Marine Biology

Cover
Marine Biology
Dedication
Contents
Eye on Science Boxes
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part One: Principles of Marine Science
1: The Science of Marine Biology
1.1: The Science of Marine Biology
The History of Marine Biology
Marine Biology Today
1.2: The Scientific Method
Observation: The Currency of Science
Two Ways of Thinking
Testing Ideas
Limitations of the Scientific Method
Eye on Science: The Best Laid Plans
Observing the Ocean
John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts
Interactive Exploration
2: The Sea Floor
2.1: The Water Planet
The Geography of the Ocean Basins
The Structure of Planet Earth
2.2: The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins
Early Evidence of Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
Earthís Geological History
2.3: The Geological Provinces of the Ocean
Continental Margins
Deep-Ocean Basins
The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents
Eye on Science: Life Below the Sea Floor
The Hawaiian Islands, Hot Spots, and Mantle Plumes
Interactive Exploration
3: Chemical and Physical Features of the World Ocean
3.1: The Waters of the Ocean
The Unique Nature of Pure Water
Seawater
3.2: Ocean Circulation
Surface Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor
3.3: Waves and Tides
Waves
Tides
Tall Ships and Surface Currents
Eye on Science: Larval Transport Near Hydrothermal Vents
Waves That Kill
Interactive Exploration
4: Fundamentals of Biology
4.1: The Ingredients of Life
The Building Blocks
The Fuel of Life
4.2: Living Machinery
Cells and Organelles
Levels of Organization
4.3: Challenges of Life in the Sea
Salinity
Temperature
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
4.4: Perpetuating Life
Modes of Reproduction
Reproductive Strategies
4.5: The Diversity of Life in the Sea
Natural Selection and Adaptation
Classifying Living Things
Evolutionary Perspective: From Snack to Servant: How Complex Cells Arose
Eye on Science: When Fishes Stepped on Land
Interactive Exploration
Part Two: The Organisms of the Sea
5: The Microbial World
5.1: Viruses
5.2: Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryote Metabolism
5.3: Unicellular Algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Other Unicellular Algae
5.4: Protozoans: The Animal-Like Protists
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians
Ciliates
5.5: Fungi
Eye on Science: The Origin of Eukaryotes
Tiny Cells, Big Surprises
Evolutionary Perspective: Symbiotic Bacteria—The Essential Guests
The Bay of Fire
Interactive Exploration
6: Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds and Plants
6.1: Multicellular Algae: The Seaweeds
General Structure
Photosynthetic Pigments
Types of Seaweeds
Life History
Economic Importance
6.2: Flowering Plants
Seagrasses
Salt-Marsh Plants
Mangroves
Economic Importance
Seaweeds for Gourmets
Eye on Science: Marine Algae as Biofuels
Interactive Exploration
7: Marine Animals Without a Backbone
7.1: Sponges
7.2: Cnidarians: Radial Symmetry
Types of Cnidarians
Biology of Cnidarians
7.3: Comb Jellies: Radial Symmetry Revisited
7.4: Bilaterally Symmetrical Worms
Flatworms
Ribbon Worms
Nematodes
Arrow Worms
Segmented Worms
7.5: Molluscs: The Successful Soft Body
Types of Molluscs
Biology of Molluscs
7.6: Arthropods: The Armored Achievers
Crustaceans
Biology of Crustaceans
Other Marine Arthropods
7.7: Bryozoans
7.8: Echinoderms: Five-Way Symmetry
Types of Echinoderms
Biology of Echinoderms
7.9: Hemichordates: A ìMissing Linkî?
7.10: Chordates Without a Backbone
Tunicates
The Case of the Killer Cnidarians
How to Discover a New Phylum
Eye on Science: The Complex Eyes of Mantis Shrimps
Interactive Exploration
8: Marine Fishes
8.1: Vertebrates: An Introduction
8.2: Types of Fishes
Jawless Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
Bony Fishes
8.3: Biology of Fishes
Body Shape
Coloration
Locomotion
Feeding
Digestion
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Regulation of the Internal Environment
Nervous System and Sensory Organs
Behavior
Reproduction and Life History
Shark!
Eye on Science: Great White Shark Migrations
Evolutionary Perspective: A Fish Called Latimeria
Interactive Exploration
9: Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
9.1: Marine Reptiles
Sea Turtles
Sea Snakes
Other Marine Reptiles
Biology of Marine Reptiles
9.2: Seabirds
Penguins
Tubenoses
Pelicans and Related Seabirds
Gulls and Related Seabirds
Shorebirds
Biology of Seabirds
9.3: Marine Mammals
Seals, Sea Lions, and the Walrus
Sea Otter, Marine Otter, and Polar Bear
Manatees and Dugong
Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
Biology of Marine Mammals
The Endangered Sea Turtles
Evolutionary Perspective: The Whales That Walked to Sea
Eye on Science: Feeding in the Blue Whale
How Intelligent Are Cetaceans?
