McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 11th Edition

1 Front Matter
McDonald and Avery’s DENTISTRY for the CHILD and ADOLESCENT
2 Copyright
Copyright
3 Dedication
Dedication
4 Contributors
Contributors
5 Reviewers
Reviewers
6 Foreword to the 11th edition of McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent a historical review
Foreword to the 11th edition of McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent: a historical review
Introduction
References
7 Preface and Acknowledgements
Preface and Acknowledgements
8 Examination of the Mouth and Other Relevant Structures
1 - Examination of the Mouth and Other Relevant Structures
Introduction
Initial Parental Contact with the Dental Office
The Diagnostic Method
Preliminary Medical, Dental, Family, and Social History
Clinical Examination
Temporomandibular Evaluation
Uniform Dental Recording
Radiographic Examination
Early Examination
Infant Dental Care
Detection of Substance Abuse
Etiologic Factors in Substance Abuse
Specific Substances and Frequency of use
Vaping and Electronic Cigarettes
Suicidal Tendencies in Children and Adolescents
Infection Control in the Dental Office
Biofilm
Emergency Dental Treatment
References
9 Radiographic Techniques
2 - Radiographic Techniques
Basics of Radiation Protection
The Justification Principle
The Limitation Principle
The Optimization Principle
Radiographic Techniques
Protection of the Dental Staff
Protection of the Patient
Radiographic Image Receptors
Analog Film
Direct Film
Indirect Film
Digital Film
Photostimulable Phosphor Storage Plates
Solid-State Sensors
Image Viewing Conditions
Radiographic Techniques
Intraoral Radiography
Periapical Radiography
. This is the most accurate technique for taking intraoral radiographs. The image receptor should be positioned parallel to the ...
. In the bisecting angle technique, the image receptor is placed as close to the teeth as possible, and the central x-ray is dir...
Bitewing Radiography
. In the anterior maxillary occlusal technique, the patient’s occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor and the sagittal pl...
. In the posterior maxillary occlusal technique, the patient’s occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor and the sagittal p...
. The film placement for the anterior mandibular occlusal technique is identical to that for the anterior maxillary occlusal tec...
Localization Techniques
Extraoral Radiography
Panoramic Imaging
Cephalometric Imaging
Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Medical Computed Tomography
Ultrasound Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Selection Criteria and Radiographic Examinations
Criteria for Exposing Children to Ionizing Radiation
Radiographic Exposures in Cases of Dentoalveolar Trauma
Radiographic Exposures in Patients with Special Needs
Interpretation of Radiographs
References
10 Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures
3 - Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures
James K. Hartsfield Jr. and Lorri ANN Morford
Common Disturbances in Children
Dentoalveolar Abscess
Cellulitis
Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth
Fusion of the Teeth
Concrescence
Gemination and Twinning
Dens Invaginatus (Dens in Dente)
Dens Evaginatus and Talon Cusp
Globodontia
Early Exfoliation of Teeth
Hypophosphatasia
Cherubism (Familial Fibrous Dysplasia)
Gnathodiaphyseal Dysplasia
Acrodynia
Hypophosphatemia (Familial or X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets or Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets)
Cyclic Neutropenia (Cyclic Hematopoiesis)
Other Disorders
Enamel Hypoplasia
Hypoplasia Resulting From Nutritional Deficiencies
Hypoplasia Related to Brain Injury and Neurologic Defects
Hypoplasia Associated With Nephrotic Syndrome
Hypoplasia Associated With Allergies
Hypoplasia Associated With Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
Hypoplasia Caused by Local Infection and Trauma
Hypoplasia Associated WITH Cleft Lip and Palate
Hypoplasia Caused by Ionizing Radiation and Chemotherapy
Hypoplasia Resulting From Rubella Embryopathy
Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization
Treatment of Hypoplastic Teeth
Hypoplasia Caused by FlUOride (Dental Flourosis)
Enamel Microabrasion to Remove Superficial Enamel Discolorations
Pre-Eruptive “Caries” (Pre-eruptive coronal resorption of the pre-eruptive intracoronal radiolucency)
Taurodontism
Inherited Defects of Dentin
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (Hereditary Opalescent Dentin)
Dentin Dysplasia
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Enamel and Dentin Aplasia
Supernumerary Teeth (Hyperdontia)
Agenesis of Teeth
Anodontia
Hypodontia (Oligodontia)
Palatally Displaced Canines (PDCs)
Dental Agenesis and Cancer
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Dental Treatment in Ectodermal Dysplasias
Intrinsic Discoloration of Teeth (Pigmentation of Teeth)
Discoloration in Hyperbilirubinemia
Discoloration in Porphyria
Discoloration in Cystic Fibrosis
Discoloration in Tetracyline Therapy
