Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Fundamentals, Analysis, and Calculations

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Author’s Biography
Symbol Nomenclature
Part I: Materials: Deformation, Testing, and Strengthening
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 What Is Mechanical Behavior of Materials? And Why Study It?
1.2 Deformation Behaviors
1.2.1 Deformation and Its Classification
1.2.2 Time-Independent Deformation – Elastic/Plastic Deformation
1.2.2.1 Elastic Deformation
1.2.2.2 Plastic Deformation
1.2.3 Time Dependent Deformation – Creep
1.3 Materials’ Failure − Classification and Disasters
1.3.1 Fracture and Failure
1.3.2 Classification of Material Failures
1.3.3 Ductile and Brittle Failures
1.3.4 Ductile-Brittle Transition (DBT) Failure
1.3.5 Fatigue Failure
1.4 Materials Selection in Design
1.5 The Factor of Safety in Design
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 2: Physics of Deformation
2.1 Significance of Crystallography in Deformation Behavior
2.2 Crystallography
2.2.1 Crystalline Solids and Crystal Systems
2.2.2 Crystal-Structure Properties
2.2.3 Crystal Structures of Metals
2.2.3.1 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Structure
2.2.3.2 Face Centered Cubic (FCC) Structure
2.2.3.3 Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure
2.2.4 Miller Indices
2.2.5 Crystallographic Directions
2.2.6 Crystallographic Planes
2.2.6.1 Procedure to Find Miller Indices for a Crystallographic Plane
2.2.6.2 Applications of Crystallographic Planes to Deformation of Solids
2.3 Crystal Imperctions – Dislocations
2.3.1 Cystal Defects
2.3.2 Dislocations
2.3.2.1 What Is a Dislocation?
2.3.2.2 Types of Dislocation – Edge-, Screw-, and Mixed Dislocation
2.4 Deformation Mechanisms – Dislocation Movement
2.4.1 Deformation by Slip
2.4.2 Deformation by Twinning
2.5 Plastic Deformation – Cold Working/Rolling
2.6 Deformation in Single Crystals – Schmid’s Law
2.7 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 3: Mechanical Testing and Properties of Materials
3.1 Material Processing and Mechanical Properties
3.1.1 Relationship Between Processing and Properties
3.1.2 Mechanical Properties/Behaviors
3.2 Shear Stress and Shear Modulus
3.3 Tensile Testing and Tensile Properties
3.3.1 Tensile Testing
3.3.2 Tensile Mechanical Properties
3.4 Elastic Mechanical Properties
3.5 Hardness Testing and Hardness of Materials
3.5.1 Hardness and its Testing
3.5.2 Brinell Hardness Test
3.5.3 Rockwell Hardness Test
3.5.4 Vickers Hardness Test
3.5.5 Knoop Hardness Test
3.5.6 Microhardness Test
3.5.7 Hardness Conversion
3.6 Impact Toughness – Impact Energy
3.6.1 Impact Testing
3.6.2 The Analysis of Impact Testing
3.7 Fatigue and Creep Behaviors
3.8 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 4: Strengthening Mechanisms in Metals/Alloys
4.1 Strengthening Mechanisms − Importance and Basis
4.2 Grain-Boundary Strengthening
4.2.1 The Evolution of Grained Microstructure
4.2.2 Grain-Boundary Strengthening – Hall-Petch Relationship
4.3 Strain Hardening
4.4 Solid-Solution Strengthening
4.5 Precipitation Strengthening
4.6 Dispersion Strengthening – Mechanical Alloying
4.7 Calculations – Worked Examples (Solved Problems)
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 5: Materials in Engineering
5.1 Materials and Engineers
5.2 Classification of Materials in Engineering
5.3 Metals and Alloys
5.4 Cast Irons
5.4.1 Characteristics and Applications of Cast Irons
5.4.2 Types of Cast Irons
5.4.3 Mechanical Properties of Cast Irons
5.5 Steels
5.5.1 Steels’ Definition, Classification, and Designation Systems
5.5.2 Carbon Steels
5.5.2.1 Classification and Applications of Carbon Steels
5.5.2.2 Microstructures of Carbon Steels
5.5.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels
5.5.3 Alloy Steels
5.5.3.1 Introduction to Alloy Steels
5.5.3.2 Types of Alloy Steels and their Mechanical Behaviors
5.6 Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys
5.6.1 Aluminum and its Alloys
5.6.1.1 Introduction to Aluminum and its Alloys
5.6.1.2 Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys and Aluminum-Copper Aerospace Alloys
5.6.2 Copper and its Alloys
5.6.3 Nickel and its Alloys
5.6.4 Titanium and its Alloys
5.7 Ceramics and Glasses
5.7.1 Introduction to Ceramics
5.7.2 Traditional Ceramics
5.7.3 Advanced Ceramics
5.8 Polymers and Plastics
5.8.1 Introduction to Polymers and Plastics
5.8.2 Plastics – Mechanical Behaviors and Applications
5.9 Composite Materials
5.10 Semiconductors and Advanced Materials
5.11 Calculations – Worked Examples/Solved Problems
Questions and Problems
References
Part II: Stresses, Strains, and Deformation Behaviors
Chapter 6: Stress-Strain Relations and Deformation Models
6.1 True Stress and True Strain
6.2 Stress-Strain Relationships – Young’s–, Tangent–, and Plastic Moduli
6.3 Stress-Strain Relationship in Strain Hardening
6.4 Elastic and Plastic Deformation Modles – Yield Criteria
6.5 Calcualtions – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 7: Elasticity and Viscoelasticity
7.1 Elastic Behavior of Materials
7.1.1 Elasticity and Elastic Constants
7.1.2 Anisotropic and Isotropic Materials
7.2 Poisson’s Ratio
7.3 Resilience
7.4 Generalized Hook’s Law – Hook’s Law for Three Dimensions
7.5 Bulk Modulus – Relationship Between the Elastic Constants
7.5.1 Elastic Constants – E, G, and B
7.5.2 Derivation of Expression for the Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Relationships Between the Elastic Constants and the Poisson’s Ratio
7.6 Thermal Effects on Elastic Strains
7.7 Viscoelasticity
7.8 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 8: Complex/Principal Stresses and Strains
