product iamge

Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage at the Nanoscale

This document was uploaded by one of our users. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA report form.

Download
Search on Amazon

Simply click on the Download Book button.

Yes, Book downloads on Ebookily are 100% Free.

Sometimes the book is free on Amazon As well, so go ahead and hit "Search on Amazon"

The book Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices at the Nanoscale anticipates covering all electrochemical energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and fuel cells,
transformation and enhancement materials for solar cells, photocatalysis, etc. The focal objective of
the book is to deliver stunning and current information to the materials application at nanoscale to
researchers and scientists in our contemporary time towardthe enhancement of energy conversion and
storage devices. However, the contents of the proposed book, Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage
at the Nanoscale, will cover various fundamental principles and wide knowledge of different energy
conversion and storage devices with respect to their advancement due to the emergence of nanoscale
materials for sustainable storage devices. This book is targeted to be award-winning as well as a reference
book for researchers and scientists working on different types of nanoscale materials-based energy
storage and conversion devices.

Features

    • Comprehensive overview of energy storage devices, an important field of interest for researchers worldwide

    • Explores the importance and growing impact of batteries and supercapacitors

    • Emphasizes the fundamental theories, electrochemical mechanism, and its computational view
      point and discusses recent developments in electrode designing based on nanomaterials, separators,
      and fabrication of advanced devices and their performances

    Fabian I. Ezema is a professor at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He earned a PhD in Physics and Astronomy from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His research focused on several areas of Materials Science, from synthesis and characterizations of particles and thin-film materials through chemical routes with emphasis on energy applications. For the last 15 years, he has been working on energy conversion and storage (cathodes, anodes, supercapacitors, solar cells, among others), including novel methods of synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the electrochemical and optical properties. He has published about 180 papers in various international journals and given over 50 talks at various conferences. His h-index is 21 with over 1500 citations and he has served as reviewer for several high impact journals and as an editorial board member.

    Dr. M.Anusuya, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., PhD is specialized in Material science, Thin Film Technology, Nano Science, and Crystallography. She is working as a Registrar of Indra Ganesan Group of Institutions, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. Earlier to this, she served as a Vice-Principal at Trichy Engineering College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India.. Being an administrator and teacher, with more than 25 years’ experience, for her perpetual excellence in academics she has been recognized with many awards. She has received over 45 awards in Academic and Social Activity. She has published more than 30 research papers in National and International journals, 7 chapters in edited books, 5 patents, presented 50 papers in the conferences and organized more than 200 webinars, both national and internationally.

    Dr Assumpta C. Nwanya is a Lecturer and a FLAIR (Future Leaders - African Independent Research) Scholar at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. She obtained her PhD in 2017 (University of Nigeria, Nsukka) with specialisation in the synthesis of nanostructured materials for applications in photovoltaics and electrochemical energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors) as well as for sensing. She was a Postdoctoral Fellow under the UNESCO-University of South Africa (UNISA) Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2018-2020). She is a research Affiliate with the SensorLab, University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories, Cape Town, South Africa. Dr Nwanya is a very active researcher and has published more than 85 scientific articles in high impact journals and has a Google Scholar’s H-index of 24 and 1475 citations.

    Author(s): Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema, M. Anusuya, Assumpta C. Nwanya
    Publisher: CRC Press
    Year: 2023