Interactive Exploration
Part Three: Structure and Function of Marine Ecosystems
10: An Introduction to Marine Ecology
10.1: The Organization of Communities
How Populations Grow
Ways That Species Interact
10.2: Major Marine Lifestyles and Environments
10.3: The Flow of Energy and Materials
Trophic Structure
Cycles of Essential Nutrients
Biodiversity: All Creatures Great and Small
Cleaning Associations
Eye on Science: Carbon Sinks and Blue Carbon
Interactive Exploration
SPECIAL REPORT: Our Changing Planet
: Climate Change
The Greenhouse: Too Much of a Good Thing?
CO2 Through the Roof
Whatís Happening Now?
What Lies Ahead?
So What?
: Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem
: Overwhelming the Nitrogen Cycle
: The No-Zone
: Stripping the Sea Bare
: Disappearing Habitats
: So What Do We Do?
Will There Be a Last Straw?
For More Information
11: Between the Tides
11.1: Rocky Shore Intertidal Communities
Exposure at Low Tide
The Power of the Sea
The Battle for Space
Vertical Zonation of Rocky Shores
11.2: Soft-Bottom Intertidal Communities
The Shifting Sediments
Living in the Sediment
Transplantation, Removal, and Caging Experiments
Eye on Science: Sea Star Wasting Disease
Interactive Exploration
12: Estuaries: Where Rivers Meet the Sea
12.1: Origins and Types of Estuaries
12.2: Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
Salinity
Substrate
Other Physical Factors
12.3: Estuaries as Ecosystems
Living in an Estuary
Types of Estuarine Communities
Feeding Interactions Among Estuarine Organisms
12.4: Human Impact on Estuarine Communities
Fiddler on the Mud
Eye on Science: Restoration of Salt Marshes
Interactive Exploration
13: Life on the Continental Shelf
13.1: Physical Characteristics of the Subtidal Environment
13.2: Soft-Bottom Subtidal Communities
Unvegetated Soft-Bottom Communities
Seagrass Meadows
Human Impact on Seagrasses
13.3: Hard-Bottom Subtidal Communities
Rocky Bottoms
Kelp Communities
Under the Polar Ice
Life in Mud and Sand
Eye on Science: Toxoplasma: From Cats to Sea Otters
Interactive Exploration
14: Coral Reefs
14.1: The Organisms That Build Reefs
Reef Corals
Other Reef Builders
Conditions for Reef Growth
14.2: Kinds of Coral Reefs
Fringing Reefs
Barrier Reefs
Atolls
14.3: The Ecology of Coral Reefs
The Trophic Structure of Coral Reefs
Coral Reef Communities
14.4: Human Impact on Coral Reefs
Global Warming and Ocean Acidification
Pollution, Overfishing, Disease, and Habitat Destruction
Promoting Reef Resilience
Coral Reproduction
Deep-Water Coral Communities
"Must Have Been Something I Ate"
The Kaneëohe Bay Story
Interactive Exploration
15: Life Near the Surface
15.1: The Organisms of the Epipelagic
The Plankton: A New Understanding
The Phytoplankton
The Zooplankton
The Nekton
15.2: Living in the Epipelagic
Staying Afloat
Predators and Their Prey
15.3: Epipelagic Food Webs
Trophic Levels and Energy Flow
The Microbial Loop
Patterns of Production
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Red Tides and Harmful Algal Blooms
Swimming Machines
Eye on Science: Biological Nutrient Pumps
Interactive Exploration
16: The Ocean Depths
16.1: The Twilight World
The Animals of the Mesopelagic
Adaptations of Midwater Animals
16.2: The World of Perpetual Darkness
The Lack of Food
Sex in the Deep Sea
Living Under Pressure
16.3: The Deep-Ocean Floor
Feeding in the Deep-Sea Benthos
The Nature of Life in the Deep-Sea Benthos
Microbes in the Deep Sea
16.4: Hot Springs, Cold Seeps, and Dead Bodies
The Chambered Nautilus
Biodiversity in the Deep Sea
Eye on Science: Alvin Reborn
Interactive Exploration
Part Four: Humans and the Sea
17: Resources from the Sea
17.1: The Living Resources of the Sea
Food from the Sea
Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation
17.2: Non-Living Resources from the Sea Floor
Oil and Gas
Ocean Mining
17.3: Non-Living Resources from Seawater
Energy
Fresh Water
Minerals
Of Fish and Seabirds, Fishers and Chickens
Eye on Science: Aquaculture of Bluefin Tunas
Take Two Sponges and Call Me in the Morning
Interactive Exploration
18: The Impact of Humans on the Marine Environment
18.1: Modification and Destruction of Habitats
Trawling
18.2: Pollution
Eutrophication
Sewage
Oil
Persistent Toxic Substances
Plastic Waste
Thermal Pollution
18.3: Threatened and Endangered Species
18.4: Conserving and Enhancing the Marine Environment
Conservation
Restoration of Habitats
18.5: Prospects for the Future
Eye on Science: Microplastics in the Marine Environment
Biological Invasions: The Uninvited Guests
Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Save the Oceans
Interactive Exploration
Appendix A: Units of Measurement
Appendix B: Selected Field Guides and Other References for the Identification of Marine Organisms in North America
Appendix C: The World Ocean
Appendix D: Major Coastal Communities and Marine Protected Areas in North America and the Caribbean
Glossary
Index