Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives: Current Knowledge and New Perspectives

Front Cover
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
I. Medicinal plants as anti-infectives: an appraisal of current knowledge worldwide
1 A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Introduction
Materials and methods
Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae)
Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae)
Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae)
Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae)
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae)
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae)
Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae)
Biological evaluation as antimicrobials of plant extracts in Colombia
Antibacterial activity
Otholobium mexicanum (L.f.) J.W. Grimes. (Fabaceae)
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae)
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae)
Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth (Scrophulariaceae)
Rosmarinus officinalis Govaerts. (Lamiaceae)
Antiparasitic activity
Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae)
Annona purpurea Dunal (Annonaceae)
Guatteria amplifolia Triana & Planch. (Annonaceae)
Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae)
Austroeupatorium inulifolium (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Compositae)
Campnosperma panamense Standl. (Anacardiaceae)
Huberodendron patinoi Cuatrec. (Bombacaceae)
Monochaetum myrtoideum (Bonpl.) (Melastomataceae) and Acnistus arborescens Linn. Schltdl. (Solanaceae)
Swinglea glutinosa Merr (Rutaceae)
Antiviral activity
Annona sp. (Annonaceae)
Byrsonima verbascifolia L. DC (Malpighiaceae)
Vismia macrophylla Kunth. (Clusiaceae)
Antibacterial evaluation of 25 native plants of the Colombian Caribbean region against strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsie...
Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae)
Maclura tinctoria L. D.Don ex Steud. (Moraceae)
Conclusions
References
2 Plants used in Lebanon and the Middle East as Antimicrobials
Introduction: overview on medicinal plants and their traditional uses as antimicrobials in Lebanon
Lebanese plants with antimicrobial activity
Amaryllidaceae
Allium cepa/Allium sativum
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia species
Apiaceae
Prangos asperula
Asteraceae/Compositae
Matricaria species
Berberidaceae
Berberis libanotica
Cannabaceae
Humulus lupulus
Cistaceae
Cistus species
Conifers
Lamiaceae
Phlomis species
Cyclotrichium species
Salvia species
Rosmarinus officinalis
Thymol/carvacrol rich species
Za’atar plants: Satureja thymbra; Origanum syriacum
Different Lamiaceae genera
Thymbra spicata
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus species
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea
Ranunculaceae
Clematis vitalba
Nigella sativa
Rutaceae
Ruta species
Rosaceae
Rosa damascena
Conclusion
References
3 Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Introduction
Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Amaryllidaceae
Allium sativum L.
Apiaceae
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss
Asteraceae
Achillea millefolium L.
Artemisia absinthium L.
Calendula officinalis L.
Matricaria chamomilla L.
Betulaceae
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
Lamiaceae
Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
Mentha longifolia (L.) L.
Mentha x piperita L.
Ocimum basilicum L.
Origanum vulgare L.
Malvaceae
Althaea officinalis L.
Malva sylvestris L.
Pinaceae
Larix decidua Mill.
Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
Rosaceae
Agrimonia eupatoria L.
Prunus spinosa L.
Rosa canina L.
Rubus fruticosus L.
Urticaceae
Urtica dioica L.
Conclusions
References
4 Medicinal plants used in South Africa as antibacterial agents for wound healing
Introduction
Pathophysiology of wound healing
Wound infection
Currently available treatments and products
Topical creams
Transdermal drug delivery systems
Bacteria associated with infections of dermal wounds
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
South African medicinal plant species with activity against wound-associated bacteria
Aloe barberae Dyer
Traditional usage
Aloe excelsa Berger
Traditional usage
Aloe ferox Miller
Traditional usage
Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeel
Traditional usage
Erythrina lysistemon Hutch
Traditional usage
Galenia africana L
Traditional usage
Grewia occidentalis L
Traditional usage
Melianthus comosus Vahl.
Traditional usage
Plectranthus fruticosus L’Hér
Traditional usage
Polystichum pungens (Kaulf.) C. Presl
Traditional usage
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br.
Traditional usage
Urtica urens L.