Bleaching of Intrinsic Tooth Discoloration
Micrognathia (Robin Sequence)
Anomalies of the Tongue
Macroglossia
Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
Fissured Tongue and Geographic Tongue (Benign Migratory Glossitis)
Coated Tongue
White Strawberry Tongue
Black Hairy Tongue
Indentation of the TonGue Margin (Crenation)
Median Rhomboid Glossitis (Central Papillary Atrophy of the Tongue)
Trauma to the Tongue, Teeth, and Oral Tissues, With Emphasis on Tongue Piercing
Abnormal Labial Frenum
Frenectomy
References
11 Development and Morphology of the Primary Teeth
4 - Development and Morphology of the Primary Teeth
Initiation (bud Stage)
Proliferation (Cap Stage)
Histodifferentiation and Morphodifferentation (Bell Stage)
Apposition
Calcification
Early Development and Calcification of the Anterior Primary Teeth
Early Development and Calcification of the Posterior Primary Teeth and the First Permanent Molar
Morphology of Individual Primary Teeth
Maxillary Central Incisor
Maxillary Lateral Incisor
Maxillary Canine
Mandibular Central Incisor
Mandibular Lateral Incisor
Mandibular Canine
Maxillary First Molar
Maxillary Second Molar
Mandibular First Molar
Mandibular Second Molar
Morphologic Differences Between Primary and Permanent Teeth
Size and Morphology of the Primary Tooth Pulp Chamber and Canals
References
Suggested Readings
12 Oral Pathology of the Child and Adolescent
5 - Oral Pathology of the Child and Adolescent
Epithelial Lesions
Fibroma
Localized Gingival Swellings
PYOGENIC GRANULOMA
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
Congenital Epulis
Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingival Hyperplasia
Gingival and Palatal Cysts of the Newborn
Mucocele
Vascular Malformations
Lymphangioma
Benign Neoplasms
Neurofibroma
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Benign Lesions of Bone
Benign Non-Odontogenic Lesions of Bone
Idiopathic Bone Sclerosis (Osteosclerosis)
Idiopathic Bone Cavity
Benign Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Jaws
Fibrous Dysplasia
Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma
Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma
Central Giant Cell Granuloma
Cherubism
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
Odontogenic Cyst
Primordial Cyst
Radicular Cyst
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
Dentigerous Cyst
Eruption Cyst or Eruption Hematoma
Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor)
Nevoid Basal Carcinoma (Gorlin) Syndrome
Odontogenic Tumors
Ameloblastoma
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
Odontogenic Myxoma
Ameloblastic Fibroma
Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma
Odontoma
Malignant Tumors
Fibroblastic Tumors and Fibrosarcoma in Infancy and Childhood
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Fibrosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Ewing’s Sarcoma
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X)
References
13 Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner
6 - Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner
Cell Differentiation and Developmental Biology
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Hereditary Traits in Families
Developmental Biology of Enamel
Autosomal Dominant (AD) Inheritance
Autosomal Recessive (AR) Inheritance
X-Linked of Sex-Linked Inheritance
X-Linked Dominant (XLD)
X-Linked Recessive (XLR)
AI and Nephrocalcinosis Syndrome
Variation in Gene Expression
Penetrance
Expressivity
Epigenetics
Complex/Multifactorial Inheritance
Influence of Genetic Factors on Major Cranofacial, Oral, and Dental Conditions
Genetics and Dental Caries
Genetics and Periodontal Disease
Aggressive Periodntitis (Stage III Grade C, Rapid Rate of Progression)
Genetics of Malocclusion
External Apical Root Resorption
Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate
References
14 Child Abuse and Neglect
7 - Child Abuse and Neglect
Physical Abuse
Child Abuse and Neglect
Sexual Abuse
Neglect
Emotional or Psychological Abuse
Medical Child Abuse
Human Trafficking
The Victims of Abuse
Possible Indicators of Child Abuse
Physical Indicators
Behavioral Indicators
Evaluating Suspected Cases of Child Abuse
History-Taking
Communication With the Patient
Physical Examination
Managing Suspected Cases of Child Abuse
Treatment
Documentation
Reporting
Parental Concerns
Understanding the Legal Requirements
Obligation of the Dentist
Conclusion
References
15 Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic Home Oral Hygiene
8 - Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic Home Oral Hygiene
Microbial Aspects of Oral Hygiene and Plaque Formation
Mechanical Methods of Plaque Control
Manual Toothbrush
Floss
Powered Mechanical Plaque Removal
Dentrifices
Disclosing Agents
Other Adjuncts for Plaque Control
Techniques
Roll Method
Charters Method
Horizontal Scrubbing Method
Modified Stillman Method
Visual-Motor Skill Mastery
Time ConsideratIOns
Chemotherapeutic Plaque Control
Antiseptic Agents
Age-Specific Home Oral Hygiene Instructions
Prenatal Counseling
