Mass Transport, Gravity Flows, and Bottom Currents: Downslope and Alongslope Processes and Deposits

Title-page_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Mass Transport, Gravity Flows, and Bottom Currents
Copyright_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Dedication
Contents_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Contents
About-the-author_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
About the author
Professional preparation
Employment
Research
Publications
Global workshops on deep-water sandstone petroleum reservoirs
Awards, recognitions, and nomination
Philanthropy
Online resources for his publications
Transformation from a local science teacher to a global petroleum geologist
Science teacher
Motivations by TNM
Nature photographer
Reference
Preface_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Preface
Acknowledgments_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Acknowledgments
Parents, teachers, and benefactors
Early research (1965–78)
Mobil research on mass transport, gravity flows, and bottom currents (1978–2000)
Consultant research (2000–present)
Tsunamite research (2004–present)
Contourite research (1974–present)
Density plumes and hyperpycnite research (2002–present)
Sediment deformation and seismite research (1978–present)
Academic events (1968–present)
Editorial board member (2018–present)
Photographs
Elsevier
Copyrights and permissions
Editors and reviewers (1978–2020)
Logistics
ResearchGate (2014–present)
Wife and friend (1975–present)
The rocks (1962–present)
Chapter-1---Introductio_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Curre
1 Introduction
1.1 Why this book?
1.2 History
1.3 Universal case studies
1.4 Environments and processes
1.5 Objectives
1.6 Organization
1.7 Other aspects of the book
1.8 Synopsis
Chapter-2---Mass-transport--slides--slu_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--
2 Mass transport: slides, slumps, and debris flows
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Cosmic congruity
2.1.2 Background information
2.2 International projects and symposiums
2.3 Mechanics of sediment failure and sliding
2.4 Soil strength and slope stability
2.5 The role of excess pore-water pressure
2.6 Nomenclature and classification
2.6.1 Landslide versus mass transport
2.6.2 Subaerial processes based on the types of movement and material
2.6.3 Subaqueous processes based on mechanical behavior
2.6.4 Processes based on transport velocity
2.6.5 Excessive synonyms
2.7 Recognition of the three basic types of mass-transport deposits
2.7.1 Process sedimentology
2.8 Slides
2.8.1 Definition
2.8.2 Origin
2.8.3 Identification
2.8.4 Case studies
2.8.5 Facies models
2.8.6 Problems
2.9 Slumps
2.9.1 Definition
2.9.2 Origin
2.9.2.1 Submarine channel deposition
2.9.2.2 Earthquake-induced gravity tectonics
2.9.3 Identification
2.9.4 Case studies
2.9.5 Facies models
2.9.6 Problems
2.10 Debris flows: a prelude
2.11 Long-runout mechanisms
2.11.1 Basic concept
2.11.2 Subaerial environments
2.11.3 Submarine environments
2.11.4 Extraterrestrial environments
2.11.5 H/L ratio problems
2.12 Reservoir characterization
2.13 Synopsis
Chapter-3---Gravity-flows--debris-flows--grain-flows_2021_Mass-Transport--Gr
3 Gravity flows: debris flows, grain flows, liquefied/fluidized flows, turbidity currents, hyperpycnal flows, and contour c...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gravity (i.e., density) flows
3.3 Gravity-driven downslope processes
3.3.1 Mass transport versus turbidity currents
3.3.2 Sediment-gravity flows
3.3.3 Newtonian versus plastic fluid rheology
3.3.4 Turbulent versus laminar flow state
3.3.5 Sediment concentration
3.4 Debris flows
3.4.1 Definition
3.4.2 Origin
3.4.3 Identification
3.4.4 Case studies
3.4.4.1 Experimental sandy debris flows
3.4.4.2 Krishna-Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal, India
3.4.5 Facies models
3.4.6 Problem
3.5 Liquefied/fluidized flows
3.5.1 Definition
3.5.2 Origin
3.5.3 Identification
3.5.4 Case studies
3.5.5 Facies models
3.5.6 Problem
3.6 Grain flows
3.6.1 Definition
3.6.2 Origin
3.6.3 Identification
3.6.4 Facies models
3.6.5 Problem
3.7 Turbidity currents
3.7.1 Definition
3.7.2 Origin
3.7.3 Identification
3.7.4 Case studies
3.7.5 Facies models
3.7.6 Problem
3.8 Hyperpycnal flows: a prelude
