This book provides medical students with the information to build skills that will aid them in studying for any level of their board exams. It also prepares students with the ability to look at a patient’s neurological signs and symptoms, logically think through the various tracts, and determine where a lesion is located.
Unique and comprehensive, this textbook specifically fills a gap in the literature for medical students studying for their board exams and those about to go on a neuro-related rotation. Written by a renowned professor with over 25 years of teaching experience specific to board exam preparation, chapters are crafted with the goal of aiding students in understanding concepts by explaining the reasoning behind signs and symptoms, rather than pure memorization.
Medical Neuroanatomy for the Boards and the Clinic is the go-to book for students seeking a practical yet nuanced reference for board exam preparation.
Author(s): Jonathan Leo
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 165
City: Cham
Introduction
Where Is the Lesion?
Contents
About the Author
1: The Three Long Tracts and Spinal Cord Lesions
Corticospinal Pathway
Cross Section of the Spinal Cord
Deep Tendon Reflexes
Cerebral Peduncle, Basis Pontis, and Pyramid
C5 Hemisection
Spinothalamic
Dorsal Columns
Summary of the Three Long Tracts
The Long Tracts in the Brainstem
Medulla
Moving from Medulla into Pons
Midbrain
A Test on the Long Tracts
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Syringomyelia
Tabes Dorsalis
Anterior Spinal Artery
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Cervical Cord Syndrome
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
Axonal Polyneuropathy
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Spinal Shock
Sources
2: Corticobulbar Tract and Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei
Corticobulbar
Nucleus Ambiguus
Facial Colliculus
Cranial Nerve Five
Vagus Nerve to the Head and Neck
Injuries to the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Cranial Nerve 11
Cranial Nerve 12
Sources
3: Abducens Nerve Lesions
Actions
Cranial Nerve Six Lesion
Cranial Nerve Three Lesion
Cranial Nerve Four Lesion
Testing
Cortex Control from Frontal Eye Field
Fast Phase of Nystagmus
One and a Half Syndrome
Who Are the Neighbors?
Sources
4: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Lesions
Hair Cells, Potassium, and the Batteries
Vestibulo-ocular Reflex
Oculocephalic Reflex
Lateral Vestibular Nucleus and Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
Decorticate and Decerebrate Rigidity
Auditory
Weber’s and Rinne’s Tests
Examples of a Conduction Deficit
Audiometry and Audiograms
Auditory-Central Portion
Sources
5: Visual Field Lesions
Some Advanced Visual Field Defects
Pie in the Sky and Pie on the Floor
Optic Chiasm Details
Prechiasmal Versus Retrochiasmal Lesions
Cortical Blindness
Swinging Flashlight Test
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) Also Called Marcus Gunn Pupil
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Adie’s Pupil
The Retina
Retinal Fiber Organization
Bow-Tie Atrophy
Optic Tract Pathology
Central Scotoma
Retinal Detachment
Blood Supply to the Retina
Goldmann Visual Fields
Sources
6: Autonomics and Lesions
The Parasympathetics to the Head
Cranial Nerve Three
Cranial Nerve Seven
Cranial Nerve Nine
Crocodile Tears
Sympathetics to the Face
Coma, the Autonomics, and the Eyes
Reynaud’s Disease
Overview of Autonomics to the GI Tract
Bladder and Bowel Control
Upper Motor Neuron: Spastic Bladder and Bowel
Lower Motor Neuron: Flaccid Bladder and Bowel
Sources
7: Facial Nerve Lesions
Corticobulbar Projections to Cranial Nerve Seven
Cranial Nerve Seven and Cell Bodies
Sources
8: Cerebellar Lesions
Lobes, Zones, and Divisions
Corticospinal and Corticopontocerebellar
Dorsal Spinocerebellar and Cuneocerebellar
Dentatothalamic
Internal Cerebellar Circuitry
Cerebellar Inputs
Red Nucleus
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
Basket Cells, Stellate Cells, and Lateral Inhibition
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
Clinical Symptoms of Cerebellar Lesions
Sources
9: Basal Ganglia Lesions
Hemiballismus
Huntington’s Chorea
Parkinson’s Disease
Acetylcholine and Parkinson’s
Glabellar Reflex
Wilson’s Disease
Various Basal Ganglia Pathology
Parkinson’s Medications
Medial Pallidotomies and Deep Brain Stimulation
Gaba, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
Sources
10: Thalamus
Organization
Circuits
Thalamic Pain Syndrome
Internal Capsule and Lacunar Infarcts
Lateral Striate Arteries
Thalamogeniculate Arteries
Anterior Choroidal Arteries
Sources
11: Limbic Circuit and Lesions
Limbic Circuit
Hippocampus
Fornix
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Amygdala
Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Orbitofrontal Cortex and Memories
Proustian Moment
Mesolimbic Pathway
Dopaminergic Medications and Schizophrenia
Chemical Neuroanatomy of the Brainstem
Reuptake Transporters
Chemical Imbalance Theory of Depression
Psychedelics and the Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor
Sources
12: How the Brain Works: LTP, NMDA, and NO
Long-Term Potentiation and Learning, or How the Brain Works
NMDA and AMPA Receptors
Endothelial-Derived Relaxing Factor = NO
Nitric Oxide: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Sources
13: Brainstem Lesions
Alternating Hemiplegia
Inferior Alternating Hemiplegia
Middle Alternating Hemiplegia
Superior Alternating Hemiplegia
Rule of Fours
Lateral Medullary Syndrome
Medial Medullary Syndrome
Lateral Pontine Syndrome
Medial Pontine Syndrome
Medial Midbrain Syndrome
Benedikt’s Syndrome
Locked-In Syndrome
Cranial Nerve Three and Seven Common Lesions
Parinaud’s Syndrome
Trochlear Nucleus
Arteries to the Brainstem
Sources
14: Cerebral Cortex Lesions
Broca’s Aphasia
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Cortical Blood Supply
Alexia Without Agraphia
Parietal Lobe
Man in a Barrel
Gerstmann’s Syndrome
Temporal Lobe
Cingulate Gyrus
Wet, Wacky, and Wobbly: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Apraxia
Sources
15: Fibers, Reflexes, and Radiculopathies
Fiber Classification
Deep Tendon Reflexes
Golgi Tendon Organs
Superficial Reflexes
Dermatome, Peripheral Nerve, and Myotome Maps
Radiculopathies
Sources
16: Summary of Blood Vessels and Lesion Test
Answers to Lesion Test
17: 100 High-Yield Neuroanatomy Buzz words
Index
