Medicinal Plants and Mushrooms of Yunnan Province of China

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Editors and Corresponding Authors Information
Section 1 Medicinal Plants for Drug Development
Chapter 1 Diterpenoids of Isodon Species in Yunnan Province
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research on Isodon eriocalyx
1.2.1 Research on Eriocalyxin B
1.2.2 Research on Maoecrystal V
1.2.3 Research on Other Diterpenoids from I. eriocalyx
1.2.3.1 Maoecrystal Z (3)
1.2.3.2 Laxiflorolides A (4) and B (5)
1.2.3.3 Neolaxiflorins A (6) and B (7)
1.2.3.4 Laxiflorol A (8)
1.2.3.5 Maoeriocalysins A–D
1.3 Research on Isodon scoparius
1.3.1 Research on ent-Clerodanoids from I. scoparius
1.3.2 Research on ent-Halimanoids from I. scoparius
1.3.3 Research on Meroditerpenoids from I. scoparius
1.3.4 Research on ent-Kauranoids from I. scoparius
1.4 Research on Other Isodon Species
1.4.1 I. Adenanthus
1.4.2 I. Ternifolius
1.4.3 I. Xerophilus
1.4.4 I. Phyllostachys
1.4.5 I. Hispida
1.5 Study of Endophytic Fungi from Isodon Species
1.6 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 2 Rubia yunnanensis Diels
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Botany
2.3 Ethnopharmacology
2.4 Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
2.4.1 Rubiaceae-Type Cyclopeptides (RAs)
2.4.2 Quinones
2.4.3 Triterpenoids
2.4.4 Other Compounds in R. yunnanensis
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Chemical Constituents and Biological Activity of Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chemical Constituents
3.3 Biological Activity and Drug Development
3.4 Chemical Modification and Derivatives through the Synthesis of Scutellarin
3.5 Cultivation Methods and Accumulation of Active Ingredients
3.6 Perspective
References
Chapter 4 Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Taxonomy and Distribution
4.2.1 Taxonomy
4.2.2 Geographic Distribution
4.3 Resources and Sustainable Utilization
4.4 Traditional Uses (Commercial Products) and Ethnopharmacology
4.5 Phytochemicals
4.5.1 Isolation Techniques
4.5.2 Chemical Constituents
4.5.2.1 Steroidal Saponins
4.5.2.2 Phytoecdysones
4.5.2.3 Phytosterols
4.5.2.4 Flavonoids
4.5.2.5 Triterpenoid Saponins
4.5.2.6 Other Compounds
4.6 Quality Control and Evaluation Studies
4.7 Pharmacological Effects
4.7.1 Anti-Tumor Activity
4.7.2 Hemostatic Activity
4.7.3 Uterine Contractile Agonistic Activity
4.7.4 Antimicrobial Activity
4.7.5 Other Activities
4.8 Pharmacokinetics Studies
4.9 Toxicological Studies
4.9.1 Toxicity to Normal Cells and Hemolytic Effects
4.9.2 Hepatotoxicity
4.9.3 Gastrointestinal Toxicity
4.10 Conclusion
References
Section 2 Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi
Chapter 5.1 Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi from Yunnan Province, Part 1: Resources and Diversity
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Brief History of the Discovery of Medicinal Fungi in China and Yunnan Province
5.1.3 The Resources and Diversity of Medicinal Mushrooms in Yunnan
5.1.4 Some Representative Medicinal Mushrooms in Yunnan
5.1.4.1 Cordyceps Militaris (L.) Fr. 蛹蟲草
5.1.4.2 Cryptoporus Sinensis Sheng H. Wu & M. Zang 中華隱孔菌
5.1.4.3 Engleromyces Sinensis M.A. Whalley et al. 中華肉球菌
5.1.4.4 Ganoderma Leucocontextum T.H. Li et al. 白肉靈芝
5.1.4.5 Ganoderma Lingzhi Sheng H. Wu et al. 靈芝
