Membrane Separation of Food Bioactive Ingredients

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: General Overview of Membrane Separation Technologies for Bioactives
Chapter 1: Introduction to Membrane Separation of Bioactive Compounds; Challenges and Opportunities
1 Introduction
2 Membrane Technologies: The Emerging Pathway for Recovering Bioactive Compounds
3 Challenges in Membrane Technologies for Bioactive Compounds Separation
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: An Overview of Food Bioactive Compounds and Their Properties
1 Introduction
2 Phenolic Compounds
2.1 Phenolic Acids
2.1.1 Hydroxycinnamic Acids
2.1.2 Hydroxybenzoic Acids
2.2 Flavonoids
2.2.1 Flavones
2.2.2 Flavonols
2.2.3 Flavanones
2.2.4 Isoflavonoids
2.2.5 Flavanols, Flavan-3-ols, or Catechins
2.2.6 Anthocyanins
2.3 Other Phenolics
2.3.1 Stilbenes
2.3.2 Lignans
3 Other Phytochemical Compounds: Terpenes, Alkaloids and Glucosinolates
4 Carotenoids and Sterols
5 Bioactive Peptides and Proteins
6 Essential Fatty Acids
7 Essential Oils
8 Vitamins and Minerals
9 Dietary Fibers: Prebiotics and Probiotics
References
Part II: Membrane Separation of Common Food Bioactive Compounds
Chapter 3: Purification of Phenolic-Based Molecules from Agro-Food By-products via Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes
1 Introduction
2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes
3 Recovery of Phenolics from Agro-Food By-products
3.1 Olive Mill Wastewaters
3.2 Citrus By-products
3.3 Wine By-products
4 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Chapter 4: Food Bioactive Ingredients Processing Using Membrane Distillation
1 Introduction
2 Principles of Membrane Distillation
2.1 Process Fundamentals and Theory
2.2 Membrane Requirements
2.3 MD Configurations
2.4 Osmotic Distillation
2.5 Membrane Modules
3 Application in Food Industry
3.1 Juices Concentration and Clarification
3.1.1 Effect of Process Parameters on Juice Processing
3.1.2 Integrated Membrane Processes
3.2 Dairy Products Processing
3.3 Ethanol Removal
3.4 Anthocyanins Concentration
4 Fouling and Its Control
5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 5: Recovery of High-Added Value Compounds from Dairy and Winery Agro-Food Industries Using Electrodialysis
1 Introduction
1.1 Electrodialysis Principles and Applications
1.2 An Overview of Agro-Food Industries
2 Applications for Agro-Food Sectors
2.1 Dairy Industry
2.2 Wine Industry
3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6: Separation of Bioactive Peptides and Proteins from by-Products and Co-Products Through Membranes
1 Importance of Membrane Technique in the Separation of Proteins and Peptides
1.1 Fish and Meat Industry
1.2 Dairy Industry
1.3 Plant-Based Sources
1.4 Protein and Bioactive Peptides Separation
1.5 Membrane Separation of Protein and Peptides
2 Factors Affecting Membrane Separation of Proteins and Peptides
3 Application of UF Membranes in the Separation of Proteins and Peptides
4 Application of NF Membranes in the Separation of Proteins and Peptides
5 Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membranes for the Separation of Proteins and Peptides
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Separation of Polyphenols and Carotenoids Using Nanofiltration
1 Introduction
2 Nanofiltration Applications for the Recovery of Polyphenols
2.1 Flavonoids
2.2 Non-flavonoids
3 Nanofiltration Applications for the Recovery of Carotenoids
3.1 Carotenes
3.2 Xanthophylls
4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Recovery of Volatile Aroma Molecules from Agro-Food Systems by Means of Pervaporation
1 Fundamentals
2 General Principles of Materials Choice for PV Membranes
3 Simulation Approaches
4 Main Separation Tasks
5 PV in Aroma Recovery
5.1 Aroma Recovery from Fruits, Coffee and Tea
5.2 Aroma Recovery from Alcoholic Beverages
