Medicinal Plants of Laos

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Notes
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors
Contributors
Primary Contributors
Chapter Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Country of Laos and Research Leading to This Book
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geography and Climate
1.3 The Institute of Traditional Medicine (ITM)
1.4 Collaborative Research between the ITM and UIC
1.5 About This Book
References
Chapter 2: Role of Medicinal Plants in The Lao People’s Democratic Republic
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of the Use of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in the Lao PDR
2.2.1 Traditional Medicine during the Kingdom of Lan Xang
2.2.2 Traditional Medicine during the Kingdom of Laos (before 1975)
2.2.3 Traditional Medicine in the Current Lao PDR (after 2 December 1975)
2.3 Status of Medicinal Plants in the Present Lao PDR
2.3.1 Uses of Medicinal Plants
2.3.2 Government Policy and Regulations on the Use of Medicinal Plants
2.3.2.1 The Health Sector (Ministry of Health)
2.3.2.1.1 Law on Drugs and Medical Products No. 01/NA, 8 April 2000
2.3.2.1.2 Prime Ministerial Decree No. 155, 30 September 2003
2.3.2.2 The Forestry Sector (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry)
2.3.2.3 The Security Sector (Ministry of Public Security)
2.3.3 Environmental Concerns on the Use of Natural Medicinal Plants
2.3.4 Measures to Be Taken for Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants in the Lao PDR
2.3.5 Important Role of Medicinal Plants in the Economic Development of the Country
2.4 Traditional Medicine and Drug Discovery
References
Chapter 3: Discovery of New Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants of Laos
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plants as Potential Sources of New Medicines
3.3 The Search for Bioactive Compounds from Plants of Laos
3.3.1 The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) Program
3.3.2 A Research Collaboration between the Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the ITM
3.3.3 Research Cooperation between the ITM and the Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology of the Republic of Korea and with the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University of Japan
3.3.4 Cooperation between the UIC and the ITM
3.4 Discoveries of New Bioactive Compounds from Plants of Laos
Annonaceae
Marsypopetalum modestum (Pierre) B. Xue & R.M.K. Saunders
Apocynaceae
Gongronema napalense (Wall.) Decne.
Asparagaceae
Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.
Connaraceae
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston
Ebenaceae
Diospyros cf. quaesita Thw.
Rubiaceae
Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.
Stemonaceae
Stemona pierrei Gagn. and Stemona tuberosa Lour.
3.5 Ongoing Efforts Toward New Discoveries
3.6 Rationale for Continuing Efforts Towards New Discoveries
References
Chapter 4: Conservation of Medicinal Plants of Laos
4.1 Introduction: The Need for Medicinal Plant Protection
4.2 Rare, Threatened, and Health-Promoting Value of Species of Medicinal Plants of Laos
4.3 The Somsavath Medicinal Plant Preserve (MPP)
4.4 The Lao Biodiversity Fund
4.5 Medicinal Plant Conservation Network of Laos
References
Chapter 5: A Rapid Ethnobotanical Inventory of Medicinal Plants: A Model for Future Conservation Efforts
5.1 Introduction and Rationale
5.2 Selection of the Preserves and the Interview Process
5.3 Brief Description of the Inventoried Preserves
5.3.1 Oudomxay MBP: September 2014. Figure 5.1
5.3.2 Luang Prabang MBP: February 2020. Figure 5.2
5.3.3 Xieng Khouang MBP: May 2014. Figure 5.3
5.3.4 Bolikhamxay MPP: May 2014. Figure 5.4
5.3.5 Savannakhet MBP: December 2013. Figure 5.5
5.3.6 Dong Natat Protected Forest: March 2014. Figure 5.6
5.3.7 Sekong MBP: November 7–13, 2019. Figure 5.7
5.4 Methods
5.4.1 Transportation and Accommodations
5.4.2 Permission to Enter a Preserve to Carry Out Ethnobotanical Interviews and Collect Plants
5.4.3 Recruitment of Healers to be Interviewed and Healer Compensation. Figure 5.8
5.4.4 Interviews. Figures 5.9 and 5.10
5.4.5 Voucher Herbarium Specimen Documentation. Figure 5.11
5.4.6 Taxonomic Determination. Figure 5.12
5.5 Results
5.5.1 Taxonomic Diversity of Medicinal Plants Collected as Used by the Healers
5.5.2 Part of the Plant Used
5.5.3 Diversity of Therapeutic Uses
5.5.4 Method of Use (Preparation, Dosage)
5.6 Catalog of Inventoried Medicinal Plants
Group 1: Angiospermae – Dicotyledonae
Acanthaceae
Asystasia chelonoides Nees. Figure 5.13
Barleria cf. obtusa Nees
Barleria strigosa Willd.
