Maternal Effect Genes in Development

Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Post-transcriptional gene regulation regulates germline stem cell to oocyte transition during Drosophila oogenesis
Introduction
Alternative splicing ensures accurate production of critical germline mRNAs that regulate sex determination and differ ...
RNA modifications direct splicing of sex determinants and translation of differentiation promoting genes in the germline
Production of ribosomes is finely tuned to facilitate differentiation
Hand-off mechanisms facilitated by combinatorial RNA binding proteins dynamically shape the translational landscape du ...
Summary
References
Further reading
Maternal inheritance of centromeres through the germline
Introduction
Epigenetic specification of centromeres
Self-propagating nature of CENP-A nucleosomes
How is CENP-A chromatin maintained?
CENP-A stability
Continual replenishment of CENP-A in germline
Biased inheritance of centromeres through female meiosis: Centromere drive
Regulating centromere size in early development
Centromere-mediated genome elimination: Importance of equivalent centromeres
Resolving centromere differences in early embryos
Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Signaling between somatic follicle cells and the germline patterns the egg and embryo of Drosophila
Introduction
Formation of the egg chamber
Selection of the oocyte
Germline-soma and soma-soma signaling pattern the polar and stalk cells and pre-polarize the newly formed oocyte
Anterior-posterior axis formation involves signaling between germline and follicle cells
Dorsal-ventral polarity establishment requires oocyte nuclear migration and signaling between the oocyte and follicle ...
Terminal patterning of the embryo requires follicle cell activity
Open questions in germline-follicle cell communication during Drosophila oogenesis and early development
Acknowledgments
References
Organizing the oocyte: RNA localization meets phase separation
Introduction
Functional advantages of RNA localization
Mechanisms of RNA localization
RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes
Xenopus oogenesis
Xenopus RNA localization pathways
RNPs and localization
Cis sequences and ``zip codes´´
Trans-factors
Biomolecular condensates and phase separation
General principles of phase separation
RNA localization and phase separation
Biomolecular condensates in oocytes and embryos
Nucleoli
P granules in C. elegans
Germ granules in Drosophila
The Balbiani body in Xenopus oocytes
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Species-specific mechanisms during fertilization
Introduction
The sperm´s journey to the egg
Chemotaxis and motility activation: The sperm gets moving
Sperm-egg binding
Triggering the acrosome reaction
Echinoderms
Amphibians
Sperm-egg coat binding
Sperm-egg membrane binding
Mammals
Teleost fish
Sea urchin
Abalone
Sperm-egg fusion: A lingering question mark
Conclusion
References
Further reading
The role of the cytoskeleton in germ plasm aggregation and compaction in the zebrafish embryo
Introduction
Localization routes of germ plasm ribonucleoparticles during oogenesis and early embryogenesis
Composition of germ plasm masses
Stages of animal germ plasm aggregation in the early zebrafish blastodisc
Interaction of astral microtubules and dynamic F-actin in RNP pre-aggregation
Recruitment of germ plasm during furrow induction
Medial-to-distal dynamics mediating germ plasm furrow compaction
Conclusion
References
Dead end and Detour: The function of the RNA-binding protein Dnd in posttranscriptional regulation in the germline
Introduction
Dead end: A conserved vertebrate-specific germ cell protein
Dead end is important for development and function of the germline
The role of Dead end in germ cell fate
Tumor formation associated with loss of Dead end
Regulation of RNA expression, stability and translation by Dead end
Dead end acts as a molecular hub for diverse posttranscriptional regulation events
Acknowledgments
References
From mother to embryo: A molecular perspective on zygotic genome activation
Introduction
The many-layers of transcriptional regulation in ZGA
Transcription basics
Transcription in the context of early embryo development
The molecular landscape of ZGA
RNA polymerase II
Transcription factors in ZGA
Zelda in Drosophila
Pou5f3, Sox19b, Nanog in zebrafish
DUX in mammals
Other notable TFs: GAF, NF-YA, and STELLA/DPPA3
Transcription intermediary factor 1-alpha (TIF1α)
GAGA factor
Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha (NF-YA)
STELLA/DPPA3
Chromatin
Histones
Histone levels
Linker histones
Histone variants
Histone modifications
H3K27ac
H3K4me3
Chromatin remodelers
Chromatin organization
Compartmentalizing transcription
Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Maternal regulation of seed growth and patterning in flowering plants
Introduction
Female gametophyte development
Seed development
Gametophytic maternal effects
Maternal effects caused by abnormal embryo sac morphology
Perdurance of maternal products
Imprinting effects
Maternal effects of undetermined mechanism
Sporophytic maternal effects on seed development
Control of seed size and composition by maternal transfer tissues
Sporophytic effects on embryo patterning
Effect of DNA methylation and small RNAs on seed development
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Maternal factors regulating symmetry breaking and dorsal-ventral axis formation in the sea urchin embryo
Introduction
Maternal determination of the D/V axis in sea urchin embryos: The heritage from experimental embryology
Nodal signaling initiates D/V axis specification of the sea urchin embryo
Studies on the Nodal promoter identify maternal transcription factors and signaling molecules required for the initiat ...