Traditional usage
Compounds present in plants traditionally used for wound healing in South Africa
Aloe species
Elephantorrhiza elephantina
Erythrina lysistemon
Galenia africana
Melianthus comosus
Plectranthus fruticosus
Sutherlandia frutescens
Discussion
Conclusion
Index
Glossary
References
5 The use of South African medicinal plants in the pursuit to treat gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases
Introduction
Background on gonorrhea
The causal agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and evasion of host immune system
Evasion of host immune system via nutrition immunity
Coinfections of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Status of available treatments for gonorrhea
Selected South African plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and their bio...
Aloe ferox
Cassia abbreviata
Combretum molle
Elaeodendron transvaalense
Hypoxis hemerocallidea
Peltophorum africanum
Tabernaemontana elegans
Terminalia sericea
Conclusion
References
6 Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan
Introduction
Antibacterial properties of different medicinal plants from Pakistan
Conclusion
References
7 Medicinal plants used as antidiarrheal agents in the lower Mekong basin
Introduction
Traditional medicine for diarrheal diseases in the Mekong Basin
The role of traditional medicine in the management of diarrhea
The cultural belief system of people living in the Mekong area
Pharmacological validation of plants used for diarrhea
Models assessing the effect of plants on the signs and symptoms of diarrhea
Antidiarrheal effect
Spasmolytic activity
Models assessing the antimotility and antisecretory activities
Antimotility activity
Antisecretory activity
Models assessing the antiinfective properties
Antibacterial activity
Antiviral and antiparasitic activity
Other models
Medicinal plants used for diarrhea in the lower Mekong basin
Literature search methodology
Overview of the dataset
Discussion of some selected plant species
Psidium guajava
Chromolaena odorata
Alstonia scholaris
Allium sativum
Centella asiatica
Punica granatum
Caesalpinia sappan
Mangifera indica
Holarrhena pubescens
Oroxylum indicum
Conclusion
References
8 Medicinal plants from West Africa used as antimalarial agents: an overview
Introduction
Traditional use of medicinal plants in West Africa
Plant extracts and plant compounds validated by in vitro and/or in vivo approach
In vitro antimalarial evaluation of plant extracts
In vivo antimalarial evaluation of plant extracts
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antimalarial compounds
Clinical trials in humans for the evaluation of antimalarial plants and compounds
The case of Artemisia in West Africa
Conclusion
References
II. Medicinal plants as anti-infectives: recent innovations and regulations
9 Mycobacterial quorum quenching and biofilm inhibition potential of medicinal plants
Introduction
Significance of quorum quenching research
Current state of quorum quenching research
Quorum sensing versus quorum quenching
Biofilms
Background on biofilms
Biofilms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Virulence factors
Background on virulence factors
Virulence factors and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Medicinal plants as quorum quenching agents
Medicinal plants and mycobacterial quorum quenching
Phytochemicals used in bacterial quorum quenching
Conclusion
References
10 Untargeted metabolomics for the study of antiinfective plants
Introduction
Plants as sources of antiinfective agents
Bioassay-guided fractionation
Metabolomics
Methods of detection
Data analysis
Biochemometrics
Metabolomics-driven antiinfective discovery from plants
Challenges and future directions
Metabolome coverage
Annotation/identification
Synergy
Conclusions
References
11 Value chains and DNA barcoding for the identification of antiinfective medicinal plants
Introduction
Taxonomy and DNA barcoding
Infectious diseases and antiinfective plants
Herbal products, commercialization, and quality issues of antiinfective plants
Advancements in quality control methods
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Embelia ribes—anthelmintic plant
Swertia chirayita—antiviral plant
Picrorhiza kurroa—antiviral plant
Paris polyphylla—anthelmintic plant
Saussurea costus—anthelminthic/antiparasitic plant
Syzygium aromaticum—antimicrobial plant
Andrographis paniculata—antimicrobial plant
Future perspectives
References
12 Fungal endophytes: a source of antibacterial and antiparasitic compounds
Introduction
Current situation of microbial infections
