This book presents the best papers from the 2nd International Conference on Mathematical Research for Blockchain Economy (MARBLE) 2020, held in Vilamoura, Portugal. While most blockchain conferences and forums are dedicated to business applications, product development or Initial Coin Offering (ICO) launches, this conference focused on the mathematics behind blockchain to bridge the gap between practice and theory.
Blockchain Technology has been considered as the most fundamental and revolutionising invention since the Internet. Every year, thousands of blockchain projects are launched and circulated in the market, and there is a tremendous wealth of blockchain applications, from finance to healthcare, education, media, logistics and more. However, due to theoretical and technical barriers, most of these applications are impractical for use in a real-world business context. The papers in this book reveal the challenges and limitations, such as scalability, latency, privacy and security, and showcase solutions and developments to overcome them.
Author(s): Panos Pardalos, Ilias S Kotsireas, Yike Guo, William Knottenbelt
Series: Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 177
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Smart Contract Derivatives
1 Introduction
2 Introspective SPV
3 Concrete Instances
References
Bitcoin Crypto–Bounties for Quantum Capable Adversaries
1 Introduction
1.1 Contributions
2 Related Work
3 Background
3.1 Bitcoin Fundamentals
3.2 Quantum Computing
4 Context and Modelling
4.1 Transitioning to Quantum Resistance
4.2 Attack Vectors Considered
4.3 Adversary Model
4.4 Aggregating Vulnerable Outputs
5 Crypto–Bounty Analysis
5.1 Methodology
5.2 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
An Econophysical Analysis of the Blockchain Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Econophysical Modelling
3 Data Collection
3.1 Mapping Exchanges to Bitcoin Addresses
3.2 Mapping Exchanges to ERC-20 Tokens
3.3 Exchanges
4 Model Validation and Forecasting
5 Analysis
5.1 The Relationship Between On-Chain and Off-Chain Movements
5.2 Do On-Chain Movements Affect Prices?
5.3 Do Price and Trading Volume Affect the Flow of Tokens?
5.4 Robustness Checks
6 Conclusion
References
Stress Testing Diversified Portfolios: The Case of the CoinShares Gold and Cryptoassets Index
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Index Methodology
2.2 Stress Testing
3 Multivariate Stress Testing
3.1 Univariate Risk Factor Modelling
3.2 Tail Behavior Estimates
3.3 Dependence Concepts
3.4 Scenario Plausibility
4 Analysis and Results
4.1 Index Replication and Risk Mapping
4.2 Baseline Scenario Simulation
4.3 Historical and Hypothetical Scenarios
5 Conclusion
References
Selfish Mining in Ethereum
1 Introduction
1.1 Selfish Mining Strategies in Ethereum
1.2 Performance of Ethereum Selfish Mining Strategies
2 A Combinatorics Approach
3 Strategy 1: Maximum Belligerence Signalling All Uncles
3.1 General Definitions and Basic Results
3.2 Expected Number of Referred Uncles by Attack Cycle
3.3 Expected Revenue of the Selfish Miner from Inclusion Rewards
3.4 Apparent Hashrate of Strategy 1
3.5 Expected Distance Between Uncles and Nephews by Attack Cycle
3.6 Deflation
3.7 Apparent Hashrate of the Honest Miners
4 Strategy 2A: Brutal Fork Signaling All Uncles
4.1 Apparent Hashrate of Strategy 2A
4.2 Apparent Hashrate of the Honest Miners
5 Strategy 2B: Brutal Fork Without Signaling Uncles
5.1 Apparent Hashrate of Strategy 2B
5.2 Apparent Hashrate of the Honest Miners
6 Conclusions
6.1 Random Walk
6.2 Dyck Words
6.3 Glossary
References
The Speculative (In)Efficiency of the CME Bitcoin Futures Market
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
2.1 The EMH
2.2 The SEH
2.3 Bitcoin Futures Markets
3 Data and Methodology
3.1 Methodology
3.2 Data
4 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Carbon Trading with Blockchain
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 EU ETS
2.2 Potential and Suitability of Blockchain
2.3 Existing Work
3 Proposal
3.1 Taxonomy
3.2 Tokens
3.3 Processes
3.4 Market Adjustment
3.5 Carbon Bookkeeping on and off Blockchain
4 Further Challenges and Considerations
5 Conclusion
References
Economic Games as Estimators
1 Introduction
2 Notation and Definitions
2.1 Discrete Event Games
2.2 Configuration Spaces
2.3 Samples, Signals, and Estimation
3 Bonding Curves as Price Estimators
3.1 The Configuration Space
3.2 Mechanisms
3.3 Price Estimation
4 Price Estimator Response Dynamics
4.1 Experimental Apparatus
4.2 Numerical Results
5 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Promise: Leveraging Future Gains for Collateral Reduction
1 Introduction
2 System Model
2.1 Specifications
2.2 Roles
2.3 Assumptions
2.4 Utilities
2.5 Security
3 Promise
3.1 Protocol
3.2 Sequential Games and Discounting
3.3 Termination Probability
4 Analysis
4.1 Action Choices
4.2 Security Proof
4.3 Cost Reduction for Service Providers
4.4 Cost Reduction for Users
5 Applications
5.1 XCLAIM
5.2 NOCUST
5.3 Implementation
6 Related Work
7 Conclusion
References
Step on the Gas? A Better Approach for Recommending the Ethereum Gas Price
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Ethereum
2.2 Gas Mechanism
3 Empirical Analysis
4 Methodology
4.1 Gas Price Prediction
4.2 Recommendation Algorithm
4.3 Measuring Gas Recommendation Efficiency
5 Results
5.1 Model Training
5.2 Evaluation
6 Related Work
6.1 Gas Mechanism
6.2 Gas Price Oracles
7 Conclusion
References