    Language: English
    Pages: 504
    City: London

    Cover
    Half Title
    Title Page
    Copyright Page
    Table of Contents
    Editors
    Contributors
    Chapter 1: Prediction and Optimization of Interpulse Tungsten Inert Gas (IPTIG) Arc Welding Process Parameters to Attain Minimum Fusion Zone Area in Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Sheets Used in Energy Storage Devices
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Experimental
    1.2.1 Finding the Working Limits of the Parameters
    1.3 Development of Empirical Relationships
    1.4 Checking Adequacy of the Developed Relationships ( Padmanban & Balasubramanian 2011)
    1.5 Relationship between Width of Bead and Fusion Zone Area
    1.6 Optimization of IPTIG Welding Parameters
    1.7 Analysis of Response Graphs and Contour Plots
    1.8 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 2: Structural and Morphological Analysis of Drying Kinetics of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Hybrid Solar Dryer for Drying of Sweet Potato Slices
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 Methodology
    2.2.1 Sample Preparation and Drying Experimentation
    2.2.2 Numerical Modeling
    2.3 Results and Discussions
    2.3.1 Parameters Determination
    2.3.2 Numerical Modeling
    2.3.3 SEM Analysis
    2.3.4 XRD Analysis
    2.4 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 3: Armchair Carbon Nanotube Magneto Flexo Thermo Elastic Mass Sensor with Non-Linear Vibration on an Elastic Substrate
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Mathematical Formulations
    3.2.1 Eringen Non-Local Theory of Elasticity
    3.2.2 Carbon Nanotube Atomic Structure
    3.2.3 Magnetic Field Force Fundamental Equations
    3.3 EBT Based on Non-Local Relations
    3.4 Ultrasonic Wave Solution
    3.5 Boundary Conditions
    3.5.1 Simply–Supported SWCNT
    3.5.2 Clamped–Clamped SWCNT
    3.6 Discussion and Numerical Findings
    3.7 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 4: Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Utilities in Bioenergy Conversion and Energy Storage
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
    4.3 Thin-Film Growth Mechanism
    4.4 Methods for Studying ALD
    4.5 Varities of ALD
    4.6 ALD Precursor Requirements
    4.7 ALD Process and Equipment
    4.8 Process Involved in Deposition
    4.9 Nanostructured Materials
    4.10 Coating of Electrode
    4.10.1 Nanotechnological Coating of Electrode
    4.10.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage Device
    4.10.3 Deposition and Surface Modification of Electrode
    4.10.4 Selective Area Deposition
    4.10.5 Energy Storage and Conversion
    4.11 Applications
    4.11.1 Applications in Photovoltaics
    4.11.2 Microelectronics Applications
    4.12 Advantages of an ALD
    4.13 Limitations of an ALD
    4.14 Conclusion and Outlook
    Conflicts of Interest
    References
    Chapter 5: Manufacturing of Buckypaper Composites for Energy Storage Applications: A Review
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Fabrication Techniques
    5.2.1 Preparation of BP with CNT
    5.2.2 Preparation of BP Using Graphene
    5.3 Properties of BP
    5.3.1 Elastic Property of BP
    5.3.2 Mechanical Properties
    5.3.3 Thermal Properties
    5.3.4 Electrical Properties
    5.4 Applications
    5.4.1 BP as Energy Storage Devices
    5.5 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 6: Synthesis of Graphene/Copper Oxide Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Synthesis of CuO/RGO Composites
    6.3 Electrochemical Analysis
    6.4 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 7: Nanocarbon Materials-Based Solar Cells
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Materials with Nanocarbon for Energy Storage
    7.2.1 Materials with Nanocarbon for Energy Conversion
    7.2.2 Graphene-Based Materials
    7.3 Results and Discussion
    7.3.1 Solar Cells
    7.3.2 DSSCs with Graphene/TiO 2 Active Layer
    7.3.3 Schottky Junction Solar Cells with Graphene