Justicia ventricosa Wall. ex Hook.f. Figure 5.14 .
Phlogacanthus curviflorus (Wall.) Nees. Figure 5.15
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.
Actinidiaceae
Saurauia napaulensis A. DC. Figure 5.16
Adoxaceae
Viburnum sambucinum Reinw. ex Bl.
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera laurina Bl.
Ancistrocladaceae
Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr.
Annonaceae
Fissistigma cf. acuminatissima Merr.
Goniothalamus cf. gabriacianus (Baill.) Ast.
Melodorum cf. vietnamense Ban
Monocarpia kalimantanensis P.J.A. Kessler. Figure 5.17
Monocarpia maingayi (Hook.f. & Thoms.) L.M. Turner
Monoon thorelii (Pierre) B. Xue & R.M.K. Saunders
Polyalthia evecta (Pierre) Finet & Gagn.
Uvaria tonkinensis Finet & Gagn.
Apocynaceae
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
Ceropegia candelabrum L.
Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R. Almeida. Figure 5.18
Cynanchum corymbosum Wight
Hoya oblongacutifolia Costantin
Hoya cf. parasitica (Wall. ex Hornem.) Wight
Kibatalia macrophylla (Pierre ex Hua) Woodson
Marsdenia sp.
Marsdenia tonkinensis Costantin
Myriopteron extensum (Wight & Arn.) K. Schum.
Tabernaemontana bufalina Lour.
Tabernaemontana cf. bovina Lour.
Tabernaemontana peduncularis Wall.
Urceola rosea (Hook. & Arn.) D.J. Middl.
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex umbellata (Wall.) Loes.
Araliaceae
Aralia finlaysoniana (Wall. ex G. Don) Seem.
Heteropanax fragrans (G. Don) Seem.
Macropanax schmidii C.B. Shang
Schefflera sp.
Asteraceae
Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen
Ageratum houstonianum Mill.
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob.
Elephantopus mollis HBK.
Elephantopus scaber L.
Balanophoraceae
Balanophora abbreviata Bl.
Campanulaceae
Lobelia nummularia Lam. Figure 5.19
Cannabaceae
Trema orientalis (L.) Bl.
Capparaceae
Capparis acutifolia Sw.
Capparis pubiflora DC. Figure 5.20
Capparis cf. tomentosa Lam.
Capparis trinervia Hook.f. & Thoms.
Celastraceae
Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
Salacia cochinchinensis Lour.
Salacia verrucosa Wight
Chloranthaceae
Chloranthus spicatus (Thunb.) Makino
Clusiaceae
Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T. Anderson
Garcinia cf. xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T. Anderson
Garcinia sp.
Combretaceae
Combretum deciduum Collett & Hemsl.
Connaraceae
Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr.
Connarus cf. bariensis Pierre
Connarus paniculatus Roxb. Figure 5.21
Cornaceae
Alangium kurzii Craib. Figure 5.22
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia turbinata Roxb.
Ebenaceae
Diospyros cf. malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus ovalis Miq.
Euphorbiaceae
Croton caudatus Geiseler
Croton cf. dongnaiensis Pierre ex Gagn.
Croton thorelii Gagn.
Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) Muell.-Arg.
Omphalea bracteata (Blanco) Merr. Figure 5.23
Suregada multiflora (A.Juss.) Baill.
Trigonostemon cochinchinensis Gagn.
Trigonostemon sp.
Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae
Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib. Figure 5.24
Bauhinia acuminata L.
Bauhinia glauca (Benth.) Benth.
Bauhinia sp. 1
Bauhinia sp. 2
Caesalpinia digyna Rottl.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.
Dialium cochinchinense Pierre
Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz
Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth.
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.
Senna timorensis (DC.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby
Fabaceae-Mimosoideae
Albizia lucidior (Steud.) I.C. Nielson ex H. Hara
Fabaceae-Papilionoideae
Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl.
Dalbergia cf. rimosa Roxb.
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.
Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.
Fordia cauliflora Hemsl.
Millettia pachyloba Drake. Figure 5.25
Ormosia cambodiana Gagn.
Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz
Pueraria alopecuroides Craib. Figure 5.26
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H. Ohashi
Gesneriaceae
Rhynchotechum ellipticum (Wall. ex D. Dietr.) A. DC.
Hernandiaceae
Illigera celebica Miq. Figure 5.27
Hydrangeaceae
Dichroa febrifuga Lour.
Icacinaceae
Gonocaryum lobbianum (Miers) Kurz
Lamiaceae
Callicarpa formosana Rolfe
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl
Callicarpa rubella Lindl. Figure 5.28
Clerodendrum chinense (Osb.) Mabberley
Clerodendrum godefroyi Kuntze
Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet
Clerodendrum schmidtii C.B. Clarke. Figure 5.29
Congea tomentosa Roxb. Figure 5.30
Premna latifolia Roxb.
Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabberley
Sphenodesme griffithiana Wight
Vitex cf. pierrei Craib
Vitex quinata (Lour.) F.N. Williams
Vitex tripinnata (Lour.) Merr.
Lauraceae
Actinodaphne rehderiana (C.K. Allen) Kosterm. Figure 5.31
Litsea cambodiana Lecomte
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.
Lecythidaceae
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.
Linderniaceae
Torenia asiatica L.
Loganiaceae
Strychnos nux-blanda A.W. Hill. Figure 5.32
Loranthaceae
Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) van Tieghem
Malpighiaceae
Hiptage elliptica Pierre. Figure 5.33
Malvaceae
Grewia tomentosa Roxb. ex DC.
Helicteres viscida Bl.
Microcos paniculata L.
Pterospermum argenteum Tardieu. Figure 5.34
Pterospermum lanceifolium Roxb.
Pterospermum semisagittatum Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
Sterculia coccinea Roxb.
Sterculia cf. hyposticta Miq.
Melastomataceae
Melastoma imbricatum Wall. ex Triana
Oxyspora curtisii King. Figure 5.35
Pseudodissochaeta septentrionalis (W.W. Sm.) M.P. Nayar
Meliaceae
Aglaia sp.
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.
Melia azedarach L. Figure 5.36
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.
Menispermaceae
Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. Figure 5.37
Moraceae
Ficus auriculata Lour.
Ficus cf. gaspariana Miq.
Ficus hispida L.f. Figure 5.38
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex J.E. Smith
Ficus simplicissima Lour.
Ficus subincisa J.E. Sm. Figure 5.39
Ficus triloba Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
Maclura tricuspidata Carr.
Myristicaceae
Knema globularia (Lamk.) Warb. Figure 5.40
Knema pierrei Warb. Figure 5.41
Myrtaceae
Syzygium cf. chloranthum (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry
Ochnaceae
Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis
Oleaceae
Jasminum cf. subtriplinerve Bl.
Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Bl. Figure 5.42
Ligustrum sinense Lour.
Pandaceae
Microdesmis caseariifolia Pl. ex Hook.
Peraceae
Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thw. Figure 5.43
Phyllanthaceae
Antidesma comptum Tul.
Antidesma cf. hainanense Merr.
Antidesma japonicum Sieb. & Zucc.
Antidesma tonkinensis Gagn.
Aporosa ficifolia Baill. Figure 5.44
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Figure 5.45
Breynia fruticosa (L.) M.A.
Breynia grandiflora Beille
Cleistanthus oblongifolius (Roxb.) M.A. Figure 5.46
Phyllanthus eriocarpus (Champ. Ex Benth.) Müll-Arg. Figure 5.47
Phyllanthus urinaria L.
Piperaceae
Piper laetispicum C. DC.
Polygalaceae
Xanthophyllum bibracteatum Gagn. Figure 5.48
Primulaceae
Ardisia annamensis Pit.
Ardisia crenata Sims
Ardisia florida Gagn. Figure 5.49
Ardisia hanceana Mez
Ardisia helferiana Kurz. Figure 5.50
Ardisia humilis Vahl. Figure 5.51
Ardisia polysticta Miq.
Ardisia villosa Roxb. Figure 5.52
Embelia ribes Burm.f.
Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritz. ex Zoll.
Maesa perlaria (Lour.) Merr.
Rhamnaceae
Gouania leptostachya DC.
Ventilago denticulata Willd.
Rhizophoraceae
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.
Pellacalyx yunnanensis Hu. Figure 5.53
Rosaceae
Rubus alceifolius Poir. Figure 5.54
Rubus pluribrateatus L.T. Lu & Boufford. Figure 5.55a and b
Rubiaceae
Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw. Figure 5.56
Coffea arabica L.
Diplospora dubia (Lindl.) Masam.
Diplospora viridiflora DC.
Gaertnera cf. vaginans (DC.) Merr.
Gardenia coronaria Buch-Ham.
Gardenia stenophylla Merr. Figure 5.57
Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst.
Hedyotis sp. 1.
Hedyotis sp. 2.
Hedyotis sp. 3.
Ixora chinensis Lam.
Ixora delpyana Pierre ex Pit.
Lasianthus attenuatus Jack
Lasianthus cf. caeruleus Pit.
Lasianthus chinensis (Champ. ex Benth.) Benth.
Lasianthus lucidus Bl.
Lasianthus verticillatus (Lour.) Merr.
Mussaenda cf. aptera Pit.