8.1 Complex Stresses
8.1.1 Technological Importance of Complex and Multiple Stresses
8.1.2 What Is a Complex Stresses Situation?
8.2 The State of Plane Stress – Axes Transformation
8.2.1 Analyses for Direct and Shear Stresses
8.3 Principal Stresses
8.4 Mohr’s Circle – Graphical Representation of Stresses
8.5 Generalized Plane Stress – The Presence of σz in the Plane Stress
8.6 Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress – 3D Consideration
8.7 Complex Strains – Principal Strains in 3 Directions
8.8 Calaculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 9: Plasticity and Superplasticity – Theory and Applications
9.1 Plasticity – Design and Manufacturing Approaches
9.2 The Stress-Strain Curve and Plasticity
9.3 Plastic Instability in Uniaxial Loading
9.4 Bauschinger Effect
9.5 Bending of Beams – Plastic Deformation
9.5.1 Deriving Expressions for the Curvature and the Radius of Curvature
9.5.2 Symmetrical Bending and the Longitudinal Strain in Simply Supported Beams
9.6 Application of Plasticity to Sheet Metal Forming
9.6.1 Principal Strain Increments in Uniaxial Loading
9.6.2 Plane Stress Deformation in Sheet Metal Forming
9.7 Hydrostatic Stress and the Deviatoric Stresses
9.8 Levy-Mises Flow Rule and Relation Bewteen α and β
9.9 Effective Stress and Effective Strain
9.10 Superplasticity
9.11 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 10: Torsion in Shafts
10.1 Torsion/Stresses in Shafts
10.1.1 Torsional Shear Stress in a Shaft
10.1.2 Twist and Shear Strain
10.1.3 Power and Torque Relationship and Shaft Design
10.1.4 Torsional Flexibility and Stiffness
10.2 Calcualtions – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Part III: Failure, Design, and Composites Behavior
Chapter 11: Failures Theories and Design
11.1 Failures and Theories of Failure
11.2 Maximum Principal Normal Stress Theory or Rankine Theory
11.3 Maximum Shear Stress Theory of Failure or Tresca Theory
11.3.1 Theoretical Aspect of Tresca Theory
11.3.2 Design Application of Tresca Theory
11.4 Von Mises Theory of Failure
11.4.1 Theoretical Aspect of von-Mises Theory
11.4.2 Design Aspect of von-Mises Theory of Failure
11.5 Calcualtions – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 12: Fracture Mechanics and Design
12.1 Engineering Failures and Evolution of Fracture Mechanics
12.2 Griffith’s Crack Theory
12.3 Stress Concentration Factor
12.4 Loading Modes in Fracture Mechanics
12.5 Stress Intensity Factor (K), Kc, and KIC
12.6 Design Philosophy
12.6.1 What Is the Design Philosophy of Fracture Mechanics?
12.6.2 Application of Design Philosophy to Decide whether or Not a Design Is Safe
12.6.3 Application of Design Philosophy to Material Selection
12.6.4 Application of Design Philosophy to Design of a Testing/NDT Method
12.6.5 Application of Design Philosophy to the Determination of Design Stress
12.7 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 13: Fatigue Behavior of Materials
13.1 Fatigue Failure – Fundamentals
13.2 Stress Cycles
13.2.1 Types of Stresses and Stress Cycles
13.2.2 Stress Cycle Parameters
13.3 Fatigue Testing – Determination of Fatigue Strength and Fatigue Life
13.4 Goodman’s Law
13.5 Techniques in Designing against Fatigue Failure
13.6 Miner’s Law of Cumulative Damage
13.7 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Computation of Fatigue Life
13.8 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 14: Creep Behavior of Materials
14.1 Creep Deformation and Failure
14.2 Creep Testing and Creep Curve
14.3 Factors Controlling Creep Rate
14.4 Larson-Miller Parameter (LMP)
14.5 Creep-Limited Alloy Design
14.6 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Chapter 15: Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials
15.1 Composite Materials, Classification, and Applications
15.2 Mechanical Behavior of Fibrous Composites
15.2.1 General Mechanical Behavior of Fibrous Composites
15.2.2 Behavior of Unidirectional Continuous Fiber Composite under Longitudinal Loading
15.2.3 Stiffness of Unidirectional Continuous Fiber Composite under Transverse Loading
15.2.4 Poisson’s Ratio of Composite Material
15.2.5 Shear Modulus of Fibrous Composite Materials
15.3 Mechanical Behavior of Particulate Composites
15.4 Calculations – Worked Examples
Questions and Problems
References
Answers to Problems
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Index