Medicinal Plant Responses to Stressful Conditions

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editor Bio
List of Contributors
1 Allium Cepa Under Stressful Conditions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chemical Composition and Medicinal/Nutritive Uses of Allium Cepa
1.3 Responses of Allium Cepa to Various Stressful Conditions
1.4 Responses of Allium Cepa to Abiotic Stressors and Some Mitigation Agents
1.4.1 Salinity
1.4.2 Drought
1.4.3 Flooding
1.4.4 Heat Stress
1.4.5 Cold Stress
1.4.6 Heavy Metal Stress
1.5 Responses of Allium Cepa to Biotic Stressors and Some Management Strategies
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Allium Sativum and Stressful Conditions
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Origin and Taxonomy
2.2 Responses of Garlic to Various Stressful Conditions
2.2.1 Responses of Garlic to Salinity
2.2.2 Responses of Garlic to Drought Stress
2.2.3 Responses of Garlic to Temperature
2.2.4 Responses of Garlic to Heavy Metals
2.3 Responses of Garlic to Biotic Stress
2.4 Genomic Approaches for Climate-Resilient and Molecular Breeding
2.4.1 Transcriptomics
2.4.2 Genetic Diversity Using DNA Markers
2.4.3 Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding
2.5 Future Research Priorities
References
3 Anethum Graveolens and Stressful Conditions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Botanical Description of Anethum Graveolens L.
3.3 Global and Ecological Distribution of A. Graveolens
3.4 Medicinal Applications of A. Graveolens
3.5 Pharmacological Effects of Bioactive Compounds in A. Graveolens
3.6 Phytochemical Composition of A. Graveolens
3.7 Biotic and Abiotic Stress Effects On Bioactive Compound Composition in A. Graveolens
3.8 Biotic Stress Effects of A. Graveolens
3.9 Effect of Abiotic Stress On Secondary Metabolite Biogenesis of A. Graveolens
3.10 Pharmacological Metabolite Production Enhancement in A. Graveolens
3.10.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Mycorrhizal Effects
3.10.2 Phytohormonal Effects
3.10.3 Agrochemical Application Effects
3.10.4 Carbon Dioxide Enrichment
3.10.5 Light Quality
3.11 Transcriptomics and Proteomics of A. Graveolens
3.12 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
4 Avena Sativa Under Drought Stress
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Growth Responses
4.3 Phytohormone Regulation and Signal Transduction
4.4 Leaf Gas Exchange
4.5 Water Relations
4.6 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
4.7 Genetic Responses and Key Genes Expressed Under Drought Stress
4.8 Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Responses Under Drought Stress Conditions
4.9 Stimulants-Induced Amendment of Growth/Production Under Drought Stress
4.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5 Avena Sativa Under Toxic Elements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Growth Responses (Effect of Stress Ranges Applied and Durations)
5.3 Leaf Gas Exchange (Photosynthetic Machinery and Transpiration Rate)
5.4 Ionic Relations (Transmembrane Transport, Sequestration and Homeostasis)
5.5 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
5.6 Genetic Responses and Key Genes Expressed in Response to Heavy Metal Toxicity
5.7 Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Responses Under PTE Toxicity