3.8.1 Definition
3.9 Thermohaline contour currents: a prelude
3.9.1 Definition
3.9.2 Downslope initiation
3.10 Synopsis
Chapter-4---A-paradigm-shi_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Cu
4 A paradigm shift
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Amazon Fan, Equatorial Atlantic
4.2.1 Sinuous channels
4.2.2 High-amplitude reflection packet (HARP) units
4.2.3 Lower-fan lobes
4.3 Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico
4.3.1 Channelized lobes
4.4 Monterey Fan, North Pacific
4.4.1 Monterey Canyon
4.4.2 Depositional lobe
4.5 Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin, Bay of Bengal, India
4.6 The Annot Sandstone (Eocene–Oligocene), Peira-Cava Area, Maritime Alps, SE France
4.7 The Jackfork Group, Pennsylvanian, Ouachita Mountains
4.8 Basin-floor fan model, Tertiary, North Sea
4.9 Mass-flow lobes, Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Korea
4.10 Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, central China
4.11 Supercritical and subcritical fans
4.12 Synopsis
Chapter-5---Density-plumes--types--deflec_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows
5 Density plumes: types, deflections, and external controls
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Dataset
5.3 General types of density plumes
5.4 Deflected sediment plumes and their control
5.4.1 Elwha sediment plume, Strait of Juan de Fuca, United States
5.4.2 Connecticut River, New England region, United States, Long Island Sound, United States
5.4.3 Eel River, California, Pacific Ocean, United States
5.4.4 Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico, United States
5.4.5 Río de la Plata Estuary, South Atlantic Ocean, Argentina, and Uruguay
5.4.6 Rhone River, Gulf of Lions, Mediterranean Sea, France
5.4.7 Ebro Delta, Mediterranean Sea, Iberian Peninsula
5.4.8 Guadalquivir River, Gulf of Cádiz, Southern Spain
5.4.9 Tiber River, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy
5.4.10 Mornos and Fonissa Rivers, Gulf of Corinth, Greece
5.4.11 Congo (Zaire) River, Atlantic Ocean, West Africa
5.4.12 Yellow River, Bohai Bay, China
5.4.13 Yangtze River, East China Sea, China
5.4.14 Pearl River, South China Sea, China
5.4.15 Krishna-Godavari Rivers, Bay of Bengal, India
5.4.16 Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Australia
5.4.17 Dart River, Lake Wakatipu, South Island, New Zealand
5.5 Global significance of wind forcing on sediment plumes
5.6 Implications for sediment transport
5.7 Implications for provenance
5.8 Synopsis
Chapter-6---Hyperpycnal-fl_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Cu
6 Hyperpycnal flows
6.1 Definition
6.2 Origin
6.3 Identification
6.4 Hyperpycnites and related issues
6.4.1 The incentive
6.4.2 The history
6.4.3 The hyperpycnite problem
6.4.4 The objective
6.5 Basic concepts
6.5.1 Hyperpycnite
6.5.2 Continental margin
6.5.3 Plunge point
6.5.4 Plume versus flow
6.5.5 Types of river-mouth flows
6.5.6 River currents versus turbidity currents
6.5.7 Transformation of river currents into turbidity currents
6.5.8 Fine-grained deltas versus coarse-grained deltas
6.6 The Yellow River, China: a case study
6.6.1 Delta versus estuary
6.6.2 Bathymetry
6.6.3 River-mouth processes
6.6.4 Bottom-turbid layers
6.6.5 Multilayer hyperpycnal flows
6.6.6 Tide-modulated hyperpycnal flows
6.6.7 Internal waves
6.6.8 Velocity measurements
6.6.9 Tidal shear front
6.6.10 M2 tidal dynamics in Bohai and Yellow Seas
6.7 The Yangtze River, China: a case study
6.7.1 Hyperpycnal and hypopycnal plumes
6.7.2 Ocean currents
6.7.3 Tidal river dynamics
6.8 External controls
6.9 Recognition of ancient hyperpycnites
6.9.1 The hyperpycnite facies model
6.9.2 Inverse to normal grading
6.9.3 Internal erosional surface
6.9.4 Traction structures
6.9.5 Massive sandstones
6.9.6 Lofting rhythmites
6.9.7 Plant remains
6.9.8 Hyperpycnite fan models
6.9.9 Flawed principles
6.9.10 Grain size
6.9.11 Modern analogs
6.9.12 Submarine canyons
6.9.12.1 Origin
6.9.12.2 Classification
6.10 Cyclone-induced hyperpycnal turbidity currents in canyons
6.11 Configurations of density plumes
6.12 Global case studies
6.12.1 Dissipating plume with irregular front: the Río de la Plata Estuary, Argentina and Uruguay, South Atlantic Ocean
6.12.2 Coalescing lobate plume: Zambezi River, Indian Ocean
