Medical Analogies for Clinician-Patient Communication: Innovative Strategies for Improving the Clinical Encounter

Foreword
References
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Contributors
1: Cardiology
Angina
Car Running Out of Fuel
Aneurysm
Water Balloon
Aortic Dissection
Earthquake
Arrhythmias
Orchestra Conductor
Air Traffic Controller and Hackers
Atherosclerosis
Volcano
Cardiac Arrest
Power Outage
Cardiomyopathy
Bicycle with Motorcycle Wheels
Congestive Heart failure – Pathophysiology
Faulty Balloon Pump
Congestive Heart Failure – Treatment
Horse Pulling Sandbags
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolus (PE)
Blocked River
Rotten Milk
Hyperlipidaemia
Bakery
Hypertension
Water Network
Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)
Clogged Pipes
Lymphoedema
Blocked Roof Gutter Drains
Pericardial Tamponade
Suffocated Heart
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Jammed Windows in the House
Valvular Heart Disease
Rusty Door
Varicose Veins – Pathology
Interstate Highway
Varicose Veins – Treatment
River
2: Dermatology
Acne
Infected Caves Within a Mountain Face
Actinic Keratosis
Cracked Car Paint
Collagen
Foundation of a House
Collagen and Elastin
Scaffolding and Springs
Cyst
Water Balloon
Herpes Warts
Spy
Seed in Hibernation
Post-menopausal Hair Loss
Water-Scarce Garden
Seborrheic Keratosis
Mud Stuck on Car
Skin
Rubber Band
Skin Cancer
Iceberg
Weed
Skin Care
Working Out
Symptomatic Treatment
Cooling Down an Overheated Car
Giving a Hungry Baby a Dummy
Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)
Moss Growing on Trees
Vitiligo
Bleached Tee-Shirt
Wound Care
Growing Plant
3: Ear, Nose and Throat
Cholesteatoma
Blocked Drain
Earwax Removal
Conveyor Belt
Otitis Media
Drum Full of Water
Sinus Surgery
Caves
Tonsillitis
Soldiers Overcrowding a Base
4: Endocrinology
Cushing’s Syndrome – Thinning of Body Parts
Termites in a Wooden House
Bad Cement in the City
Steroid Weaning and Cessation
Sudden Stop While Driving
Dictator
Diabetes
Sugar Factory
Diabetes – Role of Insulin
Key to Open Building
Diabetes – HbA1c
Donuts
Diabetes – Complications
Rodents
Endocrine System
Spiderweb
Hormones
Car key
Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
Orchestra Conductor
Steam Train
Hypothyroidism
Spark Plug
Metabolic Syndrome
Gang of Criminals
Osteoblast and Osteoclast Function
Tetris
Osteoporosis
Termites
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Special Remote
Pituitary Tumour
Specialised Factory
Pituitary and Thyroid Gland Interaction
Thermostat and Air-Conditioner
Total thyroidectomy and Thyroxine Replacement
Shutting Down the Factory
Thyroid: Radioactive Iodine Therapy
Trojan Horse
5: Gastroenterology
Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis
Old Donkey
Coeliac Disease
Smoking Cigarettes
Gastroenteritis
Security Measures – Emergency Escape Button and Sweating Out Bugs
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) – Symptomatic Management
Paracetamol for Headache
Hepatitis Dormancy
Underground Coup
Hepatitis – Phases
Park Ranger Trying to Capture a Wild Bear
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Rugged Road
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) – Pathophysiology
Toothpaste Tube
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) – Management
Leg Cramps
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) – Normal Investigation Results
Headache
Jaundice
Toilet and Water Inside the Bowl
Liver Disease – Alcoholic
Sponge
Liver Failure
Massive Factory
Opportunistic Infections
Troublesome Teenagers Causing Major Problems
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Tug of War
Stool Consistency – Normal Population Variation
Variations in Bananas
6: General Practice
Antibiotics for Viral Infections
Cockroach Spray Versus Cockroach Spray
Discharge Planning (for Non-surgical Cases)
Postoperative Hospital Stay
Education and Awareness
Flashlight in the Dark
Inconsistent Medication Use
Unwatered Plant
Boiling Water
Latent Viruses
Seeds
Long-Term Medications
Eyeglasses
Management of Healthcare Workers
Surgeon Self-Operating
Medications When Asymptomatic
Locking the Door
Non-compliance
