Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Foreword
Editors
Contributors
PART 1 Working Group 04: Molecular Diagnostics and DNA Forensics
Chapter 1 Principles and Techniques for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Manipulation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Molecular Structure of the Nucleic Acids
1.2.1 Chemical Nature of the Nucleic Acids
1.2.2 The DNA Double Helix
1.2.3 DNA Renatures as well as Denatures
1.2.4 Functions of DNA and RNA
1.3 DNA Replication and Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1.3.1 DNA Replication
1.3.2 Stages of DNA Replication
1.3.2.1 Initiation
1.3.2.2 Elongation
1.3.2.3 Termination
1.3.3 Gene Expression
1.3.3.1 Transcription
1.3.3.2 Translation (Protein Synthesis)
1.3.4 Regulation of Gene Expression
1.3.4.1 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
1.3.4.2 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
1.4 Laboratory Techniques for DNA Extraction from Various Cell Types
1.4.1 DNA Isolation, Purification and Quantification
1.4.1.1 DNA Extraction Steps
1.4.1.2 Measuring DNA Concentration and Purity
1.4.2 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
1.4.2.1 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Principle
1.4.3 Other DNA-Based Molecular Techniques
1.4.3.1 Denatured Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
1.4.3.2 Recombinant DNA Technologies
1.4.3.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction – Types and Applications
1.4.3.4 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Ribotyping
1.4.3.5 Sequencing – Sanger and Next Gen Applications
1.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 2 Forensic DNA Profiling and Molecular Identification of Infectious Pathogens: The Nigeria Experience
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Nigeria Experience
2.3 DNA Profiling Techniques for Human Identification
2.3.1 Crime Scene Preservation and Investigative Techniques
2.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique
2.5 Forensic and Parentage DNA Analysis Using Autosomal STR Profiling
2.6 Need for DNA Database in Nigeria
2.7 Molecular Identification of Infectious Pathogens and Resistant Gene Markers
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 DNA Markers in Forensic and Diagnostic Science
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure and Function of DNA
3.3 Anatomy of a Nucleotide
3.4 What Are Genetic Markers?
3.5 DNA or Molecular Markers
3.6 Uses of DNA Markers
3.7 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
3.8 Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)
3.9 Forensic Science
3.10 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Core Loci
3.11 Diagnostic Science and DNA Markers
3.12 16S Ribosomal RNA for Bacterial Identification
3.13 Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) for Fungal Identification
3.14 Viral Genetic Signatures
3.15 Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genetic Diseases
3.16 Detection of Genetic Markers
3.17 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Legal Standards Setting in the Use of Forensics/DNA Barcode: Evidence for Wildlife Crime Detection and Prosecution in Nigeria
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Policy, Regulations, and Enforcement Issues
4.2.1 Monitoring of CITES-Related Matters
4.2.2 Procedure for Enforcement and Prosecutions
4.2.3 Previous CITES Offenders Trial Cases
4.3 Admissibility of DNA Barcode in Crime Detection
4.3.1 Development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
4.3.1.1 SOPs for Mammals/Vertebrates in Nigeria
4.3.1.2 SOPs for Plants
4.3.2 Field Information Management Systems (FIMS)
4.3.3 Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS)
4.3.4 Sequenced Data
4.4 Action Plan
4.5 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgements
Appendix 4.A: Some of the Seized Illegally Trafficked Samples Archived in NESREA
Appendix 4.B: Project’s Action Plan – Phases 1 and 2
Appendix 4.C: Roadmap for BWP-NIG Project
References
PART 2 Working Group 07: Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Chapter 5 Harnessing Indigenous Bioresources for Development of Diagnostics for Detection and Confirmation of Infectious Agents in Nigeria
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Needs for Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases in Nigeria
5.3 Overview of Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases
5.4 Morphological and Microscopic Methods
5.5 Culture-Based Methods
5.5.1 Brief History of the Development of the Culture Media
5.5.2 Methods for Production of Microbiological Culture Media
5.5.3 Common Constituents of Culture Media
5.6 Immunodiagnostics and Immunological Tests
5.7 Molecular Methods
5.8 Harnessing Indigenous Bioresources for Development of Diagnostics
5.9 Strategy for Harnessing the Indigenous Bioresources for Production of Diagnostics for Infectious Disease
5.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Antibiotic Resistance: Global Trends, Impact and Mitigation
