This book discusses a wide range of health-related mining issues, with particular reference to occupational diseases, metal toxicity, postural injuries in miners, modern fire safety controls, noise-induced hearing loss prevention, and noise mapping. Mining plays a central role in the development of modern civilization. By providing the essential raw materials, mining ensures progress, safety, and comfort of people. However, this necessary activity comes with several woes, the most important of which are occupational health hazards. Mines act as sources of constant danger and risk to the miners irrespective of the scale of mining, such as large-scale industrial mining or small-scale artisanal mining. Not only are there accidents, but continuous exposure to dust, metal toxicity, hazardous gases and fumes, and loud noises, giving rise to a variety of diseases to mine workers. The comprehensive coverage of issues and the case studies will make this book an essential reference and critical reading. Medical geology is a necessary discipline in earth sciences. Unfortunately, not much literature is available on this subject. Therefore, this book is essential for practicing engineers and supervisors in mines, health and safety professionals, researchers, and mining industry students.
Author(s): Kirtikumar Randive, Shubhangi Pingle, Anupam Agnihotri
Series: Springer Geology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 367
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
Silicosis Detection and Relief Programme: A Case Study of Rajasthan, India
1 Introduction
2 Silicosis Prone Industries in Rajasthan
2.1 Mining and Mineral Processing
2.2 Construction and Stone Carving Industry
2.3 Quartz and Feldspar Milling
2.4 Stone Crushing
3 Prevalence of Silicosis
3.1 The Indian Scenario
3.2 International Scenario
4 Development of Silicosis Relief and Rehabilitation Programme in Rajasthan
5 Detection and Certification System for Silicosis in Rajasthan
5.1 Silicosis Grant Disbursement Portal of Rajasthan
6 Rajasthan Policy on “Pneumoconiosis Including Silicosis Detection, Prevention, Control and Rehabilitation” (Department of Specially Abled Persons, Government of Rajasthan 2019)
7 Status of Silicosis Among BOCWs and Inferences from the Case Study
8 Summary
References
Role of Pyrite in Aggravating Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
1 Introduction
1.1 Global Scenario of CWP Associated with Coal Industries
1.2 Types of Coal and CWP
2 Factors Contributing to the Development of CWP
2.1 Coal Dust
2.2 Pyrite Associated with Coals and Liberation Mechanism of Allied Trace Elements
2.3 Bioavailable Iron (BAI)
3 Pathophysiology of CWP
3.1 Characteristics of Toxic Dust and Inhalation Mechanism
3.2 Biochemical and Immunological Aspects
3.3 Lung Burden and Histopathological Alterations
4 Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers for CWP
5 Preventive Measures
6 Summary
References
Tuberculosis in Mine Workers: Advances in Current Diagnostic Landscape
1 Statement of Problem
2 Introduction
3 Historical Perspective
4 Global Epidemiology of TB
5 TB-India
6 Active and Latent TB Infection (LTBI) in India
7 Tuberculosis in Miners
7.1 Global Perspective
7.2 TB Among Miners in India
8 Diagnosis of Active TB Infection
8.1 Chest Radiology
8.2 Smear Microscopy
8.3 TB Culture
8.4 Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATS)
8.5 Advance Molecular Diagnostics Tools for Detection of TB and Drug Resistance TB
8.6 Point of Care Molecular Diagnostics Assays for TB and Drug Resistance TB
9 Diagnosis of Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
10 Diagnostic Landscape of TB Biomarkers
10.1 MTB Antigen Markers
10.2 Host Antibody Response to MTB Antigens
10.3 Cytokine and Chemokine Markers
10.4 T-cell Surface Markers to Differentiate Active and Latent Disease
10.5 Transcriptomic Markers
11 Conclusion
References
Goblet, Club and Alveolar Cells: Front-Line Defenders of the Airways in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a Most Common Lung Disease in Miners
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification of Dust
1.2 Global Scenario of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Mining Occupation
1.3 Mechanism of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
1.4 Current Diagnostic Methods and Complications
1.5 Markers of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
2 Cellular Defense Mechanism Against COPD
2.1 Primary Defense Mechanism, Goblet Cells (Epithelial Lining) and Secretion of Mucus
2.2 Secondary Defense Mechanism, Clara Cells (Terminal Bronchiole), Secretion of Surfactant Proteins
2.3 The Third Line of Defense: Alveolar Cell I and II in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
3 Conclusion
References
Skin Diseases in Miners
1 Statement of the Problem
2 Introduction
2.1 The First Line of Defense
2.2 Mechanism of Skin Disorders
2.3 Causative Agents for Occupational Skin Diseases
2.4 Types of Occupational Skin Diseases
2.5 Diagnosing Occupational Skin Diseases (2012)
3 Conclusion
References
Determination of Arsenic Extraction by an Indian Ecotype Pteris vittata; Arsenate Reductase Activity Assay and arsC as a Molecular Marker
1 Introduction
2 Review of Literature
3 Material and Methods
3.1 Experimental Setup
3.2 Arsenic Estimation in the Plant Biomass
3.3 Arsenic Speciation in the Plant Biomass