Infants (Birth to 1 Year Old)
Toddlers (1 to 3 Years Old)
Preschoolers (3 to 6 Years Old)
School-Aged Children (6 to 12 Years Old)
Adolescents (12 to 19 Years Old)
In-Office Oral Hygiene Programs
References
16 Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient
9 - Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient
Dietary Intake Patterns
Eating Out
Portion Sizes
Meal Pattern and Frequency
Malnutrition and Food Insecurity
Pediatric Undernutrition
Iron
Zinc
Calcium
Vitamin D
Vitamin B12
Pediatric Overnutrition
Health Impact of High Salt Intake
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia
Binge Eating Disorder
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Q & A Concerning Pediatric Nutrition Issues
References
17 Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent
10 - Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent
Etiology of Dental Caries
Early Childhood Caries, Severe Early Childhood Caries, Baby Bottle Tooth Decay
Additional Factors Known to Influence Dental Caries
Saliva
Salivary Deficiency
Socioeconomic Status
Anatomic Characteristics of the Teeth
Arrangment of the Teeth in the Arch
Presence of Dental Appliances and Restorations
Hereditary Factors
Early Detection of Disease Activity
Prediction of Patients’ Risk for Future Disease (Risk Assessment)
Care Pathways for Caries Management
Management of All Active Caries Lesions
Reduction of the Intake of Freely Fermentable Carbohydrates
Reduction of Dental Biofilm (and Microorganisms) with Good Oral Hygiene Procedures
Use of Fluorides for Caries Prevention and Management
Community Water Fluoridation
Fluoride-Containing Dentifrices
Topical Fluorides in the Dental Office
Silver Diamine Fluoride
Over-the-Counter Fluoride Mouthrinses and Gels
Prescription Home-Use Fluoride Mouthrinses, Toothpastes, and Gels
Dietary Fluoride Supplements
Combinations of Fluoride Therapies
Enamel Fluorosis
Other Preventive Therapies
Chlorhexidine and Thymol
Xylitol
Other Remineralizing or Antimicrobial Products
Caries Vaccine
Dental Caries Activity Tests
Diagnostic Tools
Infrared Laser Fluorescence (Diagnodent)
Digital Imaging Fiberoptic Transillumination
Quantitative Light Fluorescence
Conclusion
References
18 Pit-and-Fissure Sealants and Preventive Resin Restorations
11 - Pit-and-Fissure Sealants and Preventive Resin Restorations
Rationale for Use of Sealants
Selection of Teeth for Sealing
Sealant Technique
Cleaning
Isolation
Etching
Washing
Application of Sealant
Chemically cured sealant
Visible light–cured sealant
Check of Occlusal Interferences
Re-evaluation
Preventive Resin Restoration (Sealed Composite Resin Restoration)
References
19 Restorative Dentistry
12 - Restorative Dentistry
Introduction
Status of Common Restorative Materials
Maintenance of a Clean Field
Armamentarium for Rubber Dam Placement
SELECTION OF A CLAMP
Isolite System
Morphologic Considerations
Basic Principles in Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth
Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth
INCIPIENT CLASS I CAVITY IN A VERY YOUNG CHILD
PIT OR FISSURE CLASS I CAVITY
Deep-Seated Class I Cavity
Class II Cavity
Small Lesions
Lesions With Greater Dentin Involvement
Amalgam
Aesthetic Materials
Resin Infiltrate
Class III Cavity
Modified Class III Cavity Preparation
Restoration of Proximal Incisal Caries in Primary Anterior Teeth
Aesthetic Resin Restoration
Stainless-Steel Crowns
Direct Resin Crowns
Preparation of Cavities in Young Permanent Teeth
Interim Therapeutic Restoration for Hypoplastic Or Hypomineralized Permanent Molars
Stainless-Steel Crowns for Posterior Teeth
Preparation of the Tooth (Video 12.4)
Selection of the Crown Size (Video 12.5)
Contouring of the Crown (When Necessary)
Cosmetic Zirconia Crowns (Video 12.6)
Alternative Restorative Treatment
Cosmetic Restorative Procedures for Young Permanent Anterior Teeth
Bonded Composite Veneer Restorations (Resin-Based Composite Bonding)
Bonded Laminate Veneer Restorations (Dental Laminates or Laminate Veneers)
Controversies in Pediatric Restorative Dentistry
Laser Use
Minimalist Approach to Restorative Care
Bleaching and Microabrasion
References
20 Dental Materials
13 - Dental Materials
The Tooth-Restoration Interface
Overview
Dental Materials
Treatment of the Cavity Preparation
Dental Pulp Protection
Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Acid Etching
Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Primer
Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Adhesive
Temporary and Permanent Restorations
Restorative Resins
Composite Resin
Microfilled Composites
Hybrid Composites
Bulk-Fill Composites
Flowable Composites
Light-Cured Composites
Posterior Composite Restoration
Resin Inlays
Light-Curing Units
Amalgam
Selection of the Alloy
High-Copper Alloys
Mercury/Alloy Ratio
Trituration
Mechanical AmalgAmators
Condensation
Moisture
Marginal Breakdown and Bulk Fracture
Bonded Amalgam Restorations
Mercury Toxicity
Ceramics
Other Aesthetic Alternatives/Fiberglass-Reinforced Resin
Cements
Luting Cements
Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Cement