6.1 What Are Antibiotics/Antimicrobials?
6.2 Development and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
6.3 Global Trends and Impact of Antibiotic Resistance, with Emphasis on Developing Countries, Particularly Nigeria
6.4 Detection Methods for Antibiotic Resistance and the Need for National Surveillance
6.5 Strategies for Mitigation, Including Novel and Proposed New Strategies
6.5.1 Users of Antibiotics
6.5.1.1 Government and Regulatory Agencies
6.5.1.2 Health Professionals
6.5.1.3 Healthcare Industry
6.5.1.4 Agriculture Sector
6.5.1.5 Non-Antimicrobial Alternatives
6.6 The Microbiome Approaches
6.7 Alternative Routes of Delivery of Antimicrobials
6.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 7 Safeguarding Nigeria Territory from the Use of Antibiotic Resistant Microbes in Bioterrorism
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nigerian Society and Possible Microbial Threats
7.3 Bioagents
7.4 Biosurveillance
7.5 The Influx of Biological Substance into the Country without Proper Scrutiny and Evaluation
7.6 How Antibiotic Resistance Microorganisms Develop
7.7 Possible Impact of the Use of Antibiotic Resistance Microorganism in Bioterrorism
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Deep Learning and Economic Prospects in Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Process Engineering in Biotechnology Projects
8.3 Applications of Genetic Engineering
8.3.1 Disease Resistance
8.3.2 Increasing Meat and Milk Production
8.3.3 Improved Hair and Fibre
8.3.4 Improving Growth Rates and Carcass Component
8.3.5 Enhancing Reproductive Activities and Fecundity
8.3.6 Vaccine Production
8.3.7 Plant-Based Vaccines
8.3.8 Gene Therapy
8.4 Prospects of Genetic Engineering in Developing Countries
8.4.1 Recombinant DNA Technology
8.4.2 Socio-economic Impacts
8.4.3 Impacts on Human and Animal Health
8.5 Limitations of Genetic Engineering
8.5.1 Environmental Impacts
8.5.2 Health Hazards
8.5.3 Religious, Cultural, and Ethical Issues
8.5.4 Economic Constraints
8.5.5 Higher Level of Antibiotic Resistance
8.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning Applications
8.7 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Various Fields
8.8 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge
References
Chapter 9 Health and Nutritional Benefits of Numerous Bioactive Components Derived from Fish and Fish Products
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Peptides from Fish and Fish Products
9.3 Vitamins from Fish and Fish Products
9.4 Lipids from Fish and Fish Products
9.5 Minerals from Fish and Fish Products
9.6 In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Assays Using Fish and Fish Products
9.6.1 Anticancer Activity
9.6.2 Antibacterial Activity
9.6.3 Antioxidant Activity
9.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 10 Repositioning Antiviral Drugs as a Rapid and Cost-Effective Approach to Discover Treatment against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Drug Repurposing
10.3 Repurposing Antiviral Drugs as Interventions for COVID-19
10.3.1 Polymerase Inhibitors
10.3.2 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10.3.3 Protease Inhibitors
10.3.4 Chemokine Receptor Inhibitor
10.3.5 Inhibition of Virus-Membrane Fusion and Release of Viral Particles
10.3.6 Immunomodulatory Antiviral Drugs
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Corn Silk and Health Benefits
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antioxidant Effects
11.3 Suppressive Effects on Inflammation
11.4 Anti-hypertensive Effect
11.5 Anti-diabetic Effect
11.6 Neuroprotective Activity
11.7 Anticancer Effect
11.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Bioengineering of Pharmacologically-Active Metabolites for Effective Drug Nano-Formulations from the Callus and Metabolites of Medicinal Plants and Their Significant Application in Nanomedicine: Recent Advances
