To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator’s license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace.
Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the fully updated Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Basic Mathematics for Water and Wastewater Operators introduces and reviews fundamental concepts critical to qualified operators. It builds a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations.
Features:
• Provides a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations.
• Updated throughout and with several new practical problems added.
• Provides illustrative examples for commonly used waterworks and wastewater treatment operations covering unit process operations found in today’s treatment facilities.
Author(s): Frank R. Spellman
Edition: 3
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 327
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 The 411 on Mathematics
1.1.1 Math Terminology and Definitions
1.1.2 Calculation Steps
1.1.3 Calculators
1.2 Dimensional Analysis
Chapter 2 Basic Units of Measurement, Conversions
2.1 Setting the Stage
2.2 Units of Measurement
2.3 Conversion Factors
2.3.1 Weight, Concentration, and Flow
2.4 Conversions
2.4.1 Typical Water/Wastewater Conversion Examples
2.4.2 Temperature Conversions
2.4.3 Population Equivalent (PE) or Unit Loading Factor
2.4.4 Specific Gravity and Density
2.4.5 Flow through a Channel
2.4.6 Flow through a Pipeline
2.4.7 Detention Time
2.4.8 Chemical Addition Conversions
2.5 Wire-to-Water Calculations
2.5.1 Horsepower and Energy Costs
2.5.2 Electrical Power
2.5.3 Power Factor
2.6 Advanced Units of Measurement and Conversions
2.6.1 Conversion Factors and SI Units
2.6.2 Conversion Factors (II)
2.6.3 Water/Wastewater Conversion Examples
2.6.4 Temperature Conversions (II)
2.6.5 Conversion Factors: Air Pollution Measurements
2.6.6 Soil Test Results Conversion Factors
2.6.7 Greenhouse Gas Emission Numbers to Equivalent Units and Carbon Sequestration
Chapter 3 Sequence of Operations
3.1 Sequence of Operations—Rules
3.2 Sequence of Operations—Examples
Chapter 4 Fractions, Decimals, and Percent
4.1 Fractions
4.2 Decimals
4.3 Percent
Chapter 5 Rounding and Significant Digits
5.1 Rounding Numbers
5.2 Determining Significant Figures
Chapter 6 Powers of Ten and Exponents
6.1 Rules
6.2 Examples
Chapter 7 Averages (Arithmetic Mean) and Median
7.1 Averages
7.2 Median
Chapter 8 Solving for the Unknown
8.1 Equations
8.2 Axioms
8.3 Solving Equations
8.4 Setting Up Equations
Chapter 9 Ratio/Proportion
9.1 Ratio
9.2 Proportion
9.3 Working with Ratio and Proportion
Chapter 10 Electrical Calculations
10.1 Electrical Calculations
10.1.1 Ohm’s Law
10.1.2 Electric Power
10.1.3 Electrical Power Calculations
10.1.4 Electric Energy
10.2 Series DC Circuit Characteristics
10.2.1 Resistance
10.2.2 Current
10.2.3 Voltage
10.2.4 Power
10.2.5 General Series Circuit Analysis
10.3 Parallel DC Circuits
10.3.1 Parallel Circuit Characteristics
10.3.2 Voltage in Parallel Circuits
10.3.3 Current in Parallel Circuits
10.3.4 Parallel Resistance
10.3.5 The Reciprocal Method
10.3.6 Product Over the Sum Method
10.3.7 Power in Parallel Circuits
Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume
11.1 Perimeter and Circumference
11.1.1 Perimeter
11.1.2 Circumference
11.2 Area
11.2.1 Area of a Rectangle
11.2.2 Area of a Circle
11.2.3 Area of a Circular or Cylindrical Tank
11.3 Volume
11.3.1 Volume of a Rectangular Basin
11.3.2 Volume of Round Pipe and Round Surface Areas
11.3.3 Volume of a Cone and Sphere
11.3.4 Volume of a Circular or Cylindrical Tank
11.3.5 Volume in Gallons
11.3.6 Volume of Pipes
11.3.7 Practice Problems with Solutions: Area
11.3.8 Practice Problems with Solutions: Volume
Chapter 12 Force, Pressure, Head, Velocity Calculations
12.1 Force and Pressure
12.2 Head
12.2.1 Static Head
12.2.2 Friction Head
12.2.3 Velocity Head
12.2.4 Pressure/Head
12.2.5 Head/Pressure
12.3 Velocity
12.4 Force, Pressure, Head, Velocity Example Problems
Chapter 13 Mass Balance and Measuring Plant Performance
13.1 Mass Balance for Settling Tanks
13.2 Mass Balance Using BOD Removal
13.3 Measuring Plant Performance
13.3.1 Plant Performance/Efficiency
13.3.2 Unit Process Performance/Efficiency
13.3.3 Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge
Chapter 14 Pumping Calculations
14.1 Basic Water Hydraulics Calculations
14.1.1 Weight of Water
14.1.2 Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Air
14.1.3 Water at Rest
14.1.4 Gauge Pressure
14.1.5 Water in Motion
14.1.5.1 Discharge
14.1.5.2 The Law of Continuity
14.1.6 Pipe Friction
14.2 Basic Pumping Calculations
14.2.1 Pumping Rates
14.2.2 Calculating Head Loss
14.2.3 Calculating Head
14.2.4 Calculating Horsepower and Efficiency
14.2.4.1 Hydraulic Horsepower (WHP)
14.2.4.2 Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower (BHP)
14.2.5 Specific Speed
14.3 Positive Displacement Pumps
14.4 Pumping Practice Problems
Chapter 15 Water Source and Storage Calculations
15.1 Water Source Calculations
15.1.1 Well Drawdown
15.1.2 Well Yield
15.1.3 Specific Yield
15.1.4 Well Casing Disinfection
15.1.5 Deep Well Turbine Pump Calculations
15.1.6 Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations
15.2 Water Storage
15.3 Water Storage Calculations
15.4 Copper Sulfate Dosing
Chapter 16 Water/Wastewater Laboratory Calculations
16.1 Faucet Flow Estimation
16.2 Service Line Flushing Time
16.3 Composite Sampling Calculation (Proportioning Factor)
16.3.1 Composite Sampling Procedure and Calculation
16.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Calculations
16.4.1 BOD 7-Day Moving Average
16.5 Moles and Molarity
16.5.1 Moles
16.7 Normality
16.8 Settleability (Activated Biosolids Solids)
16.9 Settleable Solids
16.10 Biosolids Total Solids, Fixed Solids, and Volatile Solids
16.11 Wastewater Suspended Solids and Volatile Suspended Solids
16.12 Biosolids Volume Index (BVI) and Biosolids Density Index (BDI)
16.13 Chemical Dosage Calculations
16.13.1 Dosage Formula Pie Chart
16.13.2 Chlorine Dosage
16.13.3 Hypochlorite Dosage
16.14 Laboratory Example Calculations
Chapter 17 Practice Problems
17.1 Basic Math Operations
17.2 Practice Problems
17.2.1 Additional Practice Problems
Appendix A Workbook Answer Key
Index