Yan, a maternal ETS domain transcription factor represses the nodal promoter
The maternal function of the transcriptional repressor Yan/Tel is essential for spatial regulation of nodal
Stability of sea urchin Yan/Tel is regulated by MAPK and maternal GSK3 and β-TRCP
Activity of the maternal type I BMP receptors Alk1/2 and Alk3/6 is required for the early spatial restriction of nodal
Identification of Panda as a factor required to restrict nodal expression during dorsal-ventral axis formation in the ...
panda mRNA is distributed asymmetrically in the oocyte and unfertilized egg
Increasing or decreasing the levels of Panda locally orients the D/V axis
Spatially restricted Panda signaling specifies the dorsal-ventral axis
Panda and Yan/Tel act upstream of the Lefty-dependent reaction-diffusion mechanism to initiate the spatial restrictio ...
Panda´s mechanism of action
Panda does not directly promote phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8
Yan/Tel acts downstream of Panda to restrict nodal expression
Conclusion: Maternal determinants of D/V axis formation and developmental plasticity of the early blastomeres
Acknowledgments
References
Maternal factors regulating preimplantation development in mice
Introduction
Initiation of embryonic development
Transition to independence: Zygotic genome activation
Maternal transcription factors prime ZGA
Preparing chromatin for transcription by maternal protein modifiers
Other maternal factors governing ZGA
Other preimplantation events regulated by maternal factors
Cell cleavage
Cell fate specification
Maternal factors require timely clearance
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
The maternal coordinate system: Molecular-genetics of embryonic axis formation and patterning in the zebra
fish
Polarity and cytoplasmic reorganization prime embryonic axis formation
Cytoplasmic domain formation in oocytes: Models of cytoskeleton- and phase separation-based polarity establishment
Cytoplasmic domain formation in eggs: Models for calcium-induced and cell cycle-dependent cytoplasmic flow to direct ...
Single-cell genotype-phenotype maps: Revealing positional patterning signatures during the oocyte-to-embryo transition
Maternal control of DV axial specification
Maternal control of dorsal cell fates
The vegetal microtubule (MT) network that translocates dorsal determinants
Signaling and dorsal cell fates
Maternal factors and ventral cell fates
Signaling pathways and the patterning of the embryonic axes
The activation of anterior-posterior patterning
Maternal and zygotic Wnt signaling in dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior patterning
The maternal and zygotic expression of Wnt pathway components
Wnt and Fgf signaling during organizer specification and AP patterning
Integration of maternal and zygotic Fgf signaling components in patterning
The activation of dorsal-ventral patterning
Nodal signaling in germ layer formation and left-right patterning
Nodal-Vg1 heterodimer specifies the mesoderm and endoderm germ layers
Maternal Vg1/Gdf3 control of left-right axis formation
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Maternal contributions to gastrulation in zebrafish
Introduction
Crash course on gastrulation movements: Internalization
Epiboly
Convergence and extension
Maternal-to-zygotic transition and its timing relative to gastrulation: A genomic perspective
Maternal regulation
Zygotic genome activation (ZGA)
Midblastula transition (MBT)
Downregulation of maternal transcripts
Requirement for maternal and zygotic gene products for gastrulation: A genetic perspective
Strict maternal (SM) genes
Maternal zygotic (MZ) genes
Strict maternal zygotic (SMZ) genes
Zygotic (Z) genes
Instructive and permissive contributors to gastrulation from the maternal and zygotic genomes: An embryo perspective
Cell proliferation
Cell motility
Axis specification
Epiboly
Mesendoderm internalization
Convergence and extension
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References