    7.3.4 Solar Cells–Organic Materials
    7.3.5 Solar Cells Made of Graphene Polymer
    7.3.6 Bulk-Heterojunction Graphene Solar Cells
    7.3.7 Solar Cells Made of Graphene Ga/As
    7.3.8 Solar Cells Made of Graphene Could Reach 60% Efficiency
    7.4 Future Developments in Graphene Solar Cells
    7.5 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 8: Bio-derived Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Viruses-Derived Materials for Energy Storage
    8.3 Microorganism Templates Nanostructures for Energy Applications
    8.3.1 Bacteria
    8.3.2 Fungi
    8.3.3 Algae
    8.4 Nanomaterials Derived from Plants
    8.4.1 Timber Materials
    8.4.2 Materials Obtained from Latte
    8.5 Materials Derived from Animals
    8.5.1 Materials Derived from Crab Shells
    8.5.2 Materials Derived from Shrimp Shells
    8.5.3 Shell-less Fish
    8.5.4 Materials Obtained from Terrestrial Animals
    8.6 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 9: A Conceptual Approach to Analyse the Behaviour of Nano Materials for Hydrogen Storage
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Hydrogen Storage
    9.3 Importance of the Hydrides in Hydrogen Storage
    9.3.1 Metal Hydrides
    9.3.2 Elemental Metal Hydrides
    9.3.3 Intermetallic Hydrides
    9.3.4 Complex Metal Hydrides
    9.3.5 Chemical Hydrides
    9.4 Role of Nickel, Platinum, and Palladium Nanoparticles in Hydrogen Storage Devices
    9.4.1 Nickel
    9.4.2 Palladium
    9.4.3 Platinum
    9.5 Carbon with Metal Hydrides
    9.6 Gaussian Program Implementation
    9.7 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 10: Investigation of Nanomaterials: An Energy Storage and Conversion Device
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Nanomaterials
    10.2.1 Dimensions of Nanomaterials
    10.2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials
    10.3 Types of Nanomaterials
    10.3.1 Carbon-Based Materials
    10.3.2 Metal-Based Materials
    10.3.3 Dendrimers
    10.3.4 Composites
    10.4 Types of Nanoparticles
    10.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
    10.4.2 Ceramic Nanoparticles
    10.4.3 Metal Nanoparticles
    10.4.4 Semiconductor Nanoparticles
    10.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles
    10.4.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
    10.5 Energy Storage Techniques
    10.6 Applications
    10.7 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 11: Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 History of Supercapacitors
    11.3 Types of Supercapacitors
    11.3.1 Double-Layer Capacitors
    11.4 Applications of Supercapacitors Using Nanomaterials
    11.4.1 Low Power Appliances
    11.4.2 Energy Buffering
    11.4.3 Voltage Stabilizers
    11.4.4 Energy Harvesting
    11.4.5 Supercapacitor-Battery Applications
    11.4.6 Solar/Wind Powered Street Lighting
    11.4.7 Railways
    11.4.8 Biomedical Engineering
    11.4.9 Power Quality Improvement
    11.5 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 12: Aspects of Nanotechnology Applied in the Energy Sector: A Review
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Energy Applications of Nanotechnology
    12.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
    12.2.2 Solar Cells
    12.2.2.1 Silicon-Based Solar Cells
    12.2.2.2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
    12.2.2.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
    12.2.3 Fuel Cells
    12.2.4 Wind Power
    12.2.5 Supercapacitors
    12.2.6 Quantum Dots
    12.2.7 Hydrogen Storage
    12.3 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 13: Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials from Biomass for Energy Storage
    13.1 Introduction
    13.2 Raw Material and Its Properties
    13.3 Fabrication/Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials from Biomass
    13.3.1 Methods of Synthesis
    13.3.1.1 Electrochemical Oxidation
    13.3.1.2 Electrochemical Exfoliation
    13.3.1.3 Physical Vapor Deposition
