Master Handbook of Acoustics КНИГИ ;АППАРАТУРА Название: Master Handbook of Acoustics - 5th EditionАвтор: F. Alton Everest, Ken Pohlmann Издательство: McGraw-Hill/TAB ElectronicsГод: 2009 Страниц: 528 ISBN: 0071603328 Формат: PDF Размер: 5 Mб Язык: английскийPractical Instruction on the Art and Science of Acoustic Design and ArchitectureBuild your own acoustic environments such as recording studios, control rooms, and home listening rooms with expert insights from two engineering professionals. Fully expanded to cover the latest methods and software tools, Master Handbook of Acoustics, Fifth Edition presents clear explanations of acoustic phenomena and provides a hands-on approach to room design. Learn how to perform acoustic measurements, choose room dimensions, assign speaker placement, analyze response curves, and design and install sound absorbers and diffusers. You will also find details on how to fine-tune room reverberation, minimize external noise, and apply psychoacoustic concepts.Master Handbook of Acoustics, Fifth Edition explains how to:Determine how sound propagates in open and enclosed spacesMeasure sound-pressure levels and work with decibelsAnalyze the characteristics of room modal resonancesTreat rooms for optimal early reflections, reverberation, and diffusionMinimize acoustic distortion, comb-filter effects, and HVAC interferenceConstruct high-quality stereo and surround-sound listening roomsDesign personal and professional recording studios and control roomsUnderstand the acoustics of auditoriums and concert hallsOptimize room designs using measurement, modeling, and auralization software turbobit.net sharingmatrix.com.com 0 1 2 3 4 5
Author(s): David McMahon
Edition: 5
Publisher: McGraw-Hill
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 529
Contents......Page 8
Introduction......Page 18
1 Fundamentals of Sound......Page 20
The Sine Wave......Page 21
Particle Motion......Page 22
Propagation of Sound......Page 23
Speed of Sound......Page 24
Wavelength and Frequency......Page 25
Complex Waves......Page 26
Harmonics......Page 27
Phase......Page 28
Octaves......Page 31
Spectrum......Page 33
Electrical, Mechanical, and Acoustical Analogs......Page 36
Ratios versus Differences......Page 38
Expressing Numbers......Page 39
Decibels......Page 40
Reference Levels......Page 42
Logarithmic and Exponential Forms Compared......Page 43
Acoustic Power......Page 44
Using Decibels......Page 46
Example 3: Microphone Specifications......Page 47
Example 6: Concert Hall......Page 48
Measuring Sound-Pressure Level......Page 49
Sine-Wave Measurements......Page 50
Sound Divergence......Page 52
Sound Intensity in the Free Field......Page 53
Sound Pressure in the Free Field......Page 54
Examples: Free-Field Sound Divergence......Page 55
Sound Fields in Enclosed Spaces......Page 56
Hemispherical Field and Propagation......Page 57
Sensitivity of the Ear......Page 58
Ear Anatomy......Page 59
The Ear Canal......Page 60
The Middle Ear......Page 61
The Inner Ear......Page 63
Stereocilia......Page 64
Loudness versus Frequency......Page 65
Area of Audibility......Page 67
Loudness versus Sound-Pressure Level......Page 68
Loudness and Bandwidth......Page 70
Loudness of Impulses......Page 72
Pitch versus Frequency......Page 73
An Experiment in Pitch......Page 74
Localization of Sound Sources......Page 75
Binaural Localization......Page 77
The Franssen Effect......Page 78
The Precedence Effect......Page 79
Perception of Reflected Sound......Page 80
Aural Nonlinearity......Page 82
Subjective versus Objective......Page 83
Occupational and Recreational Deafness......Page 84
Summary......Page 85
Sound Spectrograph......Page 88
Speech......Page 89
Formation of Voiced Sounds......Page 92
Frequency Response of Speech......Page 93
Directionality of Speech......Page 94
Wind Instruments......Page 95
Dynamic Range of Speech and Music......Page 96
Power in Speech and Music......Page 98
Noise......Page 99
Random Noise......Page 102
White and Pink Noise......Page 103
Signal Distortion......Page 105
Harmonic Distortion......Page 106
Resonance......Page 109
Audio Filters......Page 111
Specular Reflections......Page 114
Reflections from Convex Surfaces......Page 116
Reflections from Concave Surfaces......Page 117
Reflections from Parabolic Surfaces......Page 118
Standing Waves......Page 119
The Corner Reflector......Page 120
Mean Free Path......Page 121
