This long awaited second edition of this bestseller continues to provide a comprehensive, user friendly, down-to-earth guide to elementary statistics. The book presents a detailed account of the most important procedures for the analysis of data, from the calculation of simple proportions, to a variety of statistical tests, and the use of regression models for modeling of clinical outcomes.
The level of mathematics is kept to a minimum to make the material easily accessible to the novice, and a multitude of illustrative cases are included in every chapter, drawn from the current research literature. The new edition has been completely revised and updated and includes new chapters on basic quantitative methods, measuring survival, measurement scales, diagnostic testing, bayesian methods, meta-analysis and systematic reviews.
Author(s): David Bowers
Series: Bowers, Medical Statistics from Scratch: An Introduction for
Edition: 2nd ed
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 302
City: Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ
Medical Statistics from Scratch......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Preface to the 2nd Edition......Page 13
Preface to the 1st Edition......Page 15
Introduction......Page 17
I Some Fundamental Stuff......Page 19
Variables and Data......Page 21
Categorical Variables......Page 22
Metric Variables......Page 25
How can I Tell what Type of Variable I am Dealing with?......Page 27
II Descriptive Statistics......Page 33
What is Descriptive Statistics?......Page 35
The Frequency Table......Page 36
Picture it!......Page 47
Charting Nominal and Ordinal Data......Page 48
Charting Discrete Metric Data......Page 52
Charting Continuous Metric Data......Page 53
Charting Cumulative Data......Page 55
The Shape of Things to Come......Page 61
Learning Objectives......Page 69
Numbers R us......Page 70
Summary Measures of Location......Page 72
Summary Measures of Spread......Page 75
Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution......Page 83
III Getting the Data......Page 87
Learning Objectives......Page 89
Hey ho! Hey ho! It’s Off to Work we Go......Page 90
Collecting the Data – Types of Sample......Page 92
Types of Study......Page 93
Matching......Page 99
Getting Stuck in – Experimental Studies......Page 101
IV From Little to Large – Statistical Inference......Page 109
Statistical Inference......Page 111
Learning Objectives......Page 115
Chance would be a Fine Thing – The Idea of Probability......Page 116
Calculating Probability......Page 117
Risk......Page 118
Odds......Page 119
Why you can’t Calculate Risk in a Case-Control Study......Page 120
The Link between Probability and Odds......Page 121
The Risk Ratio......Page 122
The Odds Ratio......Page 123
Number Needed to Treat (NNT)......Page 124
V The Informed Guess – Confidence Interval Estimation......Page 127
Learning Objectives......Page 129
Confidence Interval Estimation for a Population Mean......Page 130
Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion......Page 134
Estimating a Confidence Interval for the Median of a Single Population......Page 135
Learning Objectives......Page 137
Estimating the Difference between the Means of Two Independent Populations – Using a Method Based on the Two-Sample t Test......Page 138
Estimating the Difference between Two Matched Population Means – Using a Method Based on the Matched-Pairs t Test......Page 143
Estimating the Difference between Two Independent Population Proportions......Page 144
Estimating the Difference between Two Independent Population Medians – The Mann–Whitney Rank-Sums Method......Page 145
Estimating the Difference between Two Matched Population Medians – Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Method......Page 149
Estimating Ratios of Means, Risks and Odds......Page 151
VI Putting it to the Test......Page 157
Learning Objectives......Page 159
The Research Question and the Hypothesis Test......Page 160
A Brief Summary of a Few of the Commonest Tests......Page 162
Some Examples of Hypothesis Tests from Practice......Page 164
Nobody’s Perfect – Types of Error......Page 167
The Power of a Test......Page 169
Rules of Thumb......Page 170
Testing the Risk Ratio......Page 173
Testing the Odds Ratio......Page 176
Learning Objectives......Page 179
Of all the Tests in all the World ...The Chi-Squared (2 ) Test......Page 180
VII Getting up Close......Page 187
Association......Page 189
The Correlation Coefficient......Page 193
To Agree or not Agree: That is the Question......Page 199
Cohen’s Kappa......Page 200
Measuring the Agreement between Two Metric Continuous Variables......Page 202
VIII Getting into a Relationship......Page 205
Learning Objectives......Page 207
Relationship and Association......Page 208
The Linear Regression Model......Page 210
Model Building and Variable Selection......Page 218
A Second Health Warning!......Page 231
Binary Dependent Variables......Page 232
The Logistic Regression Model......Page 233
IX Two More Chapters......Page 243
Introduction......Page 245
Calculating Survival Probabilities and the Proportion Surviving: the Kaplan-Meier Table......Page 246
The Kaplan-Meier Chart......Page 248
Determining Median Survival Time......Page 249
Comparing Survival with Two Groups......Page 250
Learning Objectives......Page 257
Systematic Review......Page 258
The Funnel Plot......Page 262
Combining the Studies......Page 264
Appendix: Table of Random Numbers......Page 269
Solutions to Exercises......Page 271
References......Page 291
Index......Page 295