5.8 Phytoremediation Potential of Avena Sativa in Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soil
5.9 Conclusion
References
6 Citrus Lemon and Stressful Conditions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Origin and Diversification
6.3 Abiotic Stress
6.3.1 Citrus Culture and Cold Stress
6.3.2 Citrus’s Molecular Reactions to Cold Stress
6.3.3 Physiological Response
6.3.4 Citrus Membrane Alterations in Response to Cold
6.3.5 Photosynthesis and Photo-Inhibition in Citrus Under Cold Stress
6.3.6 Water Balance in Citrus Under Cold Stress
6.3.7 Osmoprotectors in Citrus Under Cold Stress
6.3.8 Citrus Salinity Stress and Responsive Mechanisms
6.3.8.1 Response to Salinity Stress
6.3.8.2 Ion Toxicity Interplay Under Salinity Stress
6.3.8.3 Genetic Approaches to Improve Salinity Stress
6.3.9 Citrus Drought Stress and Responsive Mechanisms
6.3.9.1 Drought Stress Resistance Mechanisms
6.3.9.2 Agricultural and Irrigation Practices That Cope With Salinity and Drought in Citrus
6.3.10 Heavy Metals Stress
6.4 Citrus Research Using Omics
6.4.1 Genomics
6.4.1.1 Citrus
6.4.2 Transcriptomics
6.4.3 Proteomics
6.4.4 Metabolomics
6.4.5 Other Omics Studies
6.5 Biotic Stress
6.6 Effects of Some Bacterial, Viral, Etc. Diseases On Citrus Plants
6.6.1 CTV Disease of Citrus
6.6.2 Citrus Canker Disease
6.6.3 Citrus Root Weevil Diaprepes Abbreviatus (L.)
6.6.4 Citrus Greening/Huanglongbing (HLB) Disease
6.6.5 Control Measures of Some Citrus Diseases
6.6.6 Progress in Citrus Transgenic Research for Bacterial Disease Resistance
6.6.7 Transgenic Research Related to Canker Resistance
6.6.7.1 Genes Utilized to Genetically Modify Oranges to Provide Canker Resistance
6.6.8 Progress in Citrus Transgenic Research for Resistance to Viral and Fungal Diseases
6.6.9 Other Genetic Approaches to Protect Citrus Against Vector-Borne Bacterial/Viral Diseases
6.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
7 Crocus Sativus and Stressful Conditions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biotic Stress
7.3 Abiotic Stress
7.3.1 Salinity
7.3.2 Water Stress and Waterlogging Stress
7.3.3 Freezing Stress
7.3.4 Nutrient Toxicity and Heavy Metal Stresses
7.4 Strategies to Alleviate Stress
7.4.1 Plant Strategies
7.4.2 Agricultural Management
7.5 Multi-Omics Approaches to Cope With Stress
7.6 Exogenous Stimulants
7.7 Conclusions and Prospects
References
8 Cuminum Cyminum and Stressful Conditions
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Global and Ecological Distribution of Cuminum Cyminum L.
8.3 Botanical Description of Cuminum Cyminum L.
8.4 Reproductive Physiology of Cuminum Cyminum L.
8.5 Phytochemical Composition of Cuminum Cyminum L.
8.6 Medicinal Uses and Applications of Cuminum Cyminum L.
8.7 Effect of Stress On the Phytochemical Composition of Cuminum Cyminum L.
8.7.1 Common Biotic and Abiotic Stressors of Cumin
8.7.2 Biotic Stress in Cumin
8.7.3 Abiotic Stress in Cumin
8.7.3.1 Cold Stress
8.7.3.2 Salinity Stress
8.7.3.3 Water Stress
8.7.3.4 Ultraviolet Radiation Stress
8.7.3.5 Foliar Application of Minerals and Acids
8.8 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
9 Medicinal Plant Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. and Its Responses to Various Stresses
9.1 Introduction
“Let Thy Food Be Thy Medicine and Medicine Be Thy Food”—Hippocrates (400 BC)
9.2 Botany of H. Sabdariffa
9.3 Medicinal/Nutritive Uses of H. Sabdariffa
9.4 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Various Stressful Conditions
9.4.1 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Abiotic Stressors
9.4.1.1 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Drought
9.4.1.2 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Waterlogging
9.4.1.3 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Salinity
9.4.1.4 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Heavy Metals
9.4.2 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Biotic Stressors
9.4.2.1 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Insect Pests
9.4.2.2 Responses of H. Sabdariffa to Diseases
9.5 Future Research Priorities
Acknowledgments
References
10 Mentha Piperita and Stressful Conditions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mentha Piperita L. Under Drought Stress