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Medicinal Plants with Pharmacological-Active Metabolites from Their Callus and Their General Overview
12.3 Antimicrobial In Vitro Activity of Nanoparticles Synthesized
12.4 Anti-microbial In Vivo Activity of NPs Obtained from Callus of Medicinal Plants
12.4.1 Wound Healing Properties of Some NPs
12.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Trial and Biological Potency of NPs Obtained from Callus and Plant Extract of Medicinal Plants
12.6 Some Phytochemicals Obtained from Callus and Metabolites of Different Medicinal Plants
12.6.1 Essential Oils
12.6.2 Flavonoids
12.6.3 Saponins
12.6.4 Terpenes
12.7 Introducing Informatics as Necessary Vehicle in the Biofabrication, Pharmaceutical Nano-formulation and Nanomedicine Applications
12.7.1 Role of IF in Biofabrication and Pharmaceutical Nano-formulation for Nanomedicine Applications
12.8 Conclusions and Future Work
References
PART 3 Omics and Bioinformatics
Chapter 13 Bioinformatics: A Tool for Biotechnological Advancement
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bioinformatics in Genomics Era
13.2.1 Interspecies Comparison
13.2.2 Intra-species Comparison
13.2.3 Patterns of Gene Expression
13.2.4 From Sequence Databases to Parasite Biology
13.2.5 Bioinformatics as a Tool in Viral Genomics
13.2.6 Reverse Vaccinology
13.2.7 OMICS of Bacterial Pathogens and Host Responses
13.2.8 Bioinformatics in Parasites/Protozoan Genomics
13.2.9 Bioinformatics in Fungal Genomics
13.3 Recent Advances in Bioinformatics Applications
13.3.1 Drug Discovery
13.3.2 Personalized Medicine
13.3.3 Waste Removal
13.3.4 Changes in the Climate
13.3.5 Crop and Livestock Improvement
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Roles of Nucleotide Sequence Analysis in Human Genetics and Genomics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nucleotide Sequence Analysis: An Overview
14.2.1 Sequence Alignments
14.2.1.1 Global and Local Alignment
14.2.1.2 Multiple Sequence Alignments
14.2.1.3 Structural Alignments
14.2.1.4 Some Software for Sequence Alignments
14.2.2 Computational Nucleotide Sequence Analysis
14.2.2.1 Algorithm Insights
14.2.3 Restriction Analysis of DNA Molecules
14.2.4 Regulatory DNA Sequence
14.2.5 Human Molecular Phylogenetics
14.2.5.1 Conditions for the Human Molecular Phylogenetic Studies
14.2.6 Gene Location and Identification
14.2.6.1 Gene Mapping
14.2.6.2 Molecular Location
14.3 Repetitive and Satellite DNA
14.4 Sequence Analysis of Human Diseased DNA
14.4.1 Chromosomal Abnormalities
14.4.1.1 Symptoms and Signs of Down Syndrome
14.4.2 Mitochondrial Genetic Inheritance Disorders
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Application of Computational and Bioinformatics Techniques in Drug Repurposing for Effective Development of Potential Drug Candidate for the Management of COVID-19
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Important Tools and Techniques for Drug Repositioning
15.1.1.1 Bioinformatics
15.1.1.2 Machine Learning Method
15.1.1.3 Computational Techniques
15.1.2 Studies Related to the Application of Computational and Bioinformatics Techniques in Drug Repurposing for COVID-19
15.2 Conclusion and Future Collaboration
References
Chapter 16 Computational Intelligence Techniques for Combating COVID-19
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Various Application and Techniques for Containing COVID-19
16.3 Significance of Industry 4.0 Technique in the Treatment of COVID-19
16.4 COVID-19 and Artificial Intelligence
16.5 Specific Examples of Authors That Have Worked on Intelligent Clinical Trials for COVID-19
16.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Machine Learning and Behaviour Modification for COVID- 19
