Marine Organisms: A Solution to Environmental Pollution?: Uses in Bioremediation and in Biorefinery

Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: Environmental Pollution and Biotechnological Solutions
References
Chapter 2: Bioremediation Using Microalgae and Cyanobacteria and Biomass Valorisation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Brief History
2.3 Microalgae Bioremediation: An Effective Approach Towards Environment Restoration
2.3.1 Application of Microalgae in CO2 Mitigation
2.3.2 Application of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment
2.4 Microalgae Biomass: Valorisation within a Biorefinery Concept
2.4.1 Upstream Production Systems
2.4.1.1 Open Systems
2.4.1.2 Closed Systems
2.4.2 Downstream Processing
2.4.2.1 Production of High-Value Products and Applications
2.5 Legislation Framework and Regulations/Policy and Legal Framework
References
Chapter 3: Removal of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants by Marine Microalgae
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Marine Microalgae-An Overview
3.3 Pollution in the Marine Environment-Sources of Heavy Metals and Organics
3.4 Removal of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants by Marine Microalgae
3.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals by Marine Microalgae
3.4.1.1 Biosorption of Metals
3.4.1.2 Factors Influencing Biosorption of Heavy Metals
Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors
3.4.1.3 Desorption of Heavy Metals and Biomass Regeneration
3.4.1.4 Heavy Metal Detoxification by Marine Microalgae
3.4.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants by Marine Microalgae
3.4.2.1 Pesticides
3.4.2.2 Hydrocarbons
3.4.2.3 Other Organic Compounds
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Algal-Bacterial Consortiums, from Fundamental Interactions to Environmental Applications
4.1 Microalgae Biomass Culture
4.2 Evolution of Microalgae and Bacteria
4.3 Ecological Interactions Between Organisms
4.4 Environmental Applications of the Microalgae-Bacteria Consortia
4.5 Communities in the Phycosphere
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants by Marine Yeasts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants by Yeast
5.3 Yeast Enzymes Implications in the Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes
5.4 Factors Controlling Mycoremediation Performance
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Sustainable Direct Digital Manufacturing Using Marine Resources
6.1 The Use of Fish Waste as 3D Printed Biomaterials
6.1.1 Biomaterials from Fish Waste
6.1.1.1 Calcium Carbonate
6.1.1.2 Chitin and its Derivatives
6.1.1.3 Collagen and Gelatin
6.2 Direct Digital Manufacturing: General Overview
6.2.1 DDM for Biopolymers Production
6.2.1.1 Fused Filament Fabrication
6.2.1.2 Direct-Ink Writing
6.2.1.3 Inkjet 3D Printing
6.2.1.4 Stereolithography
6.3 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 7: Exploiting Marine Fungi in the Removal of Hazardous Pollutants and Biomass Valorisation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hydrocarbon Degradation by Marine Fungi
7.2.1 Degradation Process of Alkane
7.2.2 Degradation Process of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
7.3 Heavy Metal Removal by Marine Fungi
7.3.1 Mechanisms of Mycoremediation for the Removal of Heavy Metals
7.3.1.1 Mobilization of Metals
7.3.1.2 Biosorption to Cell Wall
7.3.1.3 Metal Uptake and Translocation through Cell Membrane
7.3.1.4 Intracellular Metal Immobilization
7.3.1.5 Metal Transformations
7.4 Dye Degradation
7.4.1 Types of Toxic Dyes
7.4.2 Dye Decolorization and Degradation by Marine Fungi
7.5 Biomass Valorization
7.6 Conclusions and Future Prospectives
References
Chapter 8: Marine Bacteria for Bioremediation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioremediation
8.3 Bioremediation Techniques
8.3.1 In Situ Bioremediation
8.3.1.1 Bioattenuation
8.3.1.2 Bioventing
8.3.1.3 Bioaugmentation
8.3.1.4 Biostimulation
8.3.1.5 Biosparging
8.3.1.6 Bioslurping
8.3.1.7 Biofilters
8.3.1.8 Bioleaching and Biomining
8.3.1.9 Phytoremediation
8.3.1.10 Mycoremediation
8.3.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
8.3.2.1 Landfarming
8.3.2.2 Composting
8.3.2.3 Biopiles or Windrows
8.3.2.4 Bioreactors
8.4 Importance of Bacteria for Bioremediation
8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals
8.4.2 Biodegradation of Polyaromatic and Halogenated Hydrocarbons
8.4.3 Biodegradation of Petroleum and Diesel
8.4.4 Biodegradation of Plastics
8.5 Potential of Marine Bacteria for Bioremediation
8.6 Engineering Bacteria for Bioremediation
8.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9: Marine Bacteria for Biofertilizers
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Marine Organisms as Biofertilizer
9.2 Literature Review
9.3 Understanding the Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake
9.3.1 Nitrogen Fixation by the Bacteria
9.3.2 Phosphorus: Solubilization and Mineralization by the Bacteria
9.3.3 Potassium: Solubilization by the Bacteria
9.3.4 Oxidation of Sulfur by Bacteria
9.3.5 Micronutrients Solubilization by Bacteria
9.4 Regulations
9.5 Limitations
9.6 Future Outlook
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Marine Sponges for Bioremediation Purposes and for Secondary Metabolites Production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Potential and Contribution of Marine Sponges in Environmental Bioremediation
10.3 Search for Potential Sponges for Bioremediation Functions in Polluted Environments
10.4 Development of the Function of Symbiotic Sponge Bacteria Through Heavy Metal Bio-Adsorption Method
References
Chapter 11: Genetic Modification: A Gateway to Stimulate the Industrial Production of Biofuels
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Biofuels Basic Definition
11.1.2 Why the Need for Biofuel?
11.1.2.1 Bioethanol
11.1.2.2 Biodiesel
11.2 Biofuel from Different Sources
11.2.1 Biofuels from Lignocellulose Biomass
11.2.1.1 The Cellulosic Ethanol Production Process
11.2.1.2 Factors Affecting the Production from Lignocellulose Biomass
11.2.2 Biofuels from Enzymes
11.2.2.1 Cellulases
11.2.2.2 Factors Affecting the Production from Cellulases
11.2.3 Induction of Cellulase Expression
11.3 Literature Review
11.3.1 Fungus as the Source
11.3.2 Algae as the Source
11.4 Genetic Gateway to Obtain Biofuels
11.4.1 Principle
11.4.2 Some Examples from the Previous Studies
11.5 Strategies for Genetic Modification of Microorganisms
11.6 Regulations for Genetically Modifying Plants and Microbes for Biofuel Production
11.7 Future Outlook
11.7.1 Artificial Intelligence Can Help in Genetic Modification of Biofuels
11.7.2 Machine Learning in Action
11.7.3 Deep Learning Methods
References
Chapter 12: ``Omics´´ Technologies in Biodegradation Processes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Omics Approaches for Monitoring Biodegradation Processes
12.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Conclusion: Environmental Protection-Our Common Responsibility
References