Medieval English in a Multilingual Context : Current Methodologies and Approaches

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction
1 Context of the Volume
2 Contents and Structure of the Volume
References
Part I: Research Contexts
2: Contact Theory and the History of English
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Approaches to Language Contact
2.1 Weinreich (1953)
2.2 Language Contact Theory in the 1980s
2.3 In Search of Terminological Exactitude
2.4 On Contact Effects in English: Where It Takes Us
3 Sociolinguistic Approaches to Language Contact and Their Relevance to Understanding the Outcomes of Medieval Multilingualism
3.1 Trudgill (2004)
3.2 Sociolinguistic Work on Language Contact in London
Characteristics of MLE
The Role of Language Contact in the Emergence of MLE
Relevance for the Study of Historical Language Contact
3.3 Applying Trudgill’s Theory to Medieval Contexts
Mixing
Levelling
3.4 Unmarking
Interdialect Development
4 Conclusion
References
3: From Original Sources to Linguistic Analysis: Tools and Datasets for the Investigation of Multilingualism in Medieval English
1 Introduction
2 Accessing the Manuscript
3 From Manuscript to Transcription
4 From Transcription to (Annotated) Text
5 From Annotated Text to Using Linguistically Annotated Corpora
6 Lemmatisation
7 Conclusion
References
Digital Resources and Websites (Last Verified 28 February 2022)
Part II: Medieval Multilingualism and Lexical Change
4: Contact-Induced Lexical Effects in Medieval English
1 Introduction
2 Place-Names
3 Lexical Borrowings
4 Challenges Presented by the Documentary Record
5 Language Borrowing and Language Borders
References
5: The West Germanic Heritage of Yorkshire English
1 Introduction: The Abundance of Norse Loanwords in English
2 The Overestimation of the Norse Component in (Yorkshire) English
2.1 The Relation with Frisian
2.2 Lexical Support and Loanwords
2.3 Northern English as a Peripheral Variety
2.4 The ‘Velar’ Argument
2.5 The Acquisition of a Bilingual Lexicon
3 Data and Methodology of the Yorkshire Case Study
4 Comparison of YD, OED and This Study
5 Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix 1: APV and OED: North Germanic Words
Appendix 2: APV and OED: West Germanic Words
Appendix 3: APV: West Germanic vs. OED: North Germanic
References
6: Reframing the Interaction between Native Terms and Loanwords: Some Data from Occupational Domains in Middle English
1 Introduction
2 Introduction to the Semantic Hierarchy
3 Focus on the Vocabulary Relating to Trade
3.1 The Categories Making up the Semantic Domain of Trade
3.2 Vocabulary at Different Category Levels of the Semantic Domain Trade
4 The Relationship between Native Terms and Loanwords in Small Groups of Terms across the Whole Dataset
5 Conclusion
References
7: Cheapside in Wales: Multilingualism and Textiles in Medieval Welsh Poetry
1 Introduction
2 Linguistic Evidence before 1300
3 The Rise of Consumerism in Wales
4 Conclusion
References
8: Caxton’s Linguistic and Literary Multilingualism: English, French and Dutch in the History of Jason
1 Introduction
2 The History of Jason and Caxton’s Multilingual Context
3 The Influence of French and Dutch on the Language of Jason
4 Conclusion and Implications for Future Research
References
Part III: Medieval Multilingualism and Morphosyntactic Change
9: An Overview of Contact-Induced Morphosyntactic Changes in Early English
1 Introduction
1.1 Borrowing and Imposition
1.2 Complexification and Simplification
2 Celtic
2.1 Contact Between British Celtic and English
2.2 Celtic Influence on English Morphosyntax
Double Paradigm of the Verb ‘To Be’
Comparative Nor
Complexification or Simplification?