Mussaenda densiflora H.L. Li
Mussaenda longipetala Li. Figure 5.58
Mussaenda cf. sanderiana Ridl.
Mycetia sp.
Oldenlandia microcephala Pierre ex Pit.
Oldenlandia sp.
Oxyceros horridus Lour.
Paederia foetida L. Figure 5.59
Pavetta indica L.
Psychotria cf. fleuryi Pit.
Psychotria cf. manillensis Bartl. ex DC.
Psychotria cf. sarmentosa Blume. Figure 5.60
Psychotria sp.
Rothmannia cf. vietnamensis Tirv.
Rubia argyi (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Hara ex Lauener
Saprosma inaequilongum Pierre ex Pit.
Tarenna cf. thorelii Pit.
Tarennoidea wallichii (Hook.f.) Tirveng. & Sastre. Figure 5.61
Uncaria cf. sessilifructus Roxb.
Urophyllum sp.
Rutaceae
Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.
Clausena excavata Burm.f.
Euodia simplicifolia Ridl.
Glycosmis parviflora (Sims) Little
Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch-Ham.
Micromelum minutum (G. Forst.) Wight & Arn. Figure 5.62
Salicaceae
Xylosma controversa Clos. Figure 5.63
Sapindaceae
Dimocarpus longan Lour. Figure 5.64
Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh.
Saururaceae
Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
Simaroubaceae
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.
Eurycoma longifolia Jack
Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr. Figure 5.65
Staphyleaceae
Dalrympelea pomifera Roxb.
Theaceae
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.
Urticaceae
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd.
Debregeasia squamata King ex Hook.f.
Elatostema cyrtandrifolium (Zoll. & Moritzi) Miq.
Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq. Figure 5.66
Vitaceae
Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn.
Leea aequata L.
Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.
Tetrastigma crassipes Pl.
Tetrastigma erubescens Pl. Figure 5.67
Tetrastigma harmandii Pl.
Tetrastigma cf. lanceolarium (Roxb.) Pl.
Tetrastigma quadrangulum Gagn. & Craib Figure 5.68
Group 2 Angiospermae – Monocotyledonae
Araceae
Aglaonema simplex Bl. Figure 5.69
Aglaonema ovatum Engler
Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr.
Pothos scandens L.
Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott
Arecaceae
Arenga caudata (Lour.) H.E. Moore
Asparagaceae
Disporopsis longifolia Craib
Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagn. Figure 5.70
Dracaena elliptica Thunb.
Peliosanthes teta Andrews
Commelinaceae
Amischotolype hispida (A. Rich.) D.Y. Hong
Commelina communis L.
Pollia secundiflora (Bl.) Bakh.f.
Cyperaceae
Cyperus cf. diffusus Vahl
Cyperus sp.
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. Figure 5.71
Marantaceae
Stachyphrynium placentarium (Lour.) Clausager & Borchs.
Orchidaceae
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.
Poaceae
Lophatherum gracile Brongn. Figure 5.72
Smilacaceae
Smilax glabra Roxb.
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia sp.
Amomum cf. thyrsoideum Wight
Costus tonkinensis Gagn.
Group 3: Gymnospermae
Gnetaceae
Gnetum latifolium Bl. Figure 5.73
Gnetum leptostachyum Bl.
Gnetum montanum Markgr.
Group 4: PTERIDOPHYTA
Lygodiaceae
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Swartz
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella sp.
References
Chapter 6: Literature Review and Analysis of Select Medicinal Plants in the MBPs and MPPs
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods of Literature Search
6.2.1 Sources of Data
6.2.2 Query Methodology
6.3 Overall Results
6.4 Discussion
6.4.1 Corroboration of Medicinal Uses between Communities Surrounding MBPs-MPPs
6.4.2 Habitat Heterogeneity Effects on the Medicinal Flora of Laos
6.4.3 Effect of Cultural Diversity on the Medicinal Flora of Laos
6.4.4 Exploring Use Pattern between Provinces
6.4.5 Indicators for Future Study
6.4.6 Medicinal Plants, Economic Development, and Capacity-Building
6.5 Study Limitations
References
Chapter 7: Importance of Engagement with the Communities: Impact on Preserving Medicinal Plants for Future Collections
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Significance of the Involvement of the Community
7.3 Engagement between the ITM and the Somsavath Community
7.4 Implementing a Formal Community Engagement at the Bolikhamxay MPP
7.5 Continuing Engagement with the Somsavath Community beyond 2014
7.6 Future Effort in Community Engagement
References
Chapter 8: Summary and Future Prospects
8.1 Introduction: The Value of Medicinal Plants
8.2 Availability of Medicinal Plants to Healers
8.3 The Need for Community Engagement
8.4 What Remains to Be Done
8.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Index