The Effect of Single Reflections......Page 122
Perception of Spaciousness, Images, and Echoes......Page 123
Effect of Angle of Incidence, Signal Type, and Spectrum on Audibility of Reflection......Page 124
Wavelength and Diffraction......Page 126
Diffraction of Sound by Obstacles......Page 127
Diffraction of Sound by a Slit......Page 130
Diffraction by Loudspeaker Cabinet Edges......Page 132
Diffraction by Various Objects......Page 134
The Nature of Refraction......Page 136
Refraction of Sound in Solids......Page 137
Refraction of Sound in the Atmosphere......Page 138
Refraction of Sound in the Ocean......Page 141
Evaluating Diffusion in a Room......Page 144
Steady-State Measurements......Page 145
Exponential Decay......Page 146
Spatial Uniformity of Reverberation Time......Page 148
Geometrical Irregularities......Page 149
Absorbent in Patches......Page 150
Concave Surfaces......Page 151
Plane Surfaces......Page 152
Superposition of Sound......Page 154
Tonal Signals and Comb Filters......Page 155
Combing of Direct and Reflected Sound......Page 156
Comb Filters and Critical Bands......Page 161
Comb Filters in Microphone Placement......Page 163
Comb-Filter Effects in Practice: Six Examples......Page 164
Estimating Comb-Filter Response......Page 167
Growth of Sound in a Room......Page 170
Calculating Reverberation Time......Page 172
Sabine Equation......Page 174
Air Absorption......Page 176
Impulse Sources......Page 177
Measurement Procedure......Page 178
Reverberation and Normal Modes......Page 179
Analysis of Decay Traces......Page 181
Mode Decay Variations......Page 182
Frequency Effect......Page 183
Reverberation Time Variation with Position......Page 184
Decay Rate and the Reverberant Field......Page 185
Electroacoustically Coupled Spaces......Page 186
Influence of Reverberation on Speech......Page 187
Influence of Reverberation on Music......Page 188
Optimum Reverberation Time......Page 189
Bass Rise of Reverberation Time......Page 191
Listening Room Reverberation Time......Page 192
Artificial Reverberation......Page 194
Example 2: Modified Room......Page 195
Dissipation of Sound Energy......Page 198
Absorption Coefficients......Page 199
Impedance Tube Method......Page 201
Tone-Burst Method......Page 202
Mounting of Absorbents......Page 203
Mid/High-Frequency Absorption by Porosity......Page 205
Glass Fiber Insulation Materials......Page 206
Glass Fiber: Boards......Page 208
Effect of Thickness of Absorbent......Page 209
Effect of Airspace behind Absorbent......Page 210
Open-Cell Foams......Page 211
Drapes as Sound Absorbers......Page 212
Effect of Carpet Underlay on Absorbance......Page 216
Sound Absorption by People......Page 217
Sound Absorption in Air......Page 219
Panel (Diaphragmatic) Absorbers......Page 220
Poly Construction......Page 225
Bass Traps: Low-Frequency Absorption by Resonance......Page 227
Helmholtz (Volume) Resonators......Page 228
Perforated Panel Absorbers......Page 231
Slat Absorbers......Page 234
Reverberation Time of Helmholtz Resonators......Page 237
Increasing Reverberation Time......Page 238
Modules......Page 240
Early Experiments and Examples......Page 242
Resonance in a Pipe......Page 243
Reflections Indoors......Page 245
Two-Wall Resonance......Page 247
Frequency Regions......Page 248
Room-Mode Equation......Page 249
Experimental Verification......Page 251
Mode Decay......Page 255
Mode Bandwidth......Page 258
Mode Pressure Plots......Page 260
Mode Density......Page 263
Mode Spacing and Timbral Defects......Page 264
Audibility of Timbral Defects......Page 265
Optimal Room Shape......Page 266
The Bonello Criterion......Page 269
Nonrectangular Rooms......Page 270
Controlling Problem Modes......Page 272
Simplified Axial Mode Analysis......Page 273
Summary......Page 275
Experimentation......Page 276
Reflection Phase-Grating Diffusers......Page 277
Quadratic-Residue Diffusers......Page 278
Primitive-Root Diffusers......Page 280
Performance of Diffraction-Grating Diffusers......Page 281
Reflection Phase-Grating Diffuser Applications......Page 282
Flutter Echo......Page 287
Application of Fractals......Page 288
Diffusing Concrete Blocks......Page 289
Measuring Diffusion Efficiency......Page 291
Comparison of Gratings with Conventional Approaches......Page 294
Draperies......Page 296
Adjustable Panels: Absorption......Page 297
Louvered Panels......Page 299
Variable Resonant Devices......Page 300