Zinc Phosphate Cement
Polycarboxylate Cement
Glass-Ionomer Cement
Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Cements
Resin Cements
Bioactive Dental Materials
Suggested Readings
21 Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp Exposure, and Nonvital Teeth
14 - Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp Exposure, and Nonvital Teeth
History of Pain
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Radiographic Interpretation
Pulp Testing
Physical Condition of the Patient
Evaluation of Treatment Prognosis Before Pulp Therapy
Vital Pulp Therapy Techniques
Treatment of the Deep Caries Lesion
Indirect Pulp Treatment (Gross Caries Removal or Indirect Pulp Therapy)
Vital Pulp Exposure
Size of the Exposure and Pulpal Hemorrhage
Direct Pulp Capping
Pulpotomy (Video 14.1)
Pulpotomy Technique for Permanent Teeth
Pulpotomy Technique for Primary Teeth
Nonvital Pulp Treatment With Irreversible Pulpitis or Necrotic Pulp
Pulpectomy
Summary of Pulp Therapy
Restoration of the Pulpally Involved Tooth
Reaction of the Pulp to Various Capping Materials and Use of Dental Stem Cells
Zinc Oxide–Eugenol
Calcium Hydroxide
Preparations Containing Formalin
Ferric Sulfate
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
Other Capping Materials and Methods
Summary of Pulp Capping Materials
Failures After Vital Pulp Therapy
Internal Resorption
Alveolar Abscess
Early Exfoliation or Over Retention of Primary Teeth With Pulp Treatments
References
22 Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease
15 - Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease
Eruption Gingivitis
Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis—Gingivitis Caused by Biofilm (Bacteria)
Allergy and Gingival Inflammation
Acute Gingival Disease
Oral Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Recurrent Apthous Ulcer (Canker Sore)
Necrotizing Gingivitis
Acute Candidiasis (Thrush, Candidosis, Moniliasis)
Acute Bacterial Infections
Chronic Nonspecific Gingivitis
Chlorhexidine as a Therapeutic Plaque Control Agent
Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors
Gingival Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System
Gingival Lesions of Genetic Origin
Phenytoin-Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Gingivitis (Scorbutic Gingivitis)
Periodontal Diseases in Children
Periodontitis (Previously Called Aggressive Periodontitis and Early-Onset Periodontitis)
Generalized Periodontitis (Previously Called Generalized Aggresive Periodontitis)
Treatment of Generalized Periodontitis and Periodontitis with a Molar-Incisor Distribution
Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease
Vanishing Bone Disease (Gorham-Stout Syndrome) Premature Bone Loss in the Primary Dentition
Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
Gingival Recession
The New Classification of Gingival Recession
. Recession type 1 (RT1) refers to gingival recession with no loss of interproximal attachment. Interproximally, the CEJ is clin...
. RT2 refers to gingival recession associated with loss of interproximal attachment. The amount of interproximal attachment loss...
. RT3 refers to gingival recession associated with loss of interproximal attachment. The amount of interproximal attachment loss...
Oral Factitious Injuries
Abnormal Frenum Attachment
Frenotomy and Frenectomy
Technique for Mandibular Frenectomy and Vestibular Depth Increase
Complete Denudation
Periosteum Retention
Vestibular Incision
Free Soft Tissue Autograft (Previously Known as the Free Gingival Autograft) Procedure
Lasers
Clinical Assessment of Oral Cleanliness and Periodontal Disease
Plaque Control Record
Periodontal Screening and Recording
Extrinsic Stains and Deposits on Teeth
Green Stain
Orange Stain
Black Stain
Removal of Extrinsic Stains
Pigmentation Caused by Stannous Flouride Application
Calculus
References
23 Local Anesthesia and Pain Control for the Child and Adolescent
16 - Local Anesthesia and Pain Control for the Child and Adolescent
Topical Anesthetics
Jet Injection
Local Anesthesia by Conventional Injection
Anesthetization of Mandibular Teeth and Soft Tissue
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (Conventional Mandibular Block)
Lingual Nerve Block
Long Buccal Nerve Block
Infiltration Anesthesia for Mandibular Primary Molars
Infiltration for Mandibular Incisors
Mandibular Conduction Anesthesia (Gow-Gates Mandibular Block Technique)
Anesthetization of Maxillary Primary and Permanent Incisors and Canines
Supraperiosteal Technique (Local Infiltration)
Anesthetization of Maxillary Primary Molars and Premolars
Anesthetization of Maxillary Permanent Molars
Anesthetization of the Palatal Tissues
Nasopalatine Nerve Block
Greater (Anterior) Palatine Injection
Supplemental Injection Techniques
Infraorbital Nerve Block and Mental Nerve Block
Periodontal Ligament Inection (Intraligamentary Injection)
Intraosseous Injection, Interseptal Injection, and Intrapulpal Injection
Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery System (WAND)
Complications After a Local Anesthetic
