mnemonic Improvement Tools......Page 615
Stability Bias......Page 618
4. Distribute Your Practice......Page 620
Avoid Cramming: Massed Versus Distributed Practice......Page 621
Section Summary and Quiz......Page 625
Myths and Methods to Avoid......Page 627
Mnemonists......Page 628
S......Page 629
Summary......Page 631
Key Terms......Page 632
Review Questions......Page 633
Online Resources......Page 634
Glossary......Page 635
References......Page 670
Author Index......Page 779
Subject Index......Page 815
About the Author......Page 847