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Usefulness of Machine Learning in the Management of Pandemics
17.3 Proposed Classification-Based Image Method
17.4 Feature Extraction
17.5 Parallel Implementations
17.6 Prediction Model and Performance Comparison
17.7 Machine Learning Method
17.8 Machine Learning and Behaviour Modification for COVID-19
17.9 Conclusion
References
PART 4 Working Group 12: Medicinal and Underutilized Plants
Chapter 18 Underutilized Plant Species: A Huge Potential for Economic Development in Nigeria
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Underutilized Plant Species
18.1.2 Economic Development in Nigeria
18.1.3 Underutilized Plant Species’ Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals
18.1.4 Examples of Underutilized Plant Species of Great Economic Value
18.1.4.1 Talinum triangulare (Water Leaf)
18.1.4.2 Mucuna pruriens (Velvet Bean)
18.1.4.3 Ipomoea aquatica (Water Spinach)
18.1.4.4 Amaranth
18.1.4.5 Drumstick Tree
18.1.5 Potentials and Importance of Underutilized Plants
18.1.5.1 Food Security and Better Nutrition
18.1.5.2 Ecosystem Stability
18.1.5.3 Economic Development
18.1.5.4 New Tools for Using Biodiversity
18.1.5.5 Increased Income for Rural Poor
18.1.6 Fats and Oils
18.1.7 Fruit Juice and Beverages Production
18.1.8 Fiber Pulp Production
18.1.9 Biodiversity and Underutilized Plant Species
18.2 Underutilized Plant Species and Food Security
18.2.1 Cultivation of NUS and Role of Women in the Agricultural System
18.2.2 Challenges of Development of Underutilized Plants in Nigeria
18.2.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 The Place of Neglected Legumes in Human Nutrition and Food Security
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General Outlook on Global Hunger and Food Crisis with Emphasis on Africa
19.3 Poor GDP in Africa Resulting from Poor Investment in Agriculture
19.4 Food Productions Gap
19.5 Challenges in Nutritional Gap in Food Production
19.6 Assessment of the Interventions at Meeting the Gap
19.7 Neglected/Underutilized Legumes in Main Stream Agriculture
19.8 Underutilized Legumes of Africa
19.8.1 Lablab purpureus
19.8.1.1 Ethnobotany
19.8.1.2 Uses
19.8.1.3 Pests and Potential Problems
19.8.2 Canavalia ensiformis
19.8.2.1 Uses: The Crop Has a Variety of Use as Listed Below
19.8.3 Sphenostylis stenocarpa
19.8.3.1 Economic Significance
19.8.4 Mallotus subulatus
19.8.5 Vigna racemosa
19.8.6 Vicia faba
19.9 Kidney Beans
19.10 Nomenclature
19.11 Uses
19.12 Winged Beans (Psophocarpus tetragondolobus L.)
19.12.1 Cajanus cajan
19.12.1.1 Economic Significance
19.12.2 Phaseolus lunatus
19.12.3 Vigna luteola
19.12.4 Vigna reticulata
19.12.5 Vigna heterophylla
19.12.6 Vigna marina
19.12.7 Vigna vexillata
19.13 Utilization of NUL in Meeting Food and Nutritional Requirements
19.14 Efforts at Enhancing Acceptability of Neglected or Underutilized Legumes
19.14.1 Biotechnology
19.15 Synergy with Mainstream Crops
19.16 Comparison between NUL and Mainstream Crops
19.17 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Antiprotozoal Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Entamoeba histolytica, the Causative Agent of Amoebiasis
20.1 Introduction
20.2 General Overview of Entamoeba histolytica, the Causative Agent of Amoebiasis
20.2.1 Morphology and Identification
20.2.2 Transmission Cycle
20.2.3 Virulence Factors
20.3 Treatment Options and Challenges in Control of Amoebiasis
20.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Antiprotozoal Activity from Different Plant Extracts
20.5 Some Phytochemicals with Antiprotozoal Activity and Their Structural Elucidation Studies
20.6 The Mechanism of Action of Some Phytochemicals Responsible for the Antiprotozoal Activities
20.7 Future Research Perspectives in the Control of Amoebiasis
