This textbook on fire dynamics provides a comprehensive description of fuels involved in fires, definitions related to fire, thermodynamics for fire calculations, basics of transport processes and fundamental aspects of combustion related to fire, physical descriptions of premixed and non-premixed flames, detailed analysis of the characteristics of fires from solid and liquid fuels, including ignition, spread and burning rates and physical aspects of fire plumes, compartment fires and dust fires. The contents also highlight fundamental aspects related to the evaporation of liquid fuels and pyrolysis of solid fuels which are explained with simplified mathematical expressions. The book includes pedagogical features such as worked examples to illustrate mathematical calculations involved in fire analysis and end-of-chapter review questions. This book proves useful for students, researchers and industry professionals alike.
Author(s): Ali S. Rangwala, Vasudevan Raghavan
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 248
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
1 Basic Considerations
1.1 Classification of Fire Sources
1.2 Properties of Combustible Materials
1.3 Definitions Related to Fire
1.4 Flammability Tests
1.5 Non-dimensional Numbers for Fires
References
2 Review of Thermodynamics and Transport Processes for Fires
2.1 Stoichiometry
2.2 Heat Calculations
2.3 Flame Temperature
2.4 Notes on Transport Processes in Fire
References
3 Diffusion and Premixed Flames Related to Fires
3.1 The Diffusion Coefficient
3.2 Structure of Diffusion Flame
3.3 Diffusion Flame Theory
3.4 Diffusion Flame Location
3.5 Diffusion Flame Height
3.6 Turbulent Diffusion Flames
3.7 Flame Extinction
3.8 Non-Dimensionalized Energy Equation and the Damköhler Number
3.9 Premixed Flames
3.10 Structure of a Premixed Flame
3.11 Quenching of a Premixed Flame
3.12 Flammability Limits (LFL and UFL) and Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC)
3.13 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)
3.14 Summary of Diffusion and Premixed Flames
3.15 Case Study
References
4 Burning of Liquids
4.1 Evaporation
4.2 Ignition
4.3 Flame Spread over Liquid Fuel Surfaces
4.4 Mass Burning Rate
4.5 Case Studies
4.5.1 Case Study 1: Steady Evaporation of Liquid Fuels
4.5.2 Case Study 2: Steady Burning of Liquid Fuels—Numerical Simulation
4.5.3 Case Study 3: Steady Burning of Liquid Fuels—Theoretical Results
4.5.4 Case Study 4: Crude Oil Spill
References
5 Burning of Solids
5.1 Pyrolysis and Ignition
5.2 Flame Spread
5.3 Burning Rate
5.4 Flame Extinction
5.5 Case Studies
References
6 Properties of Fire Plumes
6.1 Characteristics of Fire Plumes
6.2 Theoretical Analysis of Idealized Fire Plumes
6.3 Air Entrainment Rate
6.4 Plume Interaction with Ceiling
6.5 Case Studies
References
7 Compartment Fires
7.1 Stages in a Compartment Fire
7.2 Smoke Filling in a Developing Fire
7.3 Flow of Gases In and Out of a Compartment
7.4 The MQH Correlation
7.5 Flashover
7.6 Fire Severity—Average Smoke Temperature
7.7 Compartments with Ceiling Vents
7.8 Case Study
7.9 Conclusion
References
8 Dust Flames
8.1 Flame Structure—What is a Dust Flame?
8.2 Mathematical Model of Dust Flame Propagation—Burning Velocity
8.3 The Explosion Sphere
8.4 Other Parameters of Relevance to the Dust …
8.5 Case Studies
References
Appendix Parameters Involved
Index
