Membranes with Functionalized Nanomaterials: Current and Emerging Research Trends in Membrane Technology

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Membranes with Functionalized Nanomaterials: Current and Emerging Research Trends in Membrane Technology
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Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Modern perspective in membrane technologies-Sustainable membranes with FNMs
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Nanostructured membranes
1.3. Nano-engineered membranes
1.4. Several aspects of nanocomposite membranes
1.4.1. TiO2
1.4.2. Silver
1.4.3. SiO2
1.4.4. Iron
1.4.5. Zirconia
1.4.6. Copper
1.4.7. Clay
1.4.8. Other nanoparticles
1.5. Applications of NEMs
1.5.1. Adsorption
1.5.2. Water disinfection
1.5.3. Dissolved pollutants/salt ions removal by NF and RO
1.5.4. Gas separation
1.5.5. Applications of NEMs in modern engineering sciences
1.5.5.1. NEMs in biotechnology
1.5.5.2. NEMs in pharmaceutical applications
1.5.5.3. NEMs in biomedical applications
1.5.5.4. NEMs in food applications
1.5.5.5. NEMs for biosensor development
1.5.5.6. Nanostructured membranes for engineering organs and tissues
1.5.5.7. Membrane systems with nonstructural features for neuro-engineering applications
1.5.5.8. Nanostructured functional membranes for self-cleaning separations
1.5.5.9. TiO2-loaded self-cleaning membrane
1.5.5.10. Antifouling membranes with silver nanoparticles
1.5.5.11. Carbon nanotubes-coated self-cleaning membranes
1.6. Functionalization of nanoparticles in NEMs
1.6.1. Silica nanoparticles
1.6.2. MOFs
1.6.3. Fe2O3 nanoparticles
1.6.4. Nanodiamonds (NDs) nanoparticles
1.6.5. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
1.6.6. Graphene
1.7. Sustainability of membranes
1.8. Future perspective
1.9. Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Theoretical concepts of membrane-nanomaterial composites
2.1. Nanomaterials
2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Properties of nanomaterials
2.1.2.1. Physical properties
2.1.2.2. Chemical properties
2.1.2.3. Optical properties
2.1.3. Historical and critical milestones related to nanomaterials
2.1.4. Functionalized nanoparticles
2.2. Membranes
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. Introduction to membrane processes
2.2.2.1. Types of membranes
2.2.2.2. Advantages and limitations of various membranes
2.2.2.3. Membrane processes
2.2.3. Membrane fabrication processes
2.2.3.1. Fabrication methods for mixed matrix membranes
Phase inversion
Stretching
Track etching
Fission fragment tracking
Accelerator tracking method
Chemical etching method
Electrospinning
2.2.3.2. Fabrication methods for thin-film nanocomposite membranes
Interfacial polymerization
Dip coating
2.2.4. Historical and key developments in the field of membranes
2.3. Membrane-nanomaterial composites
2.3.1. Introduction
2.3.1.1. Need for membrane-nanomaterial composites
2.3.2. Types of membrane-nanomaterial composites
2.3.3. Theoretical approaches of binding functional nanomaterial on the membrane matrix
2.3.4. Applications of membrane-nanomaterial composites
2.3.4.1. Desalination
2.3.4.2. Photocatalysis
2.3.4.3. Fuel cells
2.3.4.4. Sensors
2.4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Candidates of functionalized nanomaterial-based membranes
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Nanomaterials
3.2.1. Types of nanomaterials
3.3. Potential of nanomaterials
3.4. Limitations of nanomaterials
3.5. Functionalized nanomaterials
3.5.1. Types of functionalized nanomaterials
3.6. Methods of nanomaterials functionalization
3.6.1. Covalent functionalization
3.6.2. Noncovalent functionalization
3.6.3. Intrinsic surface functionalization
3.6.4. Amorphous nanoparticle coating
3.7. Different types of nanomaterials and additives used for making the functionalized nanomaterial-based membrane
3.8. Carbon-based functionalized nanomaterials
3.8.1. Carbon nanotube (CNT)
3.8.1.1. Functionalization of CNT
Covalent functionalization
Noncovalent functionalization
3.8.2. Graphene and its derivatives
3.8.2.1. Graphene
3.8.2.2. Graphene oxide (GO)
Functionalization of graphene and graphene oxide
Covalent functionalization
Noncovalent functionalization
Elemental doping
3.8.3. Fullerene
3.8.3.1. Functionalization of fullerene
3.8.4. Nanodiamond
3.9. Silica-based nanomaterials
3.9.1. Functionalization methods
3.9.1.1. Cocondensation (one-pot synthesis)
3.9.1.2. Postsynthetic
3.10. Metallic inorganic nanomaterials
3.10.1. Metal-based nanomaterials
3.10.1.1. Gold nanomaterials
3.10.1.2. Silver nanomaterials
3.10.2. Metal oxides
3.10.2.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials
3.10.2.2. Titanium oxide (TiO2)
3.11. Organic nanomaterials
3.11.1. Polymeric nanomaterials
3.12. Application of functionalized nanomaterials
3.13. Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Fabrication of sustainable membranes with functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs)
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Fabrication methods
4.2.1. Thin-film nanocomposite membranes
4.2.1.1. Interfacial polymerization
4.2.1.2. Dip coating
4.2.2. Nanofiber membranes
4.2.2.1. Electrospinning
4.2.2.2. Phase inversion
4.2.2.3. Melt blowing
4.2.3. Functionalized ceramic membranes
4.2.3.1. Slip casting method
4.2.3.2. Tape casting
4.2.3.3. Pressing method
4.2.3.4. Extrusion
4.2.4. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composite membranes
4.2.4.1. Chemical vapor deposition
4.2.4.2. In situ polymerization method
4.2.4.3. Direct coating method
4.3. Summary and future perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5: Sustainable membranes with FNs: Current and emerging research trends
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Fabrication techniques
5.2.1. Phase inversion
5.2.2. Interfacial polymerization
5.2.3. Track-etching
5.2.4. Electrospinning
5.3. Classification of different forms of nanomaterial-functionalized membranes
5.3.1. Conventional asymmetric nanocomposite
5.3.2. Thin film nanocomposite
5.3.3. Thin Film Composite (TFC) with nanocomposite substrate
5.3.4. Surface-located nanocomposite
5.4. Diverse applications of functionalized nanomaterials
5.4.1. Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO)
5.4.2. Application in oily wastewater treatment
5.4.3. Organic solvents recovery
5.4.4. Development of photocatalytic membranes for removal of organic pollutants
5.5. Removal of different contaminants with functionalized nanomaterial membranes
5.5.1. Dissolved organics
5.5.2. Heavy metal removal
5.5.3. Microbial content mitigation
5.6. Pilot studies and industrial applications
5.7. Possibility of value-added product recovery
References
Chapter 6: Sustainable membranes with functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs) for environmental applications
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Limitations of membranes with functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs) in environmental applications
6.3. Synthesis and modification of membranes with functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs)
6.3.1. In situ surface functionalization
6.3.2. Postsynthesis surface functionalization
6.3.2.1. Polymer grafted nanoparticles
6.3.2.2. Covalent functionalization
Carboxylation
Hydroxylation
Hydrogenation
Amination/sulfonation
6.3.2.3. Noncovalent functionalization
6.4. Future challenges for membranes with functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs)
6.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Sustainable membranes with FNMs for biomedical applications
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Overview on membrane technology
7.2.1. Fabrication of polymeric membrane
7.2.1.1. Phase inversion method
Immersion precipitation
Evaporation-induced phase separation
Vapor-induced phase separation
Thermally induced phase separation
7.2.1.2. Interfacial polymerization method
7.2.1.3. Track-etching
7.2.1.4. Electrospinning method
7.2.2. Application of membrane technology in the biomedical field
7.2.3. Complexities: Membrane fabrication and application
7.3. Identification of sources for nanomaterial synthesis
7.4. Preparation of nanomaterials
7.4.1. Sol-gel method
7.4.2. Chemical vapor deposition method
7.4.3. Laser pyrolysis method
7.4.4. Flame spray pyrolysis method
7.5. Economic analysis for different methods
7.6. Functionalization of nanomaterials
7.6.1. Chemistry behind the functionalization
7.6.1.1. Noncovalent functionalization
7.6.1.2. Covalent functionalization
7.6.1.3. Physical adsorption
7.6.1.4. Grafting
7.6.2. Biocompatibility with functionalized nanomaterials
7.6.3. Imaging enrichment with functionalized nanomaterials
7.6.4. Targeted drug delivery with functionalized nanomaterials
7.6.5. Theranostics enhancement with functionalized nanomaterials
7.6.6. Microbe detection with functionalized nanomaterials
7.7. Membrane modified with functionalized nanomaterials
7.8. Summary
References
Chapter 8: Sustainable membranes with FNMs for energy generation and fuel cells
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Preparation of IEM containing FNMs
8.2.1. Functionalization of nanomaterials
8.2.2. IEM/FNMs preparation methods
8.2.2.1. Additive blending
8.2.2.2. Sol-gel method
8.2.2.3. Solution casting method
8.2.2.4. Other methods