3.4 Determination of as Bioaccumulation and Growth Performance
3.5 Molecular Analysis
3.6 Protein Extraction and Arsenate Reductase Enzyme Assay
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Arsenic Tolerance and Concentration in Treated Plant
4.2 Detection of arsC Gene
4.3 Arsenate Reductase Enzyme Assay
5 Conclusion
References
Metal Toxicity in Humans Associated with Their Occupational Exposures Due to Mining
1 Introduction
2 Metals Associated with Mining
2.1 Environmental Occurrence, Source, and Distribution of Metals
2.2 Quantitative Requirement and Limitation of Metal to Humans
2.3 Routes of Exposure, Uptake, and Bioaccumulation of Metal
3 Toxicology Associated with Metals
3.1 Global Burden of Metal Toxicity
3.2 Pathophysiology and Mechanism of Metal Toxicity
3.3 Health Hazards Due to Metal Toxicity
4 Diagnosis of Metal Toxicity
4.1 History of Exposure
4.2 Clinical Characteristics
4.3 Analysis and Biochemical Assays of Toxicology
4.4 Physiological Investigation
4.5 Indicators and Markers Used for the Detection of Metals
5 Therapeutics and Preventive Control of Metal Toxicity
5.1 Preventive Measures for Metal Uptake
5.2 Elimination of Absorbed Toxicants
5.3 By the Deactivation of the Absorbed Toxin
5.4 Chelation of Metal Toxins
5.5 Antidote Therapy (Natural Antioxidants)
5.6 Alternate Therapy for Heavy Metal Poisoning
6 Summary and Conclusion
References
The Scope for Early Diagnosis of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Among Mine and Industrial Workers: A Brief Review
1 Introduction
1.1 Symptoms of NIHL
1.2 Health Hazards Caused by Exposure to Noise
2 Classification of HL
2.1 Based on the Position of Damage, HL Can Be Characterized into Three Categories (Waleed et al. 2015; Wahid et al. 2020)
2.2 Classification of HL Based on the Severity
3 Global Scenario of NIHL
4 Factors Contributing to the Development of NIHL
4.1 Environmental Factors
4.2 Genetic Factors
4.3 Other Factors
5 Pathophysiology of NIHL
5.1 Brief Hearing Mechanism
5.2 Mechanism of NIHL
6 Diagnosis of NIHL
6.1 Weber Test
6.2 Rinne Test
6.3 Audiometry Analysis
7 Which is a Characteristic Notch for NIHL: 4 or 6 kHz?
8 Novel Diagnostic Techniques for the Detection of NIHL: Insights of Proteomics and Multiplex ELISA
8.1 Biomarker Study to Detect NIHL
8.2 ELISA
8.3 Proteins Associated with NIHL
9 Preventive Measures for NIHL
10 Summary
References
Noise Mapping: An Effective Tool for Monitoring Noise-Induced Health Hazards in Active Mines
1 Introduction
1.1 Workforce in Mines
1.2 Noise and the Mining Community
2 Mining Industry and Its Associated Noise Problems
2.1 Noise as Occupational Hazards in Mines
2.2 Legislative Frameworks for Occupational and Ambient Noise Exposure
2.3 Traditional Methods of Noise Monitoring
2.4 Problems with Traditional Methods and Necessity of Noise Mapping
3 Noise Mapping—Its Importance and Procedure in the Light of Environmental Noise Propagation
3.1 Environmental Noise Propagation
3.2 Noise Mapping
3.3 Geographic Information System (GIS) Integrated Noise Mapping
3.4 Legislative Frameworks for Noise Mapping
4 Noise Mapping in Mines
4.1 Studies Undertaken in Different Countries
4.2 Studies Undertaken in India
5 Standardized Procedure for Conducting Noise Mapping in Mines
5.1 Noise Inventory
5.2 Surface Plans
5.3 Step by Step Procedure (Manwar 2018)
6 Summary
References
Postural Injuries and Associated Pain in Earth Moving Machinery Operators
1 Posture, Injuries and Musculo-Skeletal Disorders
2 Assessment of Pain and Postures
3 Pain as a Precursor to MSD
3.1 Low Back Pain
3.2 Pain and Impaired Sleep
4 Mining and MSD
5 Studies on International Front
6 Studies on Indian Front
7 Guidelines in India
8 Findings from Our Recent Study
9 Summary
References
Ergonomics in Mining: Current Status and Future Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 General Overview of Ergonomics and Occupational Health Challenges in Mining
3.2 Emerging Technologies and Associated Challenges in Mining
3.3 Ergonomic Challenges in Indian Mining Context- a Special Consideration
4 Conclusion
References
Disasters in Mine: Strategies for Prevention, Management and Control
1 Introduction
2 Types of Disaster During the Mining Operation
3 Prevention and Management Strategies for Control of Disasters
4 A Model for Disaster Management in Mines
5 Summary
References
“We Did not Notice This Demon in Our Backyard!”—Introducing a New Source of Geogenic Health Hazard
1 Introduction
2 Field Geology of the Area
2.1 Distribution of Silica Pebbles
2.2 Vertical Distribution (Soil Profile)
3 Sampling and Analytical Techniques
3.1 Sampling
3.2 Sample Processing
3.3 Grain Size Separation
4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
4.1 Modal Analysis of Silica Pebbles Using Image Analysis Technique
4.2 Grain-Size Analysis
4.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
4.4 Rare Earth Elements (REE) Analysis
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Toxicity and Occupational Health Hazards of Coal Fly Ash
1 Introduction
2 Sources of Fly Ash
3 Coal Fly Ash and Health Hazards
4 Global View on CFA Related Health Impacts
5 Fly Ash Remediation
5.1 Bio-Based Remediation
5.2 Bioremediation
5.3 Mycoremediation
5.4 Phytoremediation
5.5 CFA Remediation Through Vermicomposting
6 CFA Utilization in Wastewater Treatment
7 Electrodialytic and Mortar Approach
8 Conclusion
References
