Medicinal Plants: Their Response to Abiotic Stress

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Medicinal Plants and Abiotic Stress: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Abiotic Stresses and Medicinal Plants
2.1 Temperature Stress
2.2 Drought Stress
2.3 Salinity Stress
2.4 Heavy Metal Stress
2.5 Air Pollutant Stress
2.6 Nutrient Deficiency Stress
2.7 Radiation Stress
3 Conclusion
References
Medicinal Plants Proteomics in Response to Abiotic Stresses
1 Introduction
1.1 Medicinal Plants
1.2 Omics
1.3 Proteomics
2 Medicinal Plants Proteomics in Response to Temperature Stress
2.1 High Temperature (Heat) Stress
2.2 Low Temperature (Cold) Stress
3 Medicinal Plant Proteomics in Response to Drought Stress
4 Medicinal Plant Proteomics in Response to Light/UV Stress
5 Medicinal Plant Proteomics in Response to Salt Stress
6 Medicinal Plant Proteomics in Response to Heavy Metal Stress
6.1 Lead (Pb) Stress
6.2 Cadmium (Cd) Stress
6.3 Copper (Cu) Stress
6.4 Chromium (Cr) and Arsenic (As) Stress
7 Conclusion
References
Medicinal Plants Metabolomics in Response to Abiotic Stresses
1 Introduction
2 Metabolomics
3 Metabolomics in Relation to Abiotic Stress
4 Conclusion
References
Secondary Metabolite Production in Medicinal Plants under Abiotic Stress
1 Introduction
2 Drought Stress
3 Thermal Stress
4 Salt Stress
5 Cold Stress
6 Heavy Metal Stress
7 Gaseous Toxins
8 Ultraviolet Radiations
9 Light
10 Plant Hormones
11 Nutrient Stress
12 Influence of Climate Change
13 Effect of Pesticides
14 Conclusion
References
Effect of Temperature (Cold and Hot) Stress on Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Temperature Stress on Medicinal Plants
2.1 Seed Germination
2.2 Photosynthesis
2.3 Plant Growth and Development
2.4 Effect of Temperature on Medicinal Plants
3 Adaptive Responses of Medicinal Plants to Combat Temperature Stress
3.1 Antioxidant System
3.2 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs)
4 Plant Defense Mechanism against Extreme Temperatures
5 Temperature Induced Changes in Medicinal Plants
6 Conclusion
References
Effect of Water Stress (Drought and Waterlogging) on Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Drought Stress Effects on Medicinal Plants
3 Reduced Yield
4 Natural Product Accumulation
5 Mechanisms of Drought Tolerance
6 Water Logging
7 Waterlogging Tolerance Mechanism
8 Molecular Marker
9 Use of Nanotechnology
10 Conclusion
References
Effects of Gaseous Pollutants on Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Medicinal Plants and their Importance
3 Secondary Metabolites under Changed Climate
3.1 Impact of CO2 on Secondary Metabolites
3.2 Impact of Ozone on Secondary Metabolites
3.3 Plant Response to SO2 and NOx
3.4 Role of Methane and CFC´s
4 Conclusion
References
Impact of Salinity Stress on Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Effects of Salinity Stress on Plant Growth
3 Osmotic Stress
4 Specific Ion Toxicity
5 ROS Generation in Plants
6 Lipid Peroxidation
7 Hormonal and Nutritional Balance
7.1 Role of Hormones
7.2 Role of Nutrients
7.3 Proteomics and Metabolomics
8 Salinity Tolerance Mechanism
8.1 Oxidative Defense System
8.2 Enzymatic Defense System
8.3 Non-Enzymatic System
8.4 Production of Compatible Solute
9 Effect of Salinity Stress on Some Specific Medicinal Plants
9.1 Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
9.2 Echinacea Species
9.3 Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)
9.4 Peppermint (Mentha species)
9.5 Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.)
9.6 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
9.7 Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
9.8 Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
9.9 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.)
9.10 Thyme (Thymus species)
9.11 Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.)
9.12 Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis L.)
10 Conclusion
References
Impact of Aridity on Specialized Metabolism: Concentration of Natural Products in Plants
1 Introduction
2 Concentrations of Natural Products in Drought-Stressed Plants
3 Factors Responsible for the Enhanced Concentrations of Natural Products
4 Drought Stress Increases the Total Amount of Specialized Metabolites
5 Complex Metabolic Processes Increase Natural Product Biosynthesis under Stress
6 Induction of Drought Stress
7 Stress Induces Qualitative Changes: Variance in the Spectrum of Specialized Metabolites
8 Implementation into Practice
9 Conclusion
References
The Role of PGPRs in Medicinal Plants under Abiotic Stress
1 Introduction
2 Abiotic Stresses
3 Plant Performance under Abiotic Stresses
4 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
5 Mechanisms of PGPR
6 PGPR Associated with Abiotic Stress Tolerance
7 Advantage of PGPR to Relieve Abiotic Stress
8 Conclusion
References
Effect of Mineral Nutrition and PGRs on Biosynthesis and Distribution of Secondary Plant Metabolites under Abiotic Stress
1 Introduction
2 Response of Plant SMs to Soil Fertility
3 Effect of Macronutrients on Secondary Metabolites
3.1 Nitrogen and Phosphate
3.2 Potassium
3.3 Calcium
3.4 Magnesium
3.5 Sulfur
4 Effect of Micronutrient on Secondary Metabolites
5 Ionic Balance Is a Tool to Increase Secondary Metabolites in Plants
6 Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Secondary Metabolites
6.1 Auxin and Cytokinin
6.2 Jasmonates
6.3 Salicylic Acid
6.4 Gibberellic Acid
7 Conclusion
References
Impact of Phytoprotectants on Growth and Yield of Medicinal Plants Under Abiotic Stress
