This book covers both the physical properties of sensors for converting physical quantities into digital data and the design of complex measurement and data analyzing systems. In respect thereof, a unique treatment of measurement and sensor systems is given from a physical point of view, wherein a focus is on innovative links between physics and engineering sciences.
The acquisition of data by measurement systems equipped with appropriate sensors is a fundamental activity in science and industry. In a connected world, the field of measurement and sensor systems can be regarded as an enabling technology for other fields of research and development, e.g., for electronics, chemistry, biology, and environmental monitoring.
The book is divided into eleven chapters, each chapter starting with a discussion of measurement systems based on the relevant sensor concept followed by an in-depth description of the data processing and analysis procedures. After an introduction presenting fundamentals of measurement systems, digital measurement systems are addressed in detail. Then, operational amplifiers and measurement bridges as well as measurement signal processing methods are presented. After discussing transducers based on ohmic, capacitive, and inductive effects, temperature measurement systems are described. A separate chapter is devoted to optical measurement and sensor systems which represent a field of increasing importance.
Author(s): Alexander W. Koch
Series: Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 246
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 History of Metrology
1.2 Scope of the Present Book
1.3 Classification and Presentation of Sensors and Associated Measurement Systems
1.4 The International System of Units
1.4.1 Comparison with Reference Quantities
1.4.2 Redefinition of the International Standards of Units as of May 20, 2019
References
2 Measurement Signal Processing
2.1 Measurement Uncertainty
2.2 Operational Amplifiers and Converters
2.2.1 Feedback Control
2.2.2 Voltage Amplifier and Applications
2.2.3 Current Amplifier and Applications
2.2.4 Comparator and Application
2.3 Measurement Bridges
2.3.1 Balanced Measurement Bridges
2.3.2 Unbalanced Measurement Bridges
References
3 Measurement Systems with Resistive Sensors
3.1 Resistance Strain Gauge, RSG
3.2 Resistive Temperature Sensors
3.2.1 Metal-Based Temperature Sensors
3.2.2 Semiconductor-Based Temperature Sensors
3.3 Thermal Gas Measurement
3.3.1 Gas Flow Anemometry
3.3.2 Thermal Oxygen Sensor
References
4 Measurement Systems with Capacitive and Piezoelectric Sensors
4.1 Differential Plate Capacitor
4.2 Capacitive Level Sensors
4.3 Film Thickness Measurement
4.4 Dielectric Variation Detection
4.5 Piezoelectric Force Sensors
Reference
5 Measurement Systems with Inductive and Magnetic Sensors
5.1 Inductive Proximity Sensors
5.2 Differential Inductive Plunger
5.3 Inductive Flow Sensors
5.4 Hall Effect Sensors
5.5 Wiegand Effect Sensors
References
6 Measurement Systems with Ion-Conducting Sensors
6.1 The Electrochemical Potential
6.2 pH Sensors
6.3 Lambda Probes
6.4 Thermocouple Temperature Sensors
References
7 Optical Measurement Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Radiation Properties
7.2.1 Radiometric Quantities
7.2.2 Photometric Quantities
7.2.3 Fermat’s Principle
7.3 Geometrical Optics
7.3.1 Optical Imaging Using Mirrors
7.3.2 Optical Imaging Using Lenses
7.3.3 Apertures in Optical Imaging Systems
7.3.4 Rayleigh Criterion
7.3.5 Aberration and Distortion
7.4 Photon Optics
7.4.1 Nature of Photons
7.4.2 Planck’s Radiation Law
7.4.3 Pyrometry
7.4.4 Photodetectors
7.5 Wave Optics
7.5.1 Propagation Properties
7.5.2 Laser Principle
7.5.3 Two-Beam Interference
7.5.4 Interferometer Setups
References
8 Speckle Measurement Systems
8.1 Multiple-Beam Interference
8.2 Speckle Interferences
8.2.1 The Speckle Effect
8.2.2 Resolution Limit
8.2.3 The Sensitivity Vector
8.3 Speckle Interferometer Setups
8.3.1 Out-of-Plane Speckle Interferometry
8.3.2 In-Plane Speckle Interferometry
8.3.3 Shearing-Image Speckle Interferometry
8.3.4 Synthetic-Wavelength Speckle Interferometry
References
9 Interferometry for Transparent Media
9.1 Characteristics of Optically Transparent Media
9.1.1 Optical Interfaces
9.1.2 Fresnel Equations
9.2 Thin-Film Measurement Devices
9.2.1 Thin-Film Interferometer Setups
9.2.2 Ellipsometer
References
10 Measurement Systems with Optical Waveguide Sensors
10.1 Optical Waveguides
10.2 Fiber-Bragg Gratings
10.3 Evanescent Field Sensing and Attenuated Total Reflection
References
11 Measurement Systems for Fluid Properties
11.1 Fluid Density Sensors
11.2 Volume Flow Sensors
11.2.1 Bernoulli Flow Sensor
11.2.2 Ultrasound Flow Sensors
11.3 Mass Flow Sensors
11.4 Viscosity Sensors
References