5.1.4.6 Ganoderma Tropicum (Jungh.) Bres. 熱帶靈芝
5.1.4.7 Hericium Yumthangense K. Das et al. 高山猴頭菌
5.1.4.8 Hypocrella Bambusae (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 竹亞肉座菌
5.1.4.9 Naematelia Aurantialba (Bandoni & M. Zang) Millanes & Wedin 金耳
5.1.4.10 Neoboletus Brunneissimus (W.F. Chiu) Gelardi et al. 茶褐新牛肝菌
5.1.4.11 Omphalia Lapidescens (Horan.) E. Cohn & J. Schröt. 雷丸
5.1.4.12 Ophiocordyceps Sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al. 冬蟲夏草
5.1.4.13 Polyporus Umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. 豬苓
5.1.4.14 Sanghuangporus Sanghuang (Sheng H. Wu et al.) Sheng H. Wu et al.桑黃
5.1.4.15 Shiraia Bambusicola Henn. 竹黃
5.1.4.16 Thelephora Ganbajun M. Zang 乾巴糙孢革菌(乾巴菌)
5.1.4.17 Tremella Fuciformis Berk. 銀耳
5.1.4.18 Wolfiporia Cocos (Schwein.) Ryvarden & Gilb. 茯苓
5.1.4.19 Xylaria Nigripes (Klotzsch) Cooke 烏靈參
5.1.5 The Sustainable Utilization of Medicinal Mushrooms in Yunnan
5.1.5.1 Comprehensively Develop and Utilize the Resources of Medicinal Mushrooms Based on Resource Advantages
5.1.5.2 Strengthen the Basic Research and Develop New Techniques of Artificial Cultivation of Medicinal Mushrooms
5.1.5.3 Maintain Ecological Balance and Sustainable Development
References
Chapter 5.2 Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi from Yunnan Province, Part 2: Chemistry and Bioactivity
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors: Vibralactone and Their Derivatives from Boreostereum vibrans (syn. Stereum vibrans)
5.2.3 Toxic Non-Protein Amino Acids and Tricholoma Triterpenoids
5.2.4 Antroalbol H Enhances Cellular Glucose Uptake in Studies Initiated from the Mushroom Antrodiella albocinnamomea
5.2.5 Anti-Cancer Agents: Grifolin, Neoalbaconol, and Albaconol in Studies of the Mushroom Albatrellus confluens
5.2.6 Novel Natural Products with New Skeletons from Studies on the Fungus Xylaria curta E10
5.2.7 Miscellaneous Compounds from Various Fungal Sources
5.2.8 Conclusions
References
Section 3 Plants as Health Food or Supplements
Chapter 6 Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Botany
6.3 Ethnopharmacology
6.4 Phytochemistry
6.4.1 Saponins
6.4.2 Amino Acids
6.4.3 Flavonoids
6.4.4 Polysaccharides
6.4.5 Polyacetylenes
6.4.6 Other Chemical Compounds
6.5 Biological Activities
6.5.1 Effects on the Cardiovascular System
6.5.2 Effects on the Cerebrovascular System
6.5.3 Effects on the Immune System
6.5.4 Effects on the Nervous System
6.5.5 Effects on Other Diseases
6.6 Related Products
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Medicinal Orchids: Dendrobium Species and Gastrodia elata Blume
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dendrobium
7.2.1 Resource Availability
7.2.2 Plant Parts for Medicinal Uses
7.2.3 Phytochemistry
7.2.3.1 Typical Compounds
7.2.4 Biological Activities Related to Medicinal Uses
7.2.4.1 Immune Activities
7.2.4.2 Anti-Tumor Activities
7.2.4.3 Cardiovascular Regulatory Activities
7.2.4.4 Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Aging Activities
7.2.4.5 Hypoglycemic Activities
7.2.4.6 Other Activities
7.2.5 Commercial Products
7.3 Gastrodia elata
7.3.1 Resource Availability
7.3.2 Plant Parts for Medicinal Uses
7.3.3 Phytochemistry
7.3.3.1 The Main Active Components
7.3.3.2 Other Types of Compounds
7.3.4 Biological Activities Related to Medicinal Uses