1 Introduction
2 Medicinal Plants as Specialised and Reputed Species
3 What Is Preferable: Breeding or Use of Phytoprotectants?
4 Impact of Phytoprotectant Application on Medicinal Plants
4.1 Polyamines (Putrescine, Spermidine, and Spermine)
4.2 Melatonin and Tryptophan
4.3 Salicylic Acid and β-Carotene
5 Pharmaceutical Value Versus Agronomic Yield of Medicinal Plants
6 Conclusions
References
Biostimulants and Phytohormones Improve Productivity and Quality of Medicinal Plants Under Abiotic Stress
1 Introduction
2 Strategies for Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress
2.1 Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobium (PGPR)
2.1.1 Bacteria Application
2.1.2 Fungi Application
2.2 Integrated Biochar Application
2.3 Phytohormones Application
2.3.1 Salicylic Acid
2.3.2 Hydrogen Sulfide
2.3.3 Other Phytohormones
2.4 Nanomaterials Application
2.5 Silicon Application
3 Conclusion
References
Light (High Light/UV Radiation) Modulates Adaptation Mechanisms and Secondary Metabolite Production in Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 UV Radiation and Its Detrimental Impact on Plant Health
2.1 UV-A
2.2 UV-B
2.3 UV-C
3 Adaptive Mechanism
3.1 Photoprotection Mechanisms that Produce Secondary Metabolites
3.1.1 Photoprotection by Carotenoids
3.1.1.1 Modulation of 3Chl* Yield
3.1.1.2 Scavenging of ROS
3.1.1.3 Modulation of 1Chl* Yield
3.1.2 Other Photoprotective Agents and Components
3.1.2.1 Non-enzymatic Antioxidant Agents
3.1.2.2 Enzymatic Antioxidant System
4 Conclusions
References
Recent Strategies to Engineer Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Alkaloids Biosynthetic Pathway
3 Transcriptional Factors-Mediated Regulation of Alkaloids
3.1 AP2/ERF Transcription Factors
3.2 WRKY Transcription Factors
3.3 bHLH Transcription Factors
3.4 Other Transcription Factors
4 Improvements to Enhance In Vitro Alkaloids Production
4.1 Metabolic Manipulations
4.1.1 Cells Screening
4.1.2 Elicitors
4.1.3 Culture Conditions Optimization
4.1.4 Genetic Engineering
5 miRNA-Mediated Regulation of Alkaloid Biosynthesis
5.1 miRNAs-Mediated Regulation of Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants
5.1.1 miRNAs Regulating Alkaloids Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy
5.1.2 miRNAs Involved in the Nicotine Biosynthesis
5.1.3 miRNAs Involved in the Regulation of Taxol Biosynthesis
6 Gene Editing by CRISPR/Cas9
7 Nanoparticles Based Enhancement
7.1 NPs as Elicitors of Secondary Metabolism
7.2 Potential Applications of NPs
8 Conclusion
References
Genome-Editing Strategies for Enhanced Stress Tolerance in Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Improving Stress Tolerance in Medicinal Plants
2.1 Genome Editing Tools
2.1.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
2.1.2 Transcription Activator-Like Endonucleases (TALENs)
2.1.3 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9
3 Applications of Genome-Editing Tools on Select Medicinal and Model Plants
3.1 Abiotic Stress
3.2 Biotic Stress
4 Difficulties in Improving Stress Tolerance in Medicinal Plants
4.1 Off Target Mutation
4.2 Declining Species and Genotype-Dependent Transformation
4.3 Broadening of Targets
4.4 Regulatory Norms of Genome Editing in Medicinal Plants
4.5 Need for a Promising Delivery System
5 Future Perspectives for Efficient Outcomes in Medicinal Plants
6 Conclusion
References
Phytoremediation Potential of Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
1.1 What Is Phytoremediation?
1.2 Safety Implications of Phytoremediation
1.3 Implications of Phytoremediation on Medicinal Plant Policies and Regulations
2 Phytoremediation Principles
2.1 Phytoremediation Types
2.2 Stabilization or Containment Mechanisms
2.3 Removal or Degradation Mechanisms
3 Phytoremediation Physiology and Environmental Factors
3.1 Phytoremediation as a Stress Response
3.2 Biotic Factors Enhancing Phytoremediation
3.3 Abiotic Factors Enhancing Phytoremediation
4 Medicinal Plants with Phytoremediation Potential
4.1 Taxonomy of Phytoremediation Medicinal Plants
4.2 Contaminants in Phytoremediation Medicinal Plants
5 Conclusion
References