Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
AUDIENCE AND FUNCTION
CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION
KEY CHANGES
PEDAGOGY
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Cellular Physiology
Chapter 1: Homeostasis and Cellular Signaling
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
BASIS OF PHYSIOLOGIC REGULATION
COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING MODES
MOLECULAR BASIS OF CELLULAR SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER ROLES
MITOGENIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 2: Plasma Membrane, Membrane Transport, and Resting Membrane Potential
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PLASMA MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
SOLUTE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
WATER MOVEMENT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Chapter Summary
Part II: Neuromuscular Physiology
Chapter 3: Action Potential, Synaptic Transmission, and Maintenance of Nerve Function
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NEURONAL STRUCTURE
ACTION POTENTIALS
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
NEUROTRANSMISSION
Chapter Summary
Chapter 4: Sensory Physiology
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SENSORY SYSTEM
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
VISUAL SYSTEM
AUDITORY SYSTEM
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
GUSTATORY AND OLFACTORY SYSTEMS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 5: Motor System
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SKELETON AS FRAMEWORK FOR MOVEMENT
MUSCLE FUNCTION AND BODY MOVEMENT
NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
SPINAL CORD IN THE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
SUPRASPINAL INFLUENCES ON MOTOR CONTROL
CEREBRAL CORTEX ROLE IN MOTOR CONTROL
BASAL GANGLIA AND MOTOR CONTROL
CEREBELLUM IN THE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
Chapter Summary
Chapter 6: Autonomic Nervous System
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
OVERVIEW OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONTROL OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter Summary
Chapter 7: Integrative Functions of the Central Nervous System
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
HYPOTHALAMUS
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF THE FOREBRAIN
HIGHER COGNITIVE SKILLS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 8: Skeletal and Smooth Muscle
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SKELETAL MUSCLE
MOTOR NEURONS AND EXCITATION–CONTRACTION COUPLING IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
MECHANICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Chapter Summary
Part III: Blood and Immunology
Chapter 9: Blood Components
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
BLOOD FUNCTIONS
WHOLE BLOOD
SOLUBLE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD AND THEIR TESTS
FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD AND THEIR TESTS
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
BLOOD CLOTTING
Chapter Summary
Chapter 10: Immunology, Organ Interaction, and Homeostasis
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION
IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTION
IMMUNE SYSTEM DEFENSES
CELL-MEDIATED AND HUMORAL RESPONSES
ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION AND IMMUNOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
NEUROENDOIMMUNOLOGY
Chapter Summary
Part IV: Cardiovascular Physiology
Chapter 11: Overview of the Cardiovascular System and Hemodynamics
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
PHYSICS OF BLOOD CONTAINMENT AND MOVEMENT
PHYSICAL DYNAMICS OF BLOOD FLOW
DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE, FLOW, VELOCITY, AND BLOOD VOLUME
Chapter Summary
Chapter 12: Electrical Activity of the Heart
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Chapter Summary
Chapter 13: Cardiac Muscle Mechanics and the Cardiac Pump
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CARDIAC EXCITATION–CONTRACTION COUPLING
CARDIAC CYCLE
DETERMINANTS OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE
CARDIAC OUTPUT
CARDIAC OUTPUT MEASUREMENT
IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING CARDIAC STRUCTURES, VOLUMES, BLOOD FLOW, AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
Chapter Summary
Chapter 14: Systemic Circulation
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
DETERMINANTS OF ARTERIAL PRESSURES
ARTERIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL BLOOD VOLUME
COUPLING OF VASCULAR AND CARDIAC FUNCTION
Chapter Summary
Chapter 15: Microcirculation and Lymphatic System
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
COMPONENTS OF THE MICROVASCULATURE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
MATERIAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE VASCULATURE AND TISSUES
REGULATION OF MICROVASCULAR RESISTANCE
Chapter Summary
Chapter 16: Special Circulations
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CORONARY CIRCULATION
CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
SMALL INTESTINE CIRCULATION
HEPATIC CIRCULATION
SKELETAL MUSCLE CIRCULATION
CUTANEOUS CIRCULATION
FETAL AND PLACENTAL CIRCULATIONS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 17: Control Mechanisms in Circulatory Function
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
AUTONOMIC NEURAL CONTROL OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SHOCK
Chapter Summary
Part V: Respiratory Physiology
Chapter 18: Ventilation and the Mechanics of Breathing
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LUNG STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
PULMONARY PRESSURES AND AIRFLOW DURING BREATHING
SPIROMETRY AND LUNG VOLUMES
MINUTE VENTILATION
LUNG AND CHEST WALL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
AIRFLOW AND THE WORK OF BREATHING
Chapter Summary
Chapter 19: Gas Transfer and Transport
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
GAS DIFFUSION AND UPTAKE
DIFFUSING CAPACITY
GAS TRANSPORT BY THE BLOOD
RESPIRATORY CAUSES OF HYPOXEMIA
Chapter Summary
Chapter 20: Pulmonary Circulation and Ventilation/Perfusion
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
HEMODYNAMIC FEATURES
FLUID EXCHANGE IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN THE LUNGS
SHUNTS AND VENOUS ADMIXTURE
BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION
Chapter Summary
Chapter 21: Control of Ventilation
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
GENERATION OF THE BREATHING PATTERN
LUNG AND CHEST WALL REFLEXES
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF BREATHING
CHEMORESPONSES TO ALTERED OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
CONTROL OF BREATHING DURING SLEEP
CONTROL OF BREATHING IN UNUSUAL ENVIRONMENTS
Chapter Summary
Part VI: Renal Physiology and Body Fluids
Chapter 22: Kidney Function
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
URINE FORMATION
RENAL BLOOD FLOW
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
TRANSPORT IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE
TUBULAR TRANSPORT IN THE LOOP OF HENLE
TUBULAR TRANSPORT IN THE DISTAL NEPHRON
URINARY CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION
INHERITED DEFECTS IN KIDNEY TUBULE EPITHELIAL CELLS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 23: Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FLUID COMPARTMENTS OF THE BODY
FLUID BALANCE
SODIUM BALANCE
POTASSIUM BALANCE
CALCIUM BALANCE
MAGNESIUM BALANCE
PHOSPHATE BALANCE
URINARY TRACT
Chapter Summary
Chapter 24: Acid–Base Homeostasis
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ACID–BASE CHEMISTRY
ACID PRODUCTION
BLOOD pH REGULATION
INTRACELLULAR pH REGULATION
ACID–BASE BALANCE DISTURBANCES
Chapter Summary
Part VII: Gastrointestinal Physiology
Chapter 25: Neurogastroenterology and Motility
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
MUSCULATURE OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
NEURAL CONTROL OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENTERIC MOTOR NEURONS
GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY PATTERNS
ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY
GASTRIC MOTILITY
SMALL INTESTINAL MOTILITY
LARGE INTESTINAL MOTILITY
Chapter Summary
Chapter 26: Gastrointestinal Secretion, Digestion, and Absorption
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SALIVARY SECRETION
GASTRIC SECRETION
PANCREATIC SECRETION
BILIARY SECRETION
INTESTINAL SECRETION
CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
LIPID DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
PROTEIN DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
VITAMIN ABSORPTION
ELECTROLYTE AND MINERAL ABSORPTION
WATER ABSORPTION
Chapter Summary
Chapter 27: Liver Physiology
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LIVER STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
DRUG METABOLISM IN THE LIVER
ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE LIVER
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN THE LIVER
LIVER AS STORAGE ORGAN
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
Chapter Summary
Part VIII: Temperature Regulation and Exercise Physiology
Chapter 28: Regulation of Body Temperature
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
BODY TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TRANSFER
BALANCE BETWEEN HEAT PRODUCTION AND HEAT LOSS
METABOLIC RATE AND HEAT PRODUCTION AT REST
HEAT DISSIPATION
THERMOREGULATORY CONTROL
THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES DURING EXERCISE
HEAT ACCLIMATIZATION
RESPONSES TO COLD
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THERMOREGULATION
Chapter Summary
Chapter 29: Exercise Physiology
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
OXYGEN UPTAKE AND EXERCISE
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO EXERCISE
RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO EXERCISE
SKELETAL MUSCLE AND BONE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE
GASTROINTESTINAL, METABOLIC, AND ENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE
AGING AND IMMUNE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE
Chapter Summary
Part IX: Endocrine Physiology
Chapter 30: Endocrine Control Mechanisms
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF ENDOCRINE CONTROL
HORMONE CLASSES
MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
Chapter Summary
Chapter 31: Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY AXIS
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
Chapter Summary
Chapter 32: Thyroid Gland
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS, SECRETION, AND METABOLISM
THYROID HORMONE MECHANISM OF ACTION
THYROID HORMONE FUNCTION
THYROID FUNCTION ABNORMALITIES IN ADULTS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 33: Adrenal Gland
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
METABOLISM OF ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES
ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES
Chapter Summary
Chapter 34: Endocrine Pancreas
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON INFLUENCE ON METABOLIC FUELS
DIABETES MELLITUS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 35: Endocrine Regulation of Calcium, Phosphate, and Bone Homeostasis
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
OVERVIEW OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE IN THE BODY
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
PLASMA CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE REGULATION
BONE DYSFUNCTION
Chapter Summary
Part X: Reproductive Physiology
Chapter 36: Male Reproductive System
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ENDOCRINE GLANDS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTICULAR FUNCTION AND REGULATION
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
SPERMATOGENESIS
ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE TESTIS
ANDROGEN ACTION AND MALE DEVELOPMENT
MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS
Chapter Summary
Chapter 37: Female Reproductive System
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
FOLLICULOGENESIS, STEROIDOGENESIS, ATRESIA, AND MEIOSIS
FOLLICLE SELECTION AND OVULATION
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
ESTROGEN, PROGESTIN, AND ANDROGEN METABOLISM
INFERTILITY
Chapter Summary
Chapter 38: Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Fetal Development
ACTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
OVUM AND SPERM TRANSPORT
FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION
PREGNANCY
FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND PARTURITION
POSTPARTUM AND PREPUBERTAL PERIODS
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS
Chapter Summary
Appendix
Glossary
Index
Normal Blood, Plasma, or Serum Values