    13.3.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
    13.3.1.5 Solvothermal
    13.3.1.6 Pyrolysis
    13.3.1.7 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Methods
    13.3.1.8 Plasma-Assisted Synthesis Methods
    13.3.2 Problems That Apply to Synthesis Methods
    13.4 Benefits of Graphene Synthesis from Biomass
    13.5 Characterization of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
    13.5.1 Surface Characterization
    13.5.2 Structural Characterization
    13.5.3 Thermal Characterization
    13.5.4 Optical Characterization
    13.5.5 Electrical Characterization
    13.5.6 Microwave Characterization
    13.6 The Use of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
    13.6.1 Electric Capacitors
    13.6.2 Supercapacitors
    13.6.3 Batteries
    13.7 Challenges and a Vision for the Future
    13.8 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 14: Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing System for Leakage Detection in Underground Energy Storage Pipelines Using Machine-Learning Techniques
    14.1 Introduction
    14.2 Review of Status
    14.3 Importance of the Proposed Work
    14.4 Methodology
    14.5 Results and Discussion
    14.6 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 15: Influence of Nanomaterials on the Ionic Conductivity and Thermal Properties of Polymer Electrolytes for Li + -Ion Battery Application
    15.1 Introduction
    15.2 Experimental Details
    15.2.1 Synthesis of CdO Nanoparticles
    15.2.2 Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles
    15.2.3 Synthesis of Tin Oxide (SnO 2) Particles
    15.2.4 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles
    15.2.5 Preparation of Polymer Electrolyte
    15.3 Characterization Techniques
    15.3.1 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
    15.3.2 Conductivity Measurements
    15.3.3 SEM Analysis
    15.3.4 Thermal Analysis
    15.4 Results and Discussion
    15.4.1 XRD Studies
    15.4.1.1 XRD Pattern of Cadmium Oxide Particles
    15.4.1.2 XRD Pattern of Copper Oxide Particles
    15.4.1.3 XRD Pattern of Tin Oxide Particles
    15.4.1.4 XRD Pattern of Zinc Oxide Particles
    15.4.2 XRD Studies of Polymer Electrolyte
    15.4.3 Ionic Conductivity Studies
    15.4.4 Thermal Studies
    15.4.5 Morphological Studies
    15.5 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 16: Prospective Materials for Potential Applications in Energy Storage Devices
    16.1 Introduction
    16.2 Classification of Storage Systems
    16.2.1 Mechanical Storage
    16.2.2 Electrochemical Storage
    16.2.3 Thermal Storage
    16.2.4 Electrical Storage
    16.2.5 Hydrogen Storage Technologies
    16.3 Batteries
    16.4 Fuel Cells
    16.5 Supercapacitors
    16.5.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
    16.5.2 Pseudocapacitors
    16.5.2.1 Types of Pseudocapacitor
    16.5.2.2 Metal Oxide
    16.5.2.3 Conducting Polymers
    16.5.3 Hybrid Capacitors
    16.6 Ferroelectric Materials
    16.7 Nanomaterials in Lithium-Ion Batteries
    16.8 Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Storage Devices
    16.9 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 17: Food Waste Mixed with Carbon Nanotechnology for Energy Storage
    17.1 Introduction
    17.1.1 Food Waste as a Feedstock
    17.2 Production of Carbon Nanomaterials from Food Waste
    17.3 Structure and Properties of Carbon Nanotube
    17.4 Production of Carbon Nanotube from Food Waste
    17.4.1 Arc Discharge Method
    17.4.2 Laser Vaporization
    17.4.3 Chemical Vapors Deposition
    17.5 Advantages of Food Waste-Based Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesis
    17.6 Disadvantages of Food Waste-Based Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesis
    17.7 Future Aspects of Food Waste-Based Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesis
    17.8 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 18: A Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Aspect of Energy Storage Applications
    18.1 Introduction