3 Old Norse
3.1 Contact Between English and Old Norse
3.2 Transfer of Functional Lexical Items
3.3 Inflectional Morphology and Agreement
3.4 Syntax: Constituent Order
4 French
4.1 Contact between English and French
4.2 Word Order
4.3 Argument Structure
5 Conclusion
References
10: Traces of Language Contact in Nominal Morphology of Late Northumbrian and Northern Middle English
1 Introduction
2 Language Contact and Morphology
3 Late Old English Nominal System on the Move and Its Norse Parallels
4 Patterns of Restructuring of Nominal Inflection in Late Northumbrian and Northern Middle English
4.1 Methodology of the Study
4.2 Morphological Archaisms and Innovations in Late Northumbrian
u-Stems
Root Nouns
r-Stems
s-Stems
nd-Stems
Summary of Major Tendencies
4.3 Morphological Archaisms and Innovations in Cursor Mundi (Manuscripts C, T)
Default Plural Marking
Genitive Marking
Inflection of Historical Minor Stems in Cursor Mundi
u-Stems
r-Stems
Root Nouns
s-Stems
nd-Stems
Summary of the Patterns in Cursor Mundi
5 Conclusion
References
11: Origin and Spread of the Personal Pronoun They: La Estorie del Evangelie, a Case Study
1 Introduction
2 La estorie del evangelie and Its Manuscripts
3 Third-Person Pronoun Usage in the Estorie Texts
3.1 General Distribution of the Data in Their Manuscript Context
3.2 Accounting for Intratextual Variation
Syntactic Context
Referent
Phonological Factors
Verbal Inflection and Semantics
Stylistic Factors
4 Conclusion
References
12: Language Contact Effects on Verb Semantic Classes: Lability in Early English and Old French
1 Introduction
2 Lability
3 Lability in Earlier English: Previous Research
4 Analysis of Old English and Middle English destroy-verbs
5 Psych Verbs in Old and Middle English
6 Anglo-French Psych Verbs
7 Conclusions
Appendix 1: Old English Psych Verbs
Appendix 2: Encoding of Experiencer Role, Anglo- French Verbs, as Attested in AND
Appendix 3: Native (OE-Origin and Newly Coined) Psych Verbs Attested in MED, with Old English Source Verb where Relevant
Appendix 4: Encoding of Experiencer Role, French-Origin Psych Verbs Attested in MED up to 1500
References
13: Exploring Norn: A Historical Heritage Language of the British Isles
1 Introduction
2 Norn: Background and History
3 Norn as a Heritage Language
4 Possessive Constructions
4.1 Possessive Constructions in Old Norse and Older Scots
4.2 A ‘Homeland’ Baseline for Comparison
4.3 Possessive Constructions in Norn
Prenominal and Postnominal Possessors
Interaction between Possessors and Definiteness Marking
Reflexive Possessives
Morphological Marking of Possessors
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Textual Manifestations of Medieval Multilingualism
14: Textual and Codicological Manifestations of Multilingual Culture in Medieval England
1 Introduction
2 Editing Multilingual Texts
3 Revisiting ‘Trilingual England’
4 ‘One Culture in Three Voices’? Linguistic and Cultural Ramifications of Code- ­Switching in MS Harley 2253 and Beyond
4.1 Multilingualism and Monocultural Englishness
4.2 Trilingualism and Monoculture in Action
A Manuscript Miscellany as a Multi-layered Multilingual Text
‘Dum ludis floribus’
‘ABC a femmes’
4.3 The Diachrony of Multilingualism in Medieval England: The Question of French
5 Conclusions
References
15: Adapting Winefride in Welsh, Latin and English
1 Introduction: Welsh Saints and Trilingual Traditions
2 The Welsh Language in Latin and Middle English Winefride Texts
3 Naming Winefride
4 Conclusion
References
16: Let Each One Tell its Own Story: Language Mixing in Four Copies of Amore Langueo
1 Introduction
2 Preaching in Medieval England
3 Amore Langueo
4 Analysis
4.1 English Verses and Related Elements
4.2 Single-Word Borrowings: Rhetorical Function or Lexical Gap?
4.3 The Fuzzy Borders between Languages
5 Interpretation and Conclusion
References
17: The Materiality of the Manières de langage
1 Introduction
2 The Corpus
3 The Context for the Manières
4 Manuscript Size
5 Mise en page and Paratext
6 Conclusion
References
18: Afterword
References
Index