5.3 Aroma Recovery from Food
6 Outlook and Conclusions
References
Part III: Separation of Biological Metabolites Through Membrane Technologies
Chapter 9: Separation of Bioactive Compounds from Fermentation Broths Using Membranes
1 Introduction
2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes
2.1 Membrane Fouling and Biofouling
2.2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes as Methods for the Recovery of Compounds
3 Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Fermentation Broths
3.1 Downstream Processes to Recover of Compounds from Fermentation Broths
3.2 The Role of Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes in Recovering Valuable Solutes from Fermentation Broths
4 Current Status of Processing Fermentation Broths by Means of Membrane Technologies
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10: Recovery of High Added Value Compounds from Microalgae Cultivation Using Membrane Technology
1 Introduction
2 Microalgae: The Latent Tool for Producing High Added-Value Compounds and Their Applications
2.1 Lipids and Carbohydrates for Biofuels
2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
2.3 Bioactive Extracellular Polysaccharides
2.4 Pigments
2.5 Proteins-Bioactive Peptides
2.6 Vitamins
2.7 Minerals
2.8 Other Bioactive Compounds
2.9 Microalgae for Food and Feed Animals
2.10 Bioremediation
2.11 Biofertilizers and Biostimulants from Microalgae
2.12 Microalgae-Based Bioplastics
3 The Role of Membrane Technology in Microalgae Bioprocessing
3.1 Membrane Technology for Microalgae Cultivation
3.1.1 Pretreatment of Wastewater as a Culture Medium for Microalgae Cultivation
3.1.2 Membrane Technologies Coupled to Photobioreactors
3.2 Membrane Technology for Microalgae Biomass Harvesting
3.3 Membrane Technology for the Recovery of High Added Value Compounds from Microalgae
3.4 The Importance of Protocols for Membrane Cleaning by Microalgae Fouling
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Part IV: Novel Membrane Processes for the Separation of Bioactive Compounds
Chapter 11: Coupling of Membrane Technology with Emerging Technologies for the Recovery of Bioactives
1 Introduction
1.1 Bioactive Extraction
1.2 Advantages of Membrane Technology
1.3 Recovery of Bioactives Based on Membrane Technologies
2 Combined Membrane Unit Operations and Bioactive Food Products
2.1 Two Stage Integrated Process
2.2 Three Stage Integrated Process
2.3 Four Stage Integrated Process
2.4 Five Stage Integrated Process
2.5 Lactoferrin (Lf) isolation – Integrated Membrane Systems
3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 12: Ionic-Liquid Membranes (Microemulsions) for the Separation of Bioactive Compounds
1 Introduction
2 Preparation, Specification and Characterization of Microemulsions
3 Application of Microemulsions
3.1 Microemulsions for Separation of Bioactive Compounds
3.1.1 Phenolics
3.1.2 Essential and Herbal Oils
3.1.3 Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids
3.1.4 Carotenoids
3.1.5 Other Bioactive Compounds
3.2 Back-Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Microemulsions
3.3 Stability of Bioactive Compounds Extracted by Microemulsions
4 Challenges and Future Trends
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Modelling in Membrane Separation of Bioactives
1 Introduction
2 Modelling Aspects of Membrane-Based Separation
2.1 Empirical Models
2.1.1 Resistance in Series Model
Resistance in Series Model Without Pore Blocking
Resistance in Series Model with Pore Blocking
2.2 Semi-empirical Models
2.2.1 Constant Pressure Dead End Filtration Cell (Batch Process): Hermia’s Model
2.2.2 Constant Pressure Cross Flow Filtration (Continuous Cross Flow Process): Field’s Model
2.3 Transport Phenomena-Based Models
2.3.1 Modelling of Permeate Flux and Concentration
2.3.2 Permeate Flux Hysteresis
3 Conclusions
References
Index