    18.2 Phytochemical of O. basilicum
    18.3 Materials and Methods
    18.3.1 Preparation of Root Extract
    18.3.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
    18.3.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
    18.3.4 FTIR Measurement
    18.3.5 XRD Measurement
    18.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of AgNPs
    18.3.7 Electrochemical Performance
    18.4 Results and Discussion
    18.4.1 Characterisation of Zinc Nanoparticles from O. basilicum Root Extracts
    18.4.1.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
    18.4.1.2 FTIR Measurement
    18.4.1.3 XRD Measurement
    18.4.1.4 SEM Analysis
    18.4.1.5 Electrochemical Performance
    18.5 Summary and Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 19: A Critical Review on Role of Nanoparticles in Bioenergy Production
    19.1 Introduction
    19.2 Carbon Nanotubes
    19.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles
    19.4 Metallic Nanoparticles
    19.5 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 20: Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Energy Storage Applications
    20.1 Introduction
    20.2 Applications
    20.3 Synthesis of Pure CuO Nanoparticles
    20.4 Characterization Details
    20.5 Results and Discussion
    20.5.1 XRD and Surface Morphology Studies
    20.5.2 FTIR Studies
    20.5.3 Optical Studies
    20.5.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
    20.5.5 Photoluminescence Studies
    20.6 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 21: Enhanced Thermal Energy Effectiveness in Storage, Conversion, and Heat Transfer Utilizing Graphene-Based Devices
    21.1 Introduction
    21.2 Related Work
    21.3 Demonstrating the Most Common Graphene Components
    21.4 Storage of Electric Energy
    21.4.1 Performance Measures
    21.4.2 Graphene Paper-Based Materials
    21.4.3 Application of Thin Graphene Films toward Energy Transfer
    21.4.4 Electrochemical Catalyst’s Oxygen Reduction Process
    21.4.5 Electrical and Optoelectronics
    21.4.6 Translation and Utilization of Energy
    21.4.7 Material for Supercapacitor Electrodes
    21.4.8 Solar Thermodynamic Energy
    21.4.9 Usage of Graphene in Heat Transfer
    21.4.10 Nanographene Heat Transfer
    21.4.11 Coated Graphene Heat Transfer
    21.5 Discussion
    21.6 Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References
    Chapter 22: Nanomaterials in Energy Storage: Groundbreaking Developments
    22.1 Introduction
    22.2 Literature Survey and Theoretical Concepts
    22.3 Applications
    22.3.1 Photocatalysis
    22.3.1.1 Calculation of Percent Degradation of Dye
    22.3.1.2 Role of Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis
    22.3.1.3 Environmental Protection of Photocatalysis
    22.3.1.3.1 Water Splitting
    22.3.1.4 Waste Water Treatment
    22.3.1.5 Self-Cleaning Surface
    22.3.1.6 Photoelectrochemical Conversion
    22.3.1.7 Air Treatment
    22.3.2 Solar Cell
    22.3.3 Types of Solar Cells
    22.3.4 Aspects of Nanomaterials in Solar Cells
    22.3.5 Applications of Nanotechnology in Solar Cells
    22.3.6 Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Applications
    22.3.7 Energy Generation Using Genostep and Graphene Cement Battery
    22.3.8 Energy Storage in Concrete Building
    22.3.9 Nanomaterials as Waterproofing Layer in Construction
    22.4 Future Scope of Nanomaterials
    Bibliography
    Chapter 23: Prospects of Graphene and MXene in Flexible Electronics and Energy Storage Systems: A Review
    23.1 Introduction
    23.2 Peculiarity of MXene and Graphene
    23.3 Synthesis of MXene and Graphene
    23.3.1 Synthesis of MXene
    23.3.2 Synthesis of Graphene
    23.4 Application of MXene and Graphene
    23.4.1 Applications of MXene
    23.4.2 Applications of Graphene
    23.4.3 MXene and Graphene: Energy Storage Devices
    23.4.4 MXene and Graphene: Flexible Electron Devices
    23.5 Summary
    References
    Chapter 24: PAN-Based Composite Gel Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Batteries