Anesthetic Toxicity
Trauma to Soft Tissue
Reversal of Dental Anesthesia
Analgesics
References
Suggested Readings
24 Nonpharmacologic Management of Children’s Behaviors
17 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Children’s Behaviors
Variables Influencing Children’s Dental Behaviors
Parental Anxiety
Parenting Styles
Toxic Stress
Medical Experiences
Awareness of Dental Problem
General Behavior Problems
Classifying Children’s Cooperative Behavior
The Functional Inquiry
Parents of Pediatric Patients
Strategies of the Dental Team
Preappointment Behavior Modification
Fundamentals of Behavior Guidance
Positive Approach
Team Attitude
Organization
Truthfulness
Tolerance
Flexibility
Communicating With Children
Establishment of Communication
Establishment of the Communicator
Message Clarity
Voice Control
Multisensory Communication
Problem Ownership
Active Listening
Enhancing Control
Appropriate Responses
Behavior Shaping
Retraining
Practical Considerations
Scheduling
Parent-Child Separation
Tangible Reinforcements
Limitations
References
Suggested Readings
25 Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior
18 - Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior
Pharmacologic Management
The Continuum of Anesthesia and Sedation
Fundamental Concepts
Anatomic and Physiologic Differences
Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Body Size and Composition
Routes of Drug Administration
Inhalational Route
Enteral Route
Intramuscular Route
Submucosal and Subcutaneous Routes
Intravenous Route
Rectal Route
Drugs and Agents Used for Sedation
Nitrous Oxide
Antihistamines
Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)
Promethazine (Phenergan)
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Benzodiazepine Agonists and Antagonists
Diazepam (Valium)
Midazolam (Versed)
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Meperidine (Demerol)
Naloxone (Narcan)
Other Sedative-Hypnotics
Chloral Hydrate
Nitrous Oxide Administration
Objectives
Equipment
Technique
Monitoring and Documentation
Enteral Sedation Technique
Combinations of Methods and Agents
Facilities and Equipment
Documentation
Patient Selection and Preparation
Indications
Preoperative Evaluation
Informed Consent
Instructions to Parents
Monitoring
Intraoperative Monitoring
Postoperative Monitoring
Concluding Thoughts
References
Suggested Readings
26 Hospital Dental Services for Children and the Use of General Anesthesia
19 - Hospital Dental Services for Children and the Use of General Anesthesia
Indications for General Anesthesia in the Treatment of Children
Psychological Effects of Hospitalization on Children
Outpatient Versus Inpatient Surgery
Medical History and Physical Examination
Admission to the Hospital
Operating Room Protocol
Inhaled General Anesthesia and Conduct of Anesthesia
Neurotoxicity of Anesthetic Agents in Young Children
Anesthetic Preparation of the Child
Time-Out Protocol
Perioral Cleaning, Draping, and Placement of Pharyngeal Throat Pack
Restorative Dentistry in the Operating Room
Completion of the Procedure
End Time-Out Protocol
Postanesthesia Care Unit
Postoperative Care
References
Suggested Readings
27 Eruption of the Teeth Local, Systemic, and Congenital Factors that Influence the Process
20 - Eruption of the Teeth: Local, Systemic, and Congenital Factors that Influence the Process
Chronologic Development and Eruption of the Teeth
Influence of Premature Loss of Primary Molars on Eruption Time of Their Successors
Variations in Sequence of Eruption
Lingual Eruption of Mandibular Permanent Incisors
Teething and Difficult Eruption
Eruption Hematoma (Eruption Cyst)
Eruption Sequestrum
Ectopic Eruption
Natal and Neonatal Teeth
Epstein Pearls, Bohn Nodules, and Dental Lamina Cysts
Local and System Factors that Influence Eruption
Ankylosed Teeth
Ankylosis of Primary Molars With Absence of Permanent Successors
Ankylosed Permanent Teeth
Trisomy 21 Sydrome (Down Syndrome)
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Hypothyroidism
Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism)
Juvenile Hypothyroidism (Acquired Hypothyroidism)
Hypopituitarism
Achondroplastic Dwarfism
Other Causes
References
28 Growth of the Face and Dental Arches
21 - Growth of the Face and Dental Arches
Basic Concepts of Human Growth
Principles of Craniofacial Growth
Basic Concepts of Craniofacial Growth
Craniofacial Pattern
Ideal Paradigms for Dentofacial Pattern
Growth and Facial Pattern
Consistency in Pattern Maturation
Ideal Frontal Facial Pattern
Ideal Facial Profile Pattern
Maintenance of Overall Pattern
Facial Growth Emulates General Somatic Growth
Growth and Pattern of Occlusion
Consistency in Pattern Development
Primary Dentition Terminus
Opposing First Molars at Initial Contact
Ideal Static Occlusion Pattern
Maintenance of Overall Pattern
Growth and Dental Arch Pattern
Similar Stage Sequencing
Ideal Dental Arch Pattern
Tooth Size/Arch Size Ratio as Pattern Determinant
Computation of Tooth Size/Arch Size Balance
Compensations in Dental Arch Development
Maintenance of Overall Pattern