8.3. IEM/FNMs for fuel cell applications
8.4. IEM/FNMs in redox flow battery (RFB)
8.5. IEM/FNMs in reverse electrodialysis (RED)
8.6. Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 9: Sustainable membranes with FNMs for pharmaceuticals and personal care products
9.1. Introduction
9.2. PhACs in the environment
9.2.1. Source of PhACs
9.2.2. Occurrence of PhACs
9.2.3. Health concerns regarding PhACs
9.3. Methods to remove PhACs from water
9.3.1. Adsorption
9.3.2. Advanced oxidation procedures
9.3.3. Membrane separation processes
9.3.3.1. Mechanism of rejection of PhACs in membrane filtration
Size exclusion or steric hindrance effect
Hydrophobic/adsorptive mechanism
Electrostatic interaction
9.3.3.2. Limitations of membrane filtration used for removal of PhACs
Membrane fouling
Insufficient separation
Permeability/selectivity tradeoff relations
9.4. Approaches of membrane functionalization
9.4.1. Functional groups bonding types
9.4.1.1. Functionalization by a noncovalent bond (physisorption process)
9.4.1.2. Functionalization by a covalent bond (chemisorption process)
9.4.2. Functionalization techniques
9.4.2.1. Surface coating
9.4.2.2. Layer-by-layer assembly (LBL)
9.4.2.3. Grafting
9.4.2.4. Immersion method
9.4.2.5. Sol-gel method
9.4.2.6. In-situ hydrogel cross-linking
9.5. Functionalized NF membranes for PhACs removal
9.5.1. Enhancing antifouling property
9.5.2. Enhancing both removal efficiency and permeate flux
9.5.3. Enhance membrane rejection of hydrophobic PhACs
9.5.4. Minimizing the permeability-selectivity tradeoff (enhanced selectivity of membrane against MPs)
9.6. Nanocomposite membranes for PhACs removal
9.6.1. NPs/functionalized NPs-based composite membranes
9.6.2. Functionalized nanofibers-based composite membranes
9.6.3. CNMs/functionalized CNMs-based composite membranes
9.6.3.1. CNTs-based membranes for PhACs removal
9.6.3.2. Functionalized CNTs (f-CNTs)-based membranes for PhACs removal
Efficient removal of PhACs
Enhanced antifouling capability of f-CNT membranes
Functionalization with cross-linkers to enhance blending with membranes
9.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Challenges in commercialization of sustainable membranes with FNMs
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Overview of important problems in liquid-based and gas-based membranes
10.2.1. Liquid-based membranes
10.2.2. Gas-based membranes
10.3. Functionalized nanomaterials-membranes
10.4. Challenges in synthesis and commercialization of mixed matrix and nanocomposite membranes with functional nanomaterials
10.4.1. The obstacles in membrane synthesis
10.4.2. Challenges in operational aspects of MMMs and nanocomposite membranes with FNMs
10.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Membranes with FNMs for sustainable development
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Functionalized nanomaterial acts as a silver bullet in the arsenal
11.2.1. Reasons behind the failure of achievement of a successful sustainable development
11.2.2. Critical questions in the arena of sustainability
11.2.3. Understanding the potential vested in FNM-based solutions: A case study
11.3. Role of sustainable membranes with FNMs in modern society
11.3.1. Water
11.3.1.1. Desalination and water filtration
Historical overview
Environmental concerns related to desalination
Role of nanomaterials in enhancing the sustainability of membrane technology
11.3.1.2. Oily water
11.3.2. Energy
11.3.2.1. Photocatalysis
11.3.2.2. Fuel cells
11.3.3. Air
11.3.3.1. Gas separation
Fossil fuel-based power plants
11.3.4. Food
11.3.4.1. Diary industry
11.3.4.2. Juice industry
11.4. Road map for sustainable development through FNM-based membranes
11.4.1. Aspects for developing new technologies in this arena
11.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Future prospects of sustainable membranes
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Changing dynamics of the world
12.2.1. The Post Brundtland World
12.2.2. Growing volatility in the world: A ticking bomb
12.2.3. Sustainable development is a cul-de-sac or a clue to a Pandora's box
12.3. The path ahead
12.3.1. Sustainable membranes against water scarcity
12.3.1.1. Desalination
12.3.1.2. Wastewater treatment
Brine treatment and energy consumption
12.3.1.2.1. Reutilization of wastewater
12.3.2. Sustainable membranes for energy sector
12.3.2.1. Harnessing energy
Blue energy
Low-grade waste heat energy
12.3.2.2. Energy storage
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)
12.3.3. Sustainable membranes for biomedical applications
12.3.3.1. Air filtration
12.4. Conclusion
References
Index
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