    24.1 Introduction
    24.2 PAN-Based Composite Gel Electrolyte
    24.3 FTIR Studies
    24.4 Thermal Analysis
    24.5 Conductivity Behavior of PAN-Based PGE
    24.6 NMR analysis of PAN-Based Composite Gel Electrolytes
    24.7 Diffusion Coefficient
    24.8 SEM Studies
    24.9 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 25: High Gain Modified Luo Converter for Nano Capacitor Charging
    25.1 Introduction
    25.2 PF Improvement Methodology for AC and DC
    25.2.1 Passive PFCs
    25.2.2 Existing System
    25.3 Existing System Block Diagram
    25.3.1 Proposed System Block Diagram
    25.4 Proposed Circuit Topology
    25.5 Hardware Requirements
    25.5.1 Microcontroller’s Power Supply Section
    25.5.2 Microcontroller – Arduino
    25.5.3 Firing Circuit
    25.5.3.1 6N137
    25.6 Results and Discussion
    25.6.1 Proposed Simulation
    25.6.2 Measurements
    25.6.3 Proposed Circuit Diagram
    25.6.4 Input and Output Voltage Waveform
    25.6.5 MoSFET Gate Pulse
    25.6.6 Experimental Verification
    25.6.7 Hardware
    25.6.8 Hardware Output
    25.7 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 26: Nanotechnology in Solar Energy
    26.1 Introduction
    26.2 Generation of Solar Cell Technology
    26.2.1 Overview of First-Generation Photovoltaic Cells
    26.2.1.1 Overview of Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cells
    26.2.1.2 Overview of Third-Generation Solar Cells
    26.3 Nanotechnology in Solar Cells
    26.3.1 Formulation Methodologies and Nanostructured Materials
    26.3.1.1 Nanostructured Materials Classification
    26.3.1.2 Fabrication and Processing of Nanostructured Materials
    26.3.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for Solar Cells
    26.3.2.1 PV Thin-Film Systems Using CdTe, CdSe, and CdS
    26.3.2.2 Quantum Dot and Nanoparticle Solar Cells and PV Technology
    26.3.2.3 CuInS 2, Iron Disulfide Pyrite, and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4
    26.3.2.4 Solar Cells Made of Nanowires and Organic Materials
    26.3.2.5 Solar Cells Made of Polycrystalline Thin Films
    26.3.3 Progressive Nanostructures for Technological Applications
    26.3.3.1 Low-Cost Solar Cells Made of Nanocones
    26.3.3.2 Nanoparticles with a Core and Shell for PV Applications
    26.3.3.3 Silicon Photovoltaic
    26.3.4 Semiconductors (III–V)
    26.4 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 27: Nanocomposites for Energy Storage
    27.1 Introduction
    27.2 Electrochemically Synthesized Nanocomposites
    27.3 Green Nanocomposites
    27.4 Graphene Nanocomposites
    27.5 Ionic Nanocomposites
    27.6 Polymer Nanocomposites
    27.7 Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites
    27.8 Polymer–Ceramic Nanocomposites
    27.9 Summary and Future Trends
    References
    Chapter 28: Development of Environmental Benign Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Applications
    28.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
    28.2 Properties of Nanoparticles
    28.3 Metal Nanoparticles
    28.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MO-NPs)
    28.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
    28.6 Application of Nanomaterials for Energy Utilization
    28.6.1 Energy Conversion Applications – Solar Cells
    28.6.2 Fuel Cells
    28.7 Energy Storage Applications
    28.8 Batteries
    28.9 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 29: ZnS Nanoparticles for High-Performance Supercapacitors
    29.1 Introduction
    29.2 Experimental Methods
    29.3 Characterization Studies
    29.4 Analysis of the Results
    29.4.1 X-Ray Diffraction Studies
    29.4.2 UV–Vis Studies
    29.4.3 Photoluminescence Studies
    29.4.4 Dielectric Studies
    29.4.5 Photoconductivity Studies
    29.4.6 HRTEM Results
    29.5 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 30: Cost-Effective-Mediated Fabrication of ZnO Nanomaterials and Its Multifaceted Perspective toward Energy Storage and Environmental Applications