Effects of Environmental Factors on Dental Arch Pattern
Summary
References
29 Cephalometrics and Facial Aesthetics The Key to Complete Treatment Planning
22 - Cephalometrics and Facial Aesthetics: The Key to Complete Treatment Planning
Lateral Head Film
Frontal (Posteroanterior) Film
Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Cbct Technique
3D Exposure (Quick Steps)
Cephalometric Tracing Technique
Reference Points for Lateral Tracing
Reference Lines, Angles, and Planes
Interpretation of Measurements
Lateral Cephalometric Assessment
Maxillary Skeletal
Maxillary Dental
Mandibular Skeletal
Mandibular Dental
Vertical
Soft Tissue
Frontal (Posteroanterior) Cephalometric Assesment
Directions of Growth
Computerized Cephalometric Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Digital Imaging
Anteroposterior Interarch Discrepancies
Class I
Class II Division I
Class II Division II
Class III
Facial Types
Mesofacial Pattern
Dolichofacial Pattern
Brachyfacial Pattern
Vertical Arch Discrepancies
Open Bite
Deep Bite
Angle Classification of Occlusion
Descriptive Skeletal and Dental Evaluation
Evaluation of Facial Aesthetics
Frontal View
Profile View
Suggested Readings
30 Managing the Developing Occlusion
23 - Managing the Developing Occlusion
Primate Spaces
Mesial Molar Shift
Leeway Space
Intervention Considerations
Early Loss of Teeth and Space Maintenance
Needs Assessment
Specific Tooth Loss Strategies
Loss of Primary Incisors
Loss of Primary Canines
Loss of First Primary Molars
Loss of Second Primary Molars
Areas of Multiple Primary Molar Loss
Loss of First Permanent Molars
Oral Habits in Children
Bruxism
Non-Nutritive Sucking
Tongue-Thrust Swallowing
Anterior Crossbite in Primary and Mixed Dentitions
Tongue Blade/Popsicle Stick Therapy
Lower Iinclined Plane
Palatal Spring Appliances (Removable Hawley or Fixed Palatal Wire)
Fixed Transpalatal Wires With Springs
Labial Edgewise Brackets and Archwires
Posterior Crossbite in Primary and Mixed Dentitions
Selective Equilibration
Maxillary Expansion
Eruption Problems and Eruption “Guidance”
Ectopic Eruption of First Permanent Molars
Eruption Guidance in the Lower Incisor Segment
Eruption Guidance in the Mandibular Canine And Premolar Segment
Eruption Guidance in the Maxillary Canine and Premolar Segment
Maxillary Anterior Diastemas
Supernumerary Teeth
Congenitally Missing Teeth
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Orthodontics
Comprehensive Orthodontics for the Developing Occlusion
Primary to Mid-Mixed Dentition (Ages 4–10 Years)
Mid- to Late Mixed Dentition (Ages 10–12 Years)
Early Permanent Dentition (Ages 12–16 Years)
References
Suggested Readings
31 Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate Management
24 - Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate Management
Multidisciplinary Cleft Lip and Palate Team
General Responsibilities of Team Members
Dental Specialties
Pediatric Dentist
Orthodontist
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
Prosthodontist
Medical and Allied Health Specialties
Multidisciplinary Sequencing of Treatment in Clefts
Stage I (Infant Appliance Stage: Birth to 18 Months of Age)
Impression Technique and Feeding Obturator Construction
Clinical Management of Initial Obturator Therapy
Presurgical Orthopedics
Airway Obstruction
Cheiloplasty
Maxillary Orthopedics
Bone Grafting of Alveolar Cleft Defects
Primary Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting
Alternatives to Primary Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting
Palatoplasty
Dental Care
Stage II (Primary Dentition Stage: 18 Months to 5 Years of Age)
Stage III (Late Primary or Early Mixed Dentition Stage: 6 to 10 or 11 Years of Age)
Secondary Alveolar Cleft Bone Graft
Effect of Facial Aesthetics on Self-Concept
Stage IV (Permanent Dentition Stage: 12 to 18 Years of Age)
Cosmetic Surgery
References
32 Prosthodontic Treatment of the Adolescent Patient
25 - Prosthodontic Treatment of the Adolescent Patient
Direct Restoration of Discolored Teeth
Teeth With Pulpal Involvement
All-Ceramic and Metal-Ceramic Crowns
Conservative Indirect Restorations
Fixed Partial Dentures
Resin-Bonded Retainers
Complete Crown Retainers
Fixed Partial Denture Pontics
Removable Partial Dentures
Overdentures
Implant Prostheses
Recare Program
Protective Mouthguards
Fabrication of Mouthguard Using Digital Workflow
Occlusal Guards for Therapeutic Effect
CAD-CAM Applications in Pediatric Dentistry
References
33 Dental Problems of Children with Special Health Care Needs
26 - Dental Problems of Children with Special Health Care Needs
Dental Access
First Dental Visit
Radiographic Examination
Preventive Dentistry
Home Dental Care
Diet and Nutrition
Fluoride Exposure
Preventive Restorations
Regular Professional Supervision
Management of a Child With Special Health Care Needs During Dental Treatment
Protective Stabilization
Intellectual Disability
Dental Treatment of a Person With Intellectual Disability
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21 Syndrome)
Learning Disabilities