Rotating Elements......Page 303
Portable Units......Page 304
Approaches to Noise Control......Page 308
Transmission Loss......Page 310
Effect of Mass and Frequency......Page 311
Coincidence Effect......Page 312
Composite Partitions......Page 313
Porous Materials......Page 314
Sound Transmission Class......Page 315
Comparison of Wall Structures......Page 316
Sound-Insulating Windows......Page 320
Sound-Insulating Doors......Page 322
Structureborne Noise......Page 324
Floating Floors......Page 325
Noise and Room Resonances......Page 327
Noise Standards and Specifications......Page 328
Selection of Noise Criterion......Page 330
Fan Noise......Page 334
Machinery Noise and Vibration......Page 335
Air Velocity......Page 338
Duct Lining......Page 339
Plenum Silencers......Page 341
Reactive Silencers......Page 343
Tuned Silencers......Page 344
ASHRAE......Page 345
Some Practical Suggestions......Page 346
Playback Criteria......Page 348
Peculiarities of Small-Room Acoustics......Page 349
Reverberation Time......Page 350
Low Frequency Considerations......Page 351
Bass Traps for the Listening Room......Page 354
Mid-High Frequency Considerations......Page 356
Identification and Treatment of Reflection Points......Page 358
Lateral Reflections and Control of Spaciousness......Page 359
Loudspeaker Placement......Page 360
Ambient Noise Requirements......Page 362
Role of Room Treatment......Page 363
Mode Analysis for Different Room Sizes......Page 365
Optimal Reverberation Time......Page 367
Studio Design Example......Page 368
Proposed Room Treatment......Page 369
Initial Time-Delay Gap......Page 374
Live End-Dead End......Page 376
Specular Reflections versus Diffusion......Page 377
Low-Frequency Resonances in the Control Room......Page 378
Initial Time-Delay Gaps in Practice......Page 380
Loudspeaker Placement and Reflection Paths......Page 381
The Reflection-Free-Zone Control Room......Page 382
Control-Room Frequency Range......Page 383
Outer Shell and Inner Shell of the Control Room......Page 384
Acoustical Treatment......Page 386
Absorption Calculation......Page 387
Specialized Treatment......Page 389
Early Reflections......Page 391
Live End-Dead End Voice Studio......Page 394
Essential Design Criteria......Page 396
Reverberation and Echo Control......Page 397
Hall Geometry......Page 399
Ceiling, Walls, and Floor......Page 401
Analytical Measures......Page 402
Reverberation......Page 404
Gain......Page 405
Spaciousness......Page 406
Concert Hall Architectural Design......Page 407
Ceiling and Walls......Page 408
Raked Floor......Page 409
Virtual Image Source Analysis......Page 410
Case Studies......Page 411
Coupling of Room Modes......Page 414
Speaker-Boundary Interference Response......Page 415
Comb Filtering......Page 416
Diffusion......Page 420
Diffusion Measurement......Page 421
Design Approach......Page 423
Acoustic Measurements......Page 424
Basic Analysis Instruments......Page 425
Time-Delay Spectrometry Techniques......Page 426
Maximum-Length Sequence Techniques......Page 428
AcoustiSoft ETF Program......Page 429
Frequency-Response Measurements......Page 431
Fractional-Octave Measurements......Page 435
Energy-Time Curve Measurements......Page 437
Reverberation Time......Page 441
Modal Response......Page 444
Speaker-Boundary Interference Response......Page 446
Optimization......Page 447
Theory of Operation......Page 448
Prediction of Room Response......Page 449
Cost Parameter......Page 453
Optimization Procedure......Page 454
Stereo Pair......Page 457
Stereo Pair with Two Woofers per Loudspeaker......Page 458
5.1-Channel Home Theater with Dipole Surrounds......Page 459
5.1-Channel Home Theater with Matched Satellites......Page 461
Subwoofer......Page 463
Summary......Page 466
History of Acoustic Modeling......Page 468
Scattering Coefficients......Page 471
Room Model Data......Page 473
Room Model Mapping......Page 478
Binaural Playback......Page 480
Summary......Page 481
Biblography......Page 484
Appendix......Page 500
A......Page 502
C......Page 503
D......Page 504
E......Page 505
F......Page 506
I......Page 507
M......Page 508
P......Page 509
R......Page 510
S......Page 511
W......Page 513
A......Page 514
B......Page 515
C......Page 516
D......Page 517
F......Page 518
H......Page 519
L......Page 520
M......Page 521
O......Page 522
P......Page 523
R......Page 524
S......Page 526
T......Page 527
W......Page 528
Z......Page 529