6.12.3 Tidal lobate plume: San Francisco Bay, Pacific Ocean
6.12.4 Swirly cyclonic plume: Tropical Storm Ida, Northern Gulf of Mexico
6.12.5 Whitings plume: the Great Bahama Bank, North Atlantic Ocean
6.12.6 Ring plume: South Pacific Ocean
6.12.7 Tendril plume: Lake Michigan, United States
6.12.8 Swirly plume: Lake Erie, United States
6.13 Challenges
6.14 Future research directions
6.15 Academic discussions
6.15.1 Stages of scientific development
6.15.2 Hyperpycnites and the remaining unresolved issues
6.16 Synopsis
Chapter-7---Triggering-mechanisms-of-_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--an
7 Triggering mechanisms of downslope processes
7.1 Definition
7.2 Origin
7.2.1 Earthquakes
7.2.2 Meteorite impact
7.2.3 Volcanic activity
7.2.4 Tsunami wave
7.2.5 Rogue waves
7.2.6 Cyclonic waves
7.2.7 Internal waves and tides
7.2.8 Ebb-tidal currents
7.2.9 Monsoon flooding
7.2.10 Groundwater seepage
7.2.11 Wildfire
7.2.12 Human activity
7.2.13 Tectonic oversteepening
7.2.14 Glacial maxima and loading
7.2.15 Salt movements
7.2.16 Depositional loading
7.2.17 Hydrostatic loading
7.2.18 Ocean-bottom currents
7.2.19 Biological erosion
7.2.20 Gas-hydrate decomposition
7.2.21 Sea-level lowstand
7.3 Synopsis
Chapter-8---Bottom-curren_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Cur
8 Bottom currents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Vertical continuum: surface currents, deep-water masses, and bottom currents
8.3 The thermohaline circulation
8.4 Four types of bottom currents
8.5 Thermohaline-induced geostrophic bottom currents (i.e., contour currents)
8.5.1 Origin of the Antarctic bottom water
8.5.2 Seismic geometries of contourites
8.5.3 Current velocity
8.5.4 Traction structures
8.6 The contourite problem
8.6.1 Dual forcing of global ocean circulation
8.6.2 Continuum between turbidity currents and contour currents
8.6.3 Revision of the basic principle of contour currents
8.6.4 Hiatuses in contourites
8.6.5 Origin of erosional features
8.6.6 Gulf of Cadiz as the type locality
8.6.6.1 Channel-current stage
8.6.6.2 Mixing and spreading Stage
8.6.6.3 Contour-current Stage
8.6.7 The contourite facies model
8.6.7.1 Five internal divisions
8.6.7.2 Current velocities
8.6.7.3 Internal hiatuses
8.6.7.4 Bioturbation
8.6.7.5 Multiple interactive processes
8.6.7.6 Grain-size data
8.6.8 Traction structures and shale clasts
8.6.9 Bedform-velocity matrix
8.6.10 Abyssal plain contourites
8.6.11 Sandy intervals of contourite facies models
8.7 Wind-driven bottom currents
8.7.1 The Gulf Stream and the Loop Current
8.7.2 Current velocity
8.7.3 Ewing Bank 826 Field: a case study
8.8 Tidal bottom currents in submarine canyons
8.8.1 Types of submarine canyons
8.8.2 Current velocity
8.8.3 Identification
8.9 Baroclinic currents (internal waves and internal tides)
8.9.1 Basic concept
8.9.2 Empirical data
8.9.3 Depositional framework
8.10 Sediment provenance
8.10.1 Current directions
8.10.2 Detrital composition
8.11 Reservoir quality
8.12 Synopsis
Chapter-9---Soft-sediment-deformati_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-
9 Soft-sediment deformation structures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Datasets
9.3 Definition
9.4 Origin
9.5 Classification
9.6 Advances
9.7 Geological implications based on case studies
9.7.1 Breccias
9.7.2 Lateral extent
9.7.3 Ocean bottom currents
9.7.4 Mass-transport deposits
9.7.5 Future research
9.7.6 Unresolved issues
9.7.6.1 The seismite problem
9.7.6.2 The breccias problem
9.7.6.3 The tombolith problem
9.8 Synopsis
Chapter-10---Epilogue--lessons-_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bott
10 Epilogue: lessons learned
10.1 Lessons learned
Appendix-A---Concepts--glossary--an_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-
Appendix A Concepts, glossary, and methodology
Appendix-B---Video-of-flume-experiments_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--
Appendix B Video of flume experiments on Sandy debris flows
B.1 Composition of slurries used in experiments
B.2 Video content
B.3 Deposits
Bibliography_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Bibliography
Author-Index_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Author Index
Subject-Index_2021_Mass-Transport--Gravity-Flows--and-Bottom-Currents
Subject Index