Microbial natural products as sources of new drugs
Endophytic fungi
Antimicrobial compounds from endophytic fungi
Antibacterial compounds
Alkaloids
Pyrazin-2-one
Piperine
Pyrrocidines
Bisindoles
Peptides
Dipeptides
Polypeptides
Polyketides
Chromones
Quinones
Xanthones
Benzofurans
Octaketides
Benzophenones
Terpenoids
Antivirulence compounds
Antiparasitic compounds
Antileishmanial compounds
Polyketides
Polyketide-alkaloids
Terpenoids
Antiplasmodial
Alkaloids
Polyketides
Polyketide-alkaloid
Polypeptides
Terpenoids
Antitrypanosomal/antiplasmodial/antileishmanial compounds
Polyketides
Polypeptides
Discussion and conclusion
References
13 Antiviral potential of medicinal plants: a case study with guava tree against dengue virus using a metabolomic approach
Introduction
Dengue disease
Conventional treatment
Medicinal plants
Case study: metabolomics reveal antidengue compounds isolated from Psidium guajava
Introduction
Psidium guajava: a potential antidengue medicinal plant
A metabolomic approach in antiviral compound identification
Objectives
Results
UHPLC-HRMS-based metabolomics approach
Antidengue activity
Identification of putative antidengue compounds
Antidengue assay of pure authentic standards
Discussion
Materials and methods
Plant collection
Leaf extraction
Cells and virus
Extracts preparation
Cell viability assay
Virus infection
UHPLC-HRMS profiling
Data processing
Statistical analysis
Identification of significant features
References
14 How history can help present research of new antimicrobial strategies: the case of cutaneous infections’ remedies contai...
Introduction
Brief history of Arabic medicine
Principles of Arab medicine: theoretical aspects
Arab sources of pharmacology: the aqrābādhīn, a constituted literature
Cutaneous infections and medications
The specificity of skin and eye diseases in the pharmacopeias and the nature of the diseases treated
Plants and metals useful for skin diseases
Toxicity of metals
Renewed interest in metal–organic molecule combinations
Elementary metal particle
Organometallic molecule
Metal nanoparticles
Characterization of plant–metal combinations
Conclusion
References
15 Improved traditional medicine for infectious disorders in Mali
Introduction
General information on improved traditional medicines
Definition
Regulatory framework
Categories of improved traditional medicines
Marketing authorization files for ITMs in Mali
Historical development of ITMs in Mali
ITMs in the management of infectious diseases
ITMs for the management of malaria
Malarial 5
Presentation of ITM Malarial 5
Plant data
Sumafura Tiemoko Bengaly
Presentation of ITM Sumafura Tiemoko Bengaly
Plant data
Wolotisane
Presentation of ITM Wolotisane
Plant data
ITM for the management of dysentery
Dysenteral
Presentation of ITM Dysenteral
Plant data
ITM for the management of viral hepatitis
Samanere
Presentation of ITM Samanere
Plant data
ITM for the management of gastric ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori
Calmogastryl
Presentation of ITM Calmogastryl
Plant data
ITM for the management of dermatosis
Mitradermine
Presentation of ITM Mitradermine
Plant data
Conclusion and perspectives
Index of ITMs
References
16 Selecting the most promising local treatments: retrospective treatment-outcome surveys and reverse pharmacology
Introduction
Clinical efficacy
Reverse pharmacology approach
Step 1: Retrospective treatment outcome study
Steps 2 and 3: clinical evaluations
Step 4: Laboratory stage
New and promising approaches for the laboratory stage in a reverse pharmacology approach
Changes of paradigms
Pharmacokinetics
Models to study absorption and biotransformation of natural products and herbal preparations
Deciphering the mode of action of herbal preparations: successes and limitations
Examples of application of metabolomic studies in human
Case study: perspectives on the Phaleria nisidai decoction study
Conclusion and perspectives
References
17 Nagoya Protocol and access to genetic resources
Introduction
History and evolution of concepts
Development of environmental awareness
Concept of biodiversity
The Convention on Biodiversity
Problems left unsolved by the CBD
The Nagoya Protocol
The national biodiversity legislations
Practical advice
Discussion
Non stabilized and heterogeneous regulations
Ambiguities
Some paradoxical effects
Legal certainty
New trends and evolutions
The curious case of pathogens
Digital sequence information
Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
Conclusion
References
Index
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