Not Servicing Your Car
Not Completing the Full Course of Antibiotics
Special Weapon
Firefighters
Not Seeing Improvement
Uphill Journey
Boiling Water
Patient-Centred Care
Coach and Star-Player
Preventative Care – Reducing Severity
Seatbelt
Slow-Acting Medications
Fruit Growth
Unnecessary Imaging
Coffee and Sugar
7: General Surgery
Achalasia
Stuck Gate on the Road
Appendicitis
Janitor Closet at an Airport
Biliary Colic
Tomato Sauce Bottle
Bowel Cancer Screening
Car Warning Lights
Bowel Infarction
Heart Attack for the Bowel
Cholecystectomy – Fat Metabolism
Washing Oily Dishes Without Soap
Colorectal Cancer
Journey on a Long Road
Constipation – Cancerous
Blocked Traffic
Constipation – Drug-Induced
Roadworks
Constipation – Slow Transit
Traffic Jam
Diverticular Disease
Potholes
Fibre and Bulk Laxatives
Sponge
Fissure
Paper Cut
Fistula
Unwanted Connection Between Two Separate Train Tunnels
Haemorrhoids
Varicose Veins
Hernia
Inner Tube of Tyre
Mallory–Weiss Tear
Oesophagus is a Rubber Band
Pancreatic Cancer
Old Donkey
Pancreatitis
Factory on the Road
Peritonitis
Electric Fence
Post-Operative Ileus
Scared Turtle
8: Haematology
Anaemia
Trucks
Bleeding Disorders
Dam
Clotting Cascade
Dominos
Coagulopathy
Beavers Making a Dam
Leaking Boat
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Rotten Milk
Iron, B12, Folate Deficiency
Delivery Van
Leukaemia
The Flower Garden
Lymphadenopathy
Fire Station
Lymphoma
Malfunctioning Military Training Camps
School
9: Infectious Diseases
HIV and AIDS
Fleas on a Farm
Vaccinations and Autism
Bridge
Flat Tire and Gas
Vaccinations – Mechanism of Action
Wanted Poster
Social Distancing
Matches
Dominos
Isolation Period
Tall and Short Candles
Herd Immunity
Umbrellas
Hospital-Acquired Infection
Car Wash
Tuberculosis (TB)
Termite Infestation
Necrotising Fasciitis
Forest Fire
Killing of Gut Microbiota
Police at a Brawl
Fever of Unknown Origin
Staring at the Trees, Forgetting the Forest
Finding the Source of the Fire
10: Musculoskeletal System
Bursa
Fluid-Filled Pillow
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Cramped Passengers on Train
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Archers Attacking a Fortress
Fracture
Tree Branches
Gout
Crystallised Sugar in Tea
Inflammation and Anti-Inflammatories
Massive Storm
Non-visualising Fracture
Paper Cut
Osteoarthritis
Smooth and Jagged Pebbles
Osteoporosis
Termites in a House
Paget’s Disease of the Bone
Dysfunctional Ant Mound
Spinal Cord Injury
Highway
Sprained Ligament
Tear in a Paper
Tendon Rupture
Intertwined Cable
Torn Meniscus
Hangnail
11: Nephrology
BPH
Straw Through Doughnut
BPH Treatment: TURP
Scrape Off Doughnut
Rebore a Metal Cylinder
Burning Sensation Post-TURP
Soap on Grazed Skin
Symptomatic Treatment Before Removing Kidney Stone
Car Crash
Kidney
Water Treatment Plant
Kidney Failure
Broken Pool Filter
Kidney Dialysis and Transplant
Replacing Pool Filter
Kidney Function and Dysfunction
Savings Account in Bank
Kidney Stones
Choking on Food
Pebble Stuck in Hose
Prostate Cancer
Sloth
Prostate Cancer Screening
Turtle, Rabbit and Leopard
Prostate Cancer Monitoring Post-Diagnosis
Weight Loss
Raised Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
False Fire Alarm
Stress Incontinence
Spilling Glass of Water
Urethral Stricture
Blocked Pipe
Urinary Tract Infection
Road to a Castle
12: Neurology
Blood-Brain Barrier
Moat Around Castle
Mass Effect in Brain
Office Departments
Coma, Permanent Vegetative State, and Brain Death
Sleep Mode
Dementia
Filing Cabinet
Epilepsy
Whale
Meningitis
Bubble Wrap
Multiple Sclerosis
Frayed Electrical Wire
Parkinson’s Disease
Failing Lightbulb
Peripheral Neuropathy
Walkie-Talkies
Sciatica
TV Antenna
Seizure
Lightning Striking a Building
Seizure Timing
Ship at Sea
Stroke
Heart Attack
Stroke
Household Appliances
Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury
Earthquake
Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
Circuit Trip During a Storm
Tension Headache
Paracetamol for a Tension Headache
13: Ophthalmology
Astigmatism
Sports Ball Curvatures
Blepharitis
Sand
Cataract
Glasses Inside the Eye
Egg Yolk
Cataract Surgery
Candy in a Wrapper
Conjunctivitis
Onion Layers