    30.1 Introduction
    30.1.1 Nanotechnology
    30.1.2 Types of Nanoparticles
    30.1.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles
    30.1.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
    30.1.2.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles
    30.1.2.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
    30.1.3 Ceramics NPs
    30.1.4 Semiconductor NPs
    30.1.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
    30.1.6 Nanoparticles Synthesis
    30.1.6.1 Physical Methods
    30.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
    30.1.6.3 Biological Methods
    30.1.7 ZnO Nanoparticles
    30.1.8 1D Nanostructured Semiconductors
    30.1.9 Core/Shell Nanocomposite Materials (CSNCs)
    30.2 ZnO Nanoparticles-Emerging Solar Cell Applications
    30.2.1 ZnO Nanoparticles Utilized in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
    30.2.2 Solar Cell Application
    30.2.3 Photocatalytic Application
    30.2.4 Supercapacitor Application
    30.3 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 31: Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices in Medical Applications
    31.1 Introduction
    31.2 Drug Delivery
    31.3 Fabrics
    31.4 Reactivity of Materials
    31.5 Strength of Materials
    31.6 Micro/Nano Electromechanical Systems
    31.7 Molecular Manufacturing
    31.8 Nanotechnology in Medicine – Nanoparticles in Medicine
    31.8.1 Nanotechnology in Medicine Application: Diagnostic Techniques
    31.8.2 Antibacterial Treatments Using Nanotechnology in Medicine
    31.8.3 Treatment of Wounds Using Nanotechnology in Medicine
    31.8.4 Cell Repair Using Nanotechnology in Medicine
    31.8.5 Medical Resources for Nanotechnology
    31.8.6 Nanotechnology vs. Covid-19
    31.8.6.1 How Nanotechnology Is Being Used to Fight Covid-19
    31.9 Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
    31.9.1 Nanotechnology Cancer Treatments: Nanoparticle Chemotherapy
    31.9.1.1 A Survey of Nanoparticles in Chemotherapy
    31.9.2 Nanotechnology Cancer Treatments: Heat
    31.9.2.1 A Survey of Methods using Nanoparticles to Improve Cancer Hyperthermia
    31.9.2.2 A Survey of Methods Using Nanoparticles to Improve Radiation Therapy
    31.9.3 Nanotechnology Cancer Treatments: Miscellaneous
    31.10 Nanotechnology vs. Heart Disease
    31.10.1 Nanotechnology in Medical Diagnostics
    31.11 Nanotechnology Treatments for Diabetes
    31.12 Nanotechnology Kidney Disease Treatments
    31.13 Nanoparticles in Antibacterial Treatments
    31.13.1 Extending Life by Repairing Cells
    31.14 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 32: Nanotechnology on Energy Storage: An Overview
    32.1 Introduction
    32.2 Nanotechnology in Batteries
    32.2.1 Lithium-Ion Battery
    32.2.2 Lithium-Air and Sodium-Air Batteries
    32.2.3 Lithium-Sulfur Battery/Sodium-Sulfur Battery
    32.2.4 Printed Battery
    32.3 Nanotechnology Applications Being Developed for Batteries
    32.3.1 Nanotechnology in Supercapacitors
    32.4 Managing the Alignment and Tip Formation of CNTs for Producing Highly Efficient Supercapacitors
    32.4.1 High-Performance Supercapacitors Made by Carefully Controlling the Frame and p-p Grouping of Graphene Sheets
    32.4.2 Three-Dimensional CNT and Graphene Networks as the Basis for High-Performance Supercapacitors
    32.4.3 Higher Efficiency Supercapacitors with Novel Structures
    32.5 Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells for Energy Storage
    32.5.1 Nanotechnology as a CNT or Fuel Cell Catalyst
    32.5.2 Fuel Cells with Proton Exchange Membrane
    32.5.3 Fuel Storage for Hydrogen
    32.6 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 33: Biocompatible Nano-Electro-Mechanical System–Based Cantilever: An Overview
    33.1 Introduction
    33.2 Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems
    33.3 Future of the Global Market
    33.4 Working Principle
    33.5 Biocompatible Materials for NEMS
    33.6 COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation Tool for NEMS