References
Chapter 21 Harnessing the Underexploited Plant Species for Economic Growth in Nigeria
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Antimicrobial Potentials of Some Underexploited Plants Studied by Our Research Team
21.2.1 Garcinia kola
21.2.2 Vitex doniana
21.2.3 Lantana aculeata
21.2.4 Lawsonia inermis (Itenra)
21.2.5 Cnestis ferruginea
21.2.6 Pterocarpus soyauxii
21.2.7 Pterocarpus santallinoides, Smilax kraussiana, Rauvolfia vormitoria, Alchornea cordifolia, Cassytha filiformis
21.2.8 Curcuma longa
21.2.9 Hibiscus sabdariffa
21.2.10 Bixa orellana
21.3 Nigerian Underexploited Plants as Sources of Dyes/Stains
21.3.1 Bixa orellana
21.3.2 Lipinus arboreus
21.3.3 Hibiscus sabdariffa
21.4 Sourcing of Media for Cultivation of Microorganisms from Nigerian Plant Products
21.5 Nutritional Benefits of Some Underexploited Plants - Derived Food Products in Nigeria
21.6 Economic Development of Nigeria from Perspective of Harnessing Underexploited Plants
References
PART 5 Working Group 13: Medical Insect Biotechnology, Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Pests
Chapter 22 Exploiting Arthropod Midgut Components for Development of Interventions against Infectious Diseases
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Medically Important Arthropod Vectors
22.2.1 Mosquitoes
22.2.2 Tsetse Flies
22.2.3 Ticks
22.3 The Malaria Burden and Interventions
22.4 Targeting Midgut Stage of the Malaria Parasite’s Life Cycle
22.5 Genetic Manipulation of Vector Competence
22.6 Genetic Manipulation Strategies
22.6.1 Transgenesis
22.6.1.1 Targeting Midgut Effector Molecules for Interventions
22.6.1.2 Mosquito-Midgut Proteases in Transmission-Blocking Vaccines (TBV)
22.6.1.3 Targeting Mosquito-Midgut Protein for Intervention
22.6.1.4 Mosquito-Midgut Immune-Related Gene Families
22.6.1.5 Midgut Barriers: Midgut Infection Barrier (MIB) and Midgut Escape Barrier (MEB)
22.6.2 Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Mosquito Midgut
22.6.2.1 Expressing Anopheline Midgut Trypanocidal Protein gp45 in Tsetse Fly
22.6.2.2 Exploiting Gut Immunity in Ticks
22.6.3 Paratransgenesis
22.6.3.1 Paratransgenesis in Mosquitoes
22.6.3.2 Paratransgenesis in Tsetse Flies
22.6.3.3 Paratransgenesis in Ticks
22.6.4 Basic Requirements for Paratransgenesis
22.6.5 Establishing Symbiont Infection in the Gut
22.7 The Midgut Microbiota of Arthropod Vectors
22.7.1 Mosquitoes Midgut Microbiota
22.7.1.1 Wolbachia-Infected Aedes aegypti Has Reduced Susceptibility to Dengue Virus
22.7.1.2 Mosquito-Midgut Yeast Modulates the Immune System
22.7.2 Tsetse Fly Midgut Microbiota
22.7.2.1 Wigglesworthia-Infected Tsetse Flies Are Refractory to Infection with Trypanosomes
22.7.2.2 Tsetse Flies Harboring Sodalis Are Susceptible to Infection with Trypanosomes
22.7.3 Ticks Midgut Microbiota
22.7.4 Other Immunity-Related Endosymbionts
22.8 Effect of Gut Bacteria on Pathogen Transmission
22.8.1 Recombinant Technology in the Development of Interventions
22.9 Field Application of Transgenic Technology
22.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 Applications of Metagenomics in Vector Surveillance for Effective Prediction and Control of Mosquito-Borne Viral Disease Outbreaks
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Ecology of Vectors in Viral Infection
23.3 Need to Establish Database for the Identity and Genomic Profile Baseline of Arboviruses and Their Associated Vectors and Natural Diversity in Nigeria
23.4 Epidemiological Benefits and Predictive Powers of Such an Approach
23.5 What Is Needed to Set Up a Surveillance
23.6 Contrast Costs with Enormous Public Health Benefits of Disease Prevention, Targeted Government Efforts
23.7 National Security Rationale for Genomic Surveillance
23.8 Conclusion
References
Index