10.3 Mentha Piperita L. Under Heavy Metal/Metalloid Stress
10.4 Mentha Piperita L. Under Salt Stress
10.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
11 Moringa Oleifera Under Stressful Conditions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Origin and Distribution of Moringa
11.3 Prospects of Moringa to Adapt to Biotic Stress
11.3.1 Diseases of Moringa
11.3.2 Pests of Moringa
11.4 Abiotic Stress Adaptation Through Moringa Plants
11.4.1 Moringa Oleifera Exposed to Water Stress
11.4.2 Moringa Oleifera Exposed to Saline Conditions
11.5 Physiological and Biochemical Activities of Moringa
11.6 Omics Study of Moringa
11.6.1 Biotic Stress and Omics Study
11.6.2 Abiotic Stress and Omics Study
11.7 The Positive Role of Exogenous Application of Different Types of Stimulants
11.7.1 Role of Salicylic Acid for Protection in Biotic and Abiotic Conditions
11.7.2 Role of Moringa Leaf Extract for Protection in Biotic and Abiotic Conditions
11.7.3 Role of Moringa Seed Extract for Protection in Biotic Conditions
11.8 Conclusions
References
12 Nigella Sativa and Stressful Conditions
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Origin, History and Uses
12.2 Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
12.3 Responses of Nigella Sativa to Abiotic Stressors
12.3.1 Responses to Salinity
12.3.2 Responses to Drought Stress
12.3.3 Responses to Heavy Metal Stress
12.3.4 Protective Effects of Nigella Sativa and Its Derivatives Against Heavy Metal Toxicity
12.4 Responses of Nigella Sativa to Biotic Stressors
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 Olea Europaea and Stressful Conditions
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Botany of Olea Europaea
13.3 Medicinal and Nutritive Uses of Olea Europaea
13.4 Responses of Olea Europaea to Abiotic and Biotic Stressors
13.4.1 Responses of Olea Europaea to Abiotic Stressors
13.4.1.1 Responses of Olea Europaea to Drought
13.4.1.2 Responses of Olea Europaea to Waterlogging
13.4.1.3 Responses of Olea Europaea to Salinity
13.4.1.4 Responses of Olea Europaea to Heavy Metals
13.4.2 Responses of Olea Europaea to Biotic Stressors
13.4.2.1 Responses of Olea Europaea to Insect Pests
13.4.2.2 Responses of Olea Europaea to Diseases
13.5 Future Research Priorities
References
14 Origanum Taxa and Stressful Conditions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Geographical Distribution of Origanum Taxa and Adaptation to Stress Conditions
14.3 Impacts of Different Types of Stress On Origanum and Adaptation Mechanisms
14.3.1 Water Stress Impact
14.3.2 Nutrient Availability
14.3.3 Altitude
14.3.4 Temperature
14.3.5 Light Intensity
14.3.6 Heavy Metals
14.3.7 Biotic Stress
14.3.8 Seed Germination
14.4 The Impact of Stress On EO Composition
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Petrosolinum Crispum Under Stressful Conditions
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Parsley Global Availability
15.3 Economic Value of Parsley
15.4 Growing Conditions and Harvesting
15.5 Economic Valuation
15.6 Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stressors On Parsley
15.7 Biotic Stress
15.8 Bacterial Pathogens
15.9 Fungal Pathogens
15.10 Viral Pathogens
15.11 Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Parsley
15.12 Salinity Stress
15.13 Drought Stress
15.14 Heat and Cold Stress
15.15 Genes Expression of Petrosolinum Crispum During Stress Tolerance
15.16 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
16 Pheonix Dectylifera and Stressful Conditions
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biotic Stress
16.3 Abiotic Stress
16.3.1 Salinity
16.3.2 Water Stress and Waterlogging Stress
16.3.3 Heat Stress
16.4 Strategies to Alleviate Stress
16.4.1 Plant Strategies
16.4.2 Agricultural Management
16.5 Multi-Omics Approaches to Cope With Stress
16.6 Exogenous Stimulants
16.7 Conclusions and Prospects
References
17 Portulaca Oleracea Under Salt Stress
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Growth Responses
17.3 Photosynthetic Machinery and Leaf-Gas Exchange
17.4 Ionic Relations
17.5 Water Relations and Osmotic Adjustment
17.6 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