    33.7 Fabrication of NEMS Sensor
    33.8 Bulk Micromachining
    33.9 Surface Micromachining
    33.10 Microstereolithography
    33.11 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 34: Eco-friendly for Sustainable Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy Storage
    34.1 Introduction
    34.2 Sustainable Nanomaterial
    34.3 Sustainable Nanomaterials Production Methods
    34.3.1 Plant Sources
    34.3.2 Vitamins
    34.3.3 Microwave Heating
    34.3.4 Magnetic Nanocatalysts
    34.3.5 Hydrothermal Methods
    34.4 Advantages of Sustainable Nanomaterials
    34.5 Use of Nanomaterials
    34.5.1 Batteries for the Accumulation of Renewable Energy
    34.5.1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
    34.5.1.2 Lead-Acid Batteries
    34.5.1.3 Flow Batteries
    34.5.1.4 Redox Flow Battery
    34.5.1.5 Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
    34.5.2 Supercapacitor
    34.5.3 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
    34.5.4 Hydrogen Technology
    34.6 Challenges and Outlook for the Future
    34.7 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 35: Nanomaterials in Solar Energy Applications
    35.1 Introduction
    35.2 Nanomaterials in Solar Cells
    35.3 Nanomaterials as Solar Cell Electrodes
    35.4 Nanomaterials in Perovskite Solar Cells
    35.5 Nanomaterial-Based Phase Change Materials
    35.6 Nanofluids as a Working Fluid in Solar Collectors
    35.7 Nanomaterials in Solar Photothermal Collection
    35.8 Nanomaterials in Solar Photothermal Collection
    35.9 Flexible Solar Cells Based on Carbon Nanomaterials
    35.10 Solar Thermal Energy Storage Using Nanomaterials
    35.11 Conclusion and Future Trends
    References
    Chapter 36: Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
    36.1 Introduction
    36.2 Composite-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
    36.3 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
    36.4 Protein/Peptide-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Application
    36.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
    36.6 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 37: Green Energy Storage Devices Using Nanocellulose
    37.1 Introduction
    37.2 Nanocellulose for Supercapacitors
    37.3 Carbon Materials Derived from Nanocellulose
    37.4 Nanocellulose for Batteries
    37.5 Nanocellulose as Conductive Materials
    37.6 Nanocellulose/Metal Oxide Composites
    37.7 Composites Based on Nanocellulose for Solar Energy Applications
    37.8 Nanocellulose Composites for Piezoelectric Applications
    37.9 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 38: Synthesis of Graphene Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Applications
    38.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
    38.2 Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials
    38.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
    38.3.1 Synthesis of GO Nanomaterials
    38.4 Top-Down Methods for the Fabrication of GO
    38.4.1 GO Preparation by Liquid Exfoliation (LE)
    38.4.2 Hydrothermal Method
    38.4.3 Sol–Gel Method
    38.4.4 Co-precipitation Method
    38.4.5 Spray Pyrolysis Method
    38.4.6 Hydrothermal Method
    38.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method
    38.5 Potential and Emerging Applications of GO Nanosheets
    38.5.1 Sensor
    38.5.2 Solar Cell Application
    38.5.3 Photoluminescence Sensor
    38.5.4 Electrochemiluminescence Sensor
    38.6 Energy Storing Devices
    38.6.1 Supercapacitor
    38.6.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
    38.7 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 39: Electrical Energy Storage Analysis of Li4Ti2O6 Nanomaterials by Sol–Gel Method
    39.1 Introduction
    39.2 Materials and Methods of Synthesis
    39.3 Results and Discussion
    39.4 Infrared Analysis
    39.5 Scanning Electron Microscope
    39.6 AC Conductivity
    39.7 Impedance Analysis
    39.8 Conclusion
    References
    Index