Fragile X Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cerebral Palsy
Spina Bifida
Respiratory Diseases
Asthma (Reactive Airway Disease)
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Cystic Fibrosis
Hearing Loss
Visual Impairment
Heart Disease
Congenital Heart Disease
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Acquired Heart Disease
Rheumatic Fever
Infective Endocarditis
Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis
Dental Management
CardiaC Surgery Patients
References
Suggested Readings
34 Management of the Medically Compromised Patient Hematologic Disorders, Cancer, Hepatitis, and AIDS
27 - Management of the Medically Compromised Patient: HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS, CANCER, HEPATITIS, AND AIDS
Introduction
Von Willebrand Disease
Genetics and Epidemiology
Classification
Bleeding Symptoms
Treatment
Hemophilia
Genetics
Classification
Bleeding Symptoms
Oral Cavity Bleeding
Treatment
. Treatment regimens may be divided into on-demand therapy (replacement therapy administered after a bleeding episode has occurr...
. Des-mopressin acetate (subcutaneous DDAVP or intranasal Stimate) may be used for minor hemorrhagic episodes to achieve hemosta...
Complications of Bleeding Disorders
Hemophilia—Inhibitor Development
Blood-Borne Infections
Women With Bleeding Disorders
Other Rare Congenital Bleeding Disorders
Dental Care for Patients With Bleeding Disorders
Dental Management
. The normal exfoliation of primary teeth does not usually result in bleeding or require factor replacement. Bleeding in these c...
Prevention of Dental Disease. A program that includes brushing, flossing, appropriate topical fluoride exposure, adequate system...
. Patients who require deep scaling due to gross calculus should initially undergo supragingival scaling. The tissue should be a...
. Patients with bleeding disorders should be allowed to consider all restorative procedures. Most restorative procedures on prim...
. Pulp exposure in primary and permanent teeth may be avoided if some of the carious dentin is left remaining (i.e., not all the...
Oral Surgery
. Despite all precautions, bleeding may occur 3 to 4 days postoperatively when the clot begins to resorb. If bleeding does occur...
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Orthodontic Treatment
Dental Emergencies
Development of a Treatment Plan
Use of Antifibrinolytic Agents
. In children, ε-aminocaproic acid is administered immediately prior to dental treatment using an optional initial loading dose ...
. The common side effects associated with the use of antifibrinolytics include headache, nausea, and dry mouth; these side effec...
Pain Control
Analgesia
Local Anesthesia
Risks to Dental Staff
Summary
Sickle Cell Disease
Background
Dental Management
Childhood Cancers
Leukemia
Oral Manifestations of Leukemia
Dental Management of Patients with Leukemia
Prevention and Management of Mucositis
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Oral Complications of Bone Marrow Transplantation
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Pretransplantation Preparation
Solid Tumors
Management of Childhood Cancer Survivors
Viral Hepatitis
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection
Fungal Infection
Viral Infection
Bacterial Infections, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis
Neoplasms
Idiopathic Lesions
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) and COVID-19
References
35 Management of Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
28 - Management of Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
History of the Injury
Clinical Examination
Radiographic Examination
Emergency Treatment of Soft Tissue Injury
Emergency Treatment and Temporary Restoration of Fractured Teeth Without Pulp Exposure
Fragment Restoration (Reattachment of Tooth Fragment)
Temporary Bonded Resin Restoration
Treatment of Vital Pulp Exposures
Direct Pulp Cap
Apexogenesis
Pulpectomy With Endodontic Treatment
Therapy to Stimulate Root Growth and Apical Repair in Immature Teeth With Pulpal Necrosis
Apexification
Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
First Appointment
Second Appointment
Reaction of the Tooth to Trauma
Pulpal Hyperemia
Internal Hemorrhage
Calcific Metamorphosis of the Dental Pulp (Progressive Canal Calcification or Dystrophic Calcification)
Internal Resorption
Peripheral (External) Root Resorption
Pulpal Necrosis
Ankylosis
Restoration of Fractured Teeth
Aesthetic Bonded Composite Resin Restoration
Reaction of Permanent Tooth Buds to Injury
Hypocalcification and Hypoplasia
Reparative Dentin Production
Dilaceration
Displacement of Primary and Permanent Anterior Teeth (Luxation)
Intrusion and Extrusion of Teeth
Primary Teeth
Permanent Teeth
Avulsion and Replantation
Stabilization of Replanted Teeth
Endodontic Management of Replanted Teeth
Management of Root Fractures
Other Displacement Injuries of Teeth Requiring Stabilization
Management of Oral Burns
Nature of the Injury
Treatment
Trauma Prevention
References
Suggested Readings
36 Oral Surgery for the Pediatric Patient