17.7 Genetic, Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses
17.8 Stimulants-Induced Amendment of Growth/Production Under Salt Stress
17.9 Conclusion
References
18 Portulaca Oleracea Under Drought Stress
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Growth Responses
18.3 Phytohormones Regulation and Signal Transduction
18.4 Leaf Gas Exchange
18.5 Water Relations
18.6 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
18.7 Genetic Responses and Key Genes Expressed in Response to Drought Stress
18.8 Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Responses Under Drought Stress
18.9 Stimulants-Induced Amendment of Growth/Production Under Drought Stress
18.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
19 Ricinus Communis and Stressful Conditions
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Origin, Distribution and Taxonomy
19.2.1 Origin
19.2.2 Distribution
19.3 Economic Botany
19.4 Biotic Stress
19.4.1 Diseases
19.4.2 Studies Into Disease Resistance Genes in Castor Bean
19.5 Castor Bean Disease Resistance Genes
19.6 Insect Resistance Breeding
19.7 Application of Molecular Breeding for Disease Resistance in Castor Bean
19.8 Abiotic Stress
19.8.1 Drought Stress
19.8.2 Cold Stress
19.8.3 Salinity Stress
19.8.4 Flooding and Submergence Stress
19.8.5 Heavy Metal Stress
19.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
20 Salvadora Persica L. and Stressful Conditions
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Salvadora Persica
20.1.2 Nutritional Uses
20.1.3 Phytochemical Profile
20.2 Stressful Conditions
20.2.1 Abiotic Stresses
20.2.2 Salvadora Persica and Abiotic Stress
20.2.2.1 Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Under Abiotic Stress
20.2.2.2 Salinity and Drought
20.2.2.3 Heavy Metal(loid)s Pollution
20.2.2.4 Flooding
20.2.2.5 Genomic Approaches
20.2.3 Biotic Stress
20.2.3.1 Biotic Stress and Salvadora Persica Defense Responses
20.2.3.2 Photosynthetic Processes and Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation in Biotic Stress
20.3 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
21 Salvia Officinalis and Stressful Conditions
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Botany of Salvia Officinalis
21.3 Medicinal/Nutritive Uses of Salvia Officinalis
21.4 Responses of Salvia Officinalis to Abiotic Stress
21.4.1 Responses of Salvia Officinalis to Salinity
21.4.2 Responses of Salvia Officinalis to Heavy Metals
21.4.3 Effect of Stress On Glandular Hairs and Essential Oil Composition of Salvia Officinalis L.
21.4.4 Responses of Salvia Officinalis to Drought
21.5 Improving Stress Tolerance in Salvia Officinalis By Foliar Application of Stimulant
21.6 Conclusions
References
22 The Role of Secondary Metabolites in Thymus Vulgaris Under Abiotic Stress
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Thymus Vulgaris’s Medicinal Significance
22.3 Biosynthetic Pathway of SMs
22.4 Secondary Metabolite Generation in Plants as a Salinity Tolerance Strategy
22.5 Drought Stress and SM Production in the Plant
22.6 Medicinal Plants’ Oxidative States and Antioxidant Reactions to Heavy Metal Stress Conditions
22.6.1 Secondary Metabolites and Heavy Metals
22.7 Conclusions
References
23 Trigonella Foenum-Graceum and Stressful Conditions
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Origins and Ecology of Trigonella Foenum-Graceum
23.3 Phytochemical Composition of Trigonella Foenum-Graceum
23.4 Medicinal and Other Uses and Applications of Fenugreek
23.5 Stress in Trigonella Foenum-Graceum
23.6 Responses of Trigonella Foenum-Graceum Toward Abiotic Stress
23.6.1 Heat and Drought Stress
23.6.2 Salinity Stress
23.6.3 Heavy Metals Stress
23.7 Responses of Trigonella Foenum-Graceum Toward Biotic Stress
23.7.1 Pests and Diseases
23.8 Genomics of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum
23.8.1 Biotic Stress Elicitation of Secondary Metabolites in T. Foenum-Graecum
23.8.2 Stress Elicitation of Trigonelline Production in Fenugreek
23.8.3 Stress Elicitation of Diosgenin Production in Fenugreek
23.8.4 Effect of Stress On the Secondary Metabolite Genomics of T. Foenum-Graecum
23.9 Conclusions
List of Abbreviations
References
Index