Corneal Pathology
Car Windshield
Corneal Ulcer
A Meteor Hitting the Earth
Diabetic Retinopathy
Botanical Gardens
Diabetic Retinopathy – Neovascularisation
Botanical Gardens and Roots
Dry Eye
Skin Moisturising
Glaucoma
Bathtub
Macular Degeneration
A Clock That Doesn’t Tell the Time
Optic Neuritis
Electric Wire
Reusing a Daily Contact Lens
Reusing a Dirty Glove
Strabismus
Wheel Misalignment
14: Paediatrics
Allergies
Superman and Kryptonite
Cardiac Septal Defects
Broken Pool Filter
Hirschsprung’s Disease
Seaweed Crashing on a Beach
Intestinal Atresia
Balloon
Intussusception
Gloves Rolling Back onto Fingers
Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Guard Dog and Thief
Jaundice in a Newborn
Water Filling a Bathtub
Pyloric Stenosis
Rope Around the Stomach
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Vehicles Without Petrol Stations
15: Peri- and Post-Operative Care
Adhesions
Superglue
Electrolyte Imbalances
Bathtub
Pressure Ulcers
Apples
Sepsis
Bushfire
Shock
Water Pump and Pipes
16: Psychiatry
Addiction
No Brakes
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
Computer Tabs
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Untuned Radio
Hamster Wheel
ADHD Management
Race Car
Anxiety
Plane with Turbulence
Falling from the Sky
Bipolar Disease
Tigger and Eeyore (from Winnie the Pooh)
Weather
Bipolar Disease Management
Weather
Distorted Perception
Black Glasses
Exploring Past History
Finding the Roots
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Piglet (from Winnie the Pooh)
Magnified Pain
Mind as a Speaker System
Mania
Rollercoaster
Messy Filing Cabinet
Normal Investigation Results
Wires and Electric Current
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Broken Smoke Detector
Classroom
Panic Attack
Drowning
Same Diagnosis, Different Management
People
Therapy
Riding a Bike
Unintentional Behaviour
Intentional Versus Accidental Kick
17: Respiratory
Airflow Obstruction
Cars on Highway
Anaphylaxis
Superman and Kryptonite
Antibiotics for a Viral Infection
Broken-Down Car
Asthma – Pathophysiology
Hose
Sandcastle on the Beach
Asthma – Treatment
Car Crash
Guard Dogs and Fence
Atelectasis
Car Tyre
Bronchiectasis
Clothes Stretching Over Time
Bronchitis versus Pneumonia
Respiratory Tree
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – Pathophysiology
Balloons Versus Paper Bags
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Breathing Through a Straw
Chewing Food
Brushing a Horse
Hole in a Boat
Emphysema
Pens in a Farm
Broken Wired Fence
Heart Failure and Pulmonary Oedema
Overfilling a Glass of Water
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)
Plastic versus Paper Straw
Peak Flow Meter
Car Speedometer
Pleural Effusion
Bear Hug
Pneumothorax
Simple Pneumothorax – Fence Gate
Tension Pneumothorax – Fence Gate
Pulmonary Hypertension and Cor Pulmonale
Bodybuilder and Heavy Weights
Respiratory Tree and Smoking
Trees, Branches and Leaves
Tuberculosis (TB)
Spies
18: Rheumatology
Autoimmune Disease
Double Agents and Guard Dogs
Fire Sprinkler System
Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
Unsafe Car Factory
Gout
Sugar in Tea
Excess Banana Peels
Paget’s Disease of Bone
Hyperactive Dog Digging Holes in Your Backyard
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Baby Gums
Car Tyres
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Closed Taps
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Puppy in a House
19: Women’s Health
Antenatal Testing – Chorionic Villus Sampling Versus Amniocentesis
Egg in Water
Anti-D Antibody
Identification Markers
Breast Examination
Bowl of Oatmeal
Cervical Dysplasia
Journey on a Long Road
Cervical Dysplasia – Understanding Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Car on the Journey
HPV Subtypes – Different Types of Cars
Fibroids in Pregnancy
Stone in the Soil
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Sugar Factory
Menopause
Factory
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Factories
Prolapse
Pelvic Floor as a Bag
Boat on the Dock
Stress Incontinence
Balloon
Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
An All-You-Can-Eat Buffet
Urge Incontinence
A Short-Tempered Friend
Index