29 - Oral Surgery for the Pediatric Patient
Impacted Teeth
Impacted Third Molars
Impacted Teeth Othat than Third Molars
Surgical Exposure
Extraction of Impacted Teeth Other Than Third Molars
Associated Hard Tissue Lesions
Pediatric Odontogenic Tumors
Pediatric Odontogenic Cysts
Soft Tissue Procedures
Mucoceles and Ranulas
Fibromas and Pyogenic Granulomas
Infection of the Head and Neck Region
Fracture of the Mandible
Summary
References
37 Pediatric Oral Health and Dental Care From Demography to Advocacy
30 - Pediatric Oral Health and Dental Care: From Demography to Advocacy
Pediatric Oral Disease Characteristics
Pediatric Dental Care
Pediatric Dental Workforce
Pediatric Dental Delivery Systems
Pediatric Dental Financing, Payment, and Coverage
Pediatric Dental Utilization
Advocacy Action in Support of Pediatric Oral Health
References
Advocacy Case Study
38 Practice Management
31 - Practice Management
Practice Management
Part 1: Doctor’s Vision for the Practice
Part 2: Mission Statements: Practice and Team
Part 3: Fiscal Management
Business Plan
Monitor Goal Numbers
Monitoring Schedule
Daily
Monthly
Quarterly
Yearly
Setting a Budget
Reports That Should be Monitored Regularly
Fees
Accounts Payable
Retirement Planning
Part 4: Team Dynamics
Doctor Leadership
Assume the Leadership Role
Constantly Evaluate if Things Can Be Done Better. Do Not Settle For the Status Quo
Have Excellent Advisors, Mentors, and a Support System
Lead by Example and Create a Healthy Practice Culture
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Be “People Smart”: Understand People’s Different Behavioral Traits and Strengths
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Work-Style Approaches
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Hold Employees Accountable
Motivate with Praise, Appreciation, and Recognition
Conflict Resolution
Hold Regular Meetings
Types of Meetings to Hold
Celebrate Success
Employee Managment
Personnel Needs
Office Manual
Personnel Records
Standard Operating Procedures Manual
Interviewing, Hiring, and Training
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. This is one of the most important guidelines when a new employee is hired. You can train a new employee for specific job skill...
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. In The One Minute Manager, a book long-favored by business managers, Blanchard and Johnson7 wrote, “Most companies spend 50% t...
. A training/benefits waiting period may be the first 60–90 days of employment, during which time the dentist determines whether...
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. Much of the responsibility for training new employees can be delegated to current team members. A well-trained veteran team me...
. Conduct a 5- to 10-minute debriefing with the employee at the end of each day for the first 2 weeks (every other day is suffic...
Job Descriptions
. The doctor of a small practice can perform many of the employee management and business administrative duties. Once a team rea...
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.If the practice is large enough, it can also have a clinical coordinator and a front office coordinator. A coordinator is an ex...
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Front Office Team Duties
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. A flow coordinator is a clinical assistant who also watches the overall schedule and directs the doctor and other assistants t...
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. A hygiene assistant assists the hygienist and/or coronal polishing assistant with the flow of recare patients. For every two c...
. A well-done performance review is a powerful leadership tool for the doctor and a great learning experience for the employee. ...
Coach to Improve Performance
Dismissal
Wages, Raises, And Benefits
Employee Retention
Part 5: Systems
New-Patient Appointment
Initial Telephone Call
Before the New-Patient Appointment
New-Patient Appointment in the Office
Forms
Effective Scheduling
Surgical Referrals
Managing Collections
Collect Accurate Insurance Information for Patients With Insurance Coverage
Collect all Patient Payments, Deductibles, and Copayments at the Time of Service
Preparing Deposits
Sending Statements
Accounts Receivable Report
Managing Insurance
Steps for Effective Insurance Management
Coordination of Benefits
Dental Insurance Fraud
Different Types of Dental Insurance Programs
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Treatment Tracking
Treatment Plan Acceptance
What to Track at the End of the Day
Actions
Unscheduled Treatment
Recare
Checking Recare System Effectiveness
Purging Charts and Reactivating Patients
Internal and External Marketing
Practice Branding
Monthly Marketing Meeting
Internal Marketing
Prevention of Dental Disease
Dental Team
Facility
External Marketing
Marketing to Health Care Professionals
Dental Health Education Programs
Online Presence
Website
Social Media
Dental Office Technology
Compliance
Clinical Organization
Inventory Control
References