7.3.4.1 Sedative and Hypnotic Activities
7.3.4.2 Antiepileptic and Anticonvulsive Activities
7.3.4.3 Anti-Anxiety and Antidepressant Activities
7.3.4.4 Antipsychotic Activities
7.3.4.5 Anti-Vertigo Activities
7.3.4.6 Neuroprotective Activities
7.3.4.7 Memory-Improving and Anti-Aging Activities
7.3.4.8 Cardiovascular Regulatory Activities
7.3.4.9 Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities
7.3.4.10 Anti-Tumor Activities
7.3.4.11 Other Activities
7.3.5 Commercial Products
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Garcinia Plants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Botanical Description and Distribution
8.3 Ethnomedicinal Uses
8.4 Phytochemistry
8.4.1 Xanthones
8.4.2 Benzophenones
8.4.3 Flavonoids
8.4.4 Other Compounds
8.5 Bioactivity
8.5.1 Anti-Cancer Activity
8.5.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
8.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity
8.5.4 Anti-Oxidant Activity
8.5.5 Other Bioactivities
References
Chapter 9 Pu-er Tea from Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze and Related Plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Botany
9.3 The Development and Manufacture Process of Pu-er Tea
9.4 Phytochemistry
9.4.1 Flavan-3-ols and Their Derivatives
9.4.2 Hydrolysable Tannins
9.4.3 Flavonols, Flavones, and Their Derivatives
9.4.4 Simple Phenolic Compounds
9.4.5 Alkaloids and Their Derivatives
9.4.6 Other Compounds
9.5 Biological Activities
9.5.1 Hypolipidemic and Anti-Obesity
9.5.2 Anti-Diabetic
9.5.3 Anti-Oxidation
9.5.4 Anti-Tumor
9.5.5 Anti-Inflammatory
9.5.6 Neuroprotective Effects
9.5.7 Other Bioactivities
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Yunnan Coffea arabica L.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Yunnan Coffea arabica (Arabica Coffee, Catimor)
10.2.1 Characteristics of YAC
10.2.2 Cultivars of YAC
10.3 Resource Availability
10.3.1 Wildly Grown or Cultivated and Distribution
10.3.2 Sustainability
10.4 Plant Parts for Medicinal Uses
10.4.1 The Folklore and Ancient Uses
10.4.2 The Modern Uses
10.5 Phytochemistry of YAC
10.5.1 Volatile Compounds of YAC
10.5.2 Caffeine
10.5.3 Chlorogenic Acids (CGAs)
10.5.4 Trigonelline
10.5.5 Diterpenes
10.5.5.1 Oxidized-Type Diterpenes
10.5.5.2 Tetrahydrofuran-Type and Degraded-Type Diterpenes
10.5.5.3 Lactone-Type Diterpenes
10.5.5.4 Degraded-Type and Villanova-Type Diterpenes
10.5.5.5 Lactam-Type Diterpenes
10.6 Biological Activities Related to Medicinal Uses or Clinical Evidence
10.6.1 Caffeine
10.6.2 Chlorogenic Acids
10.6.3 Diterpenes
10.6.3.1 Oxidized-Type Diterpenes
10.6.3.2 Tetrahydrofuran-Type and Degraded-Type Diterpenes
10.6.3.3 Lactone-Type Diterpenes
10.6.3.4 Degraded-Type Diterpenes
10.6.3.5 Lactam-Type Diterpenes
10.7 Commercial Products from YAC
10.8 Conclusion
References
Section 4 Medicinal Plants among Ethnic Groups
Chapter 11 Medicinal Plants Used by Ethnic Groups in Yunnan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr.
11.3 Coptis teeta Wall.
11.4 Cynanchum otophyllum C.K. Schneid.
11.5 Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu et C. Y. Wu
11.6 Rodgersia sambucifolia Hemsl.
11.7 Winchia calophylla A. DC.
11.8 Piper boehmeriifolium (Miq.) Wall. ex C. DC.
11.9 Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
11.10 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Index