Manual of First & Second Fixing Carpentry

Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
Abbreviations xv
Technical Data xvi
1 Reading Construction Drawings 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Orthographic Projection 3
1.3 Oblique Projections 5
2 Tools Required: their Care and Proper Use 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Marking and Measuring 8
2.3 Handsaws 12
2.4 Hammers 15
2.5 Screwdrivers 16
2.6 Marking Gauges 16
2.7 Chisels 17
2.8 Oilstones and Diamond Whetstones 18
2.9 Hand Planes 19
2.10 Ratchet Brace 20
2.11 Bits and Drills 20
2.12 Individual Handtools 23
2.13 Portable Powered and Cordless Circular Saws 24
2.14 Powered and Cordless Drills and Screwdrivers 25
2.15 Powered and Cordless Planers 26
2.16 Powered and Cordless Jigsaws 27
2.17 Powered and Cordless SDS Rotary Hammer Drills 28
2.18 Powered (Portable) Routers 28
2.19 Jigs 29
2.20 Nailing Guns 30
3 Carpentry Fixing-Devices 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Nails and Pins 34
3.3 Screws and Plugs 36
3.4 Cavity Fixings 40
4 Making a Carpenter’s Tool Box 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Construction 41
5 Making Builder’s Plant for Site Use 45
5.1 Saw Stool 45
5.2 Nail Boxes 53
5.3 Hop-ups 54
5.4 Board and Stand 55
5.5 Builder’s Square 56
5.6 Straightedges and Concrete-levelling Boards 58
5.7 Plumb Rules 59
6 Fixing Door Frames, Linings and Doorsets 60
6.1 Introduction 60
6.2 Fixing Door Frames 62
6.3 Frame Detail 64
6.4 Fixing Door Linings 65
6.5 Setting Up Internal Frames Prior to Building Block-partitions 68
6.6 Storey Frames 69
6.7 Subframes 69
6.8 Built-up Linings 70
6.9 Moisture Effect from Wet Plastering Methods 70
6.10 Doorsets 71
6.11 Fire-resisting Doorsets 72
7 Fixing Wooden and uPVC Windows 74
7.1 Introduction 74
7.2 Casement Windows 74
7.3 Glazing 75
7.4 Window Boards 76
7.5 Boxframe Windows 78
8 Fixing Floor Joists and Flooring 80
8.1 Introduction 80
8.2 Ground Floors 81
8.3 Laying T&G Timber Boarding 84
8.4 Floating Floor (with Continuous Support) 85
8.5 Floating Floor (with Discontinuous Support) 85
8.6 Fillet or Battened Floors 86
8.7 Beam-and-Block Floor 87
8.8 Engineered-Timber Floors 87
8.9 Upper Floors 88
8.10 Strutting 91
8.11 Fitting and Fixing Timber Joists 94
8.12 Fixing Flooring Panels on Joists 94
8.13 Fitting and Fixing Engineered Joists 95
8.14 Posi-Joist™ Steel-Web System 98
8.15 Overlay Flooring 101
9 Fixing Interior and Exterior Timber Grounds 104
9.1 Introduction 104
9.2 Skirting Grounds 104
9.3 Architrave Grounds 105
9.4 Apron-lining Grounds 105
9.5 Wall-panelling Grounds 105
9.6 Framed Grounds 106
9.7 External Grounds 106
10 Fixing Stairs and Balustrades 107
10.1 Introduction 107
10.2 Installation Procedure 108
10.3 Fixing Tapered Steps 116
10.4 Fixing Balustrades 118
11 Stair Regulations Guide to Design and Construction 122
11.1 The Building Regulations 2000 122
12 Constructing Traditional and Modern Roofs 131
12.1 Introduction 131
12.2 Basic Roof Designs 132
12.3 Roof Components and Terminology 132
12.4 Basic Setting-out Terms 138
12.5 Geometrical Setting-out of a Hipped Roof 140
12.6 Roofing Ready Reckoner 141
12.7 Metric Rafter Square 143
12.8 Alternative Method for the Use of the Metric Rafter Square 144
12.9 Bevel-formulas for Roofing Square 146
12.10 Roofmaster Square 147
12.11 Setting Out a Common (Pattern) Rafter 150
12.12 Setting Out a Crown (or Pin) Rafter 151
12.13 Setting Out a Hip Rafter 152
12.14 Setting Out Jack Rafters 155
12.15 Pitching Details and Sequence 156
12.16 Pitching a Hipped Roof (Double-ended) 159
12.17 Flat Roofs 160
12.18 Dormer Windows and Skylights 164
12.19 Skylights (Roof Windows) 168
12.20 Eyebrow Windows 168
12.21 Lean-to Roofs 174
12.22 Chimney-trimming and Back Gutters 174
12.23 Trussed Rafters 175
12.24 Erection Details and Sequence for Gable Roofs 177
12.25 Hipped Roofs Under 6 m Span 177
12.26 Hipped Roofs Over 6 m Span 178
12.27 Alternative Hipped Roof up to 11 m Span 178
12.28 Valley Junctions 179
12.29 Gable Ladders 179
12.30 Roof Hatch (Trap) 180
12.31 Chimney Trimming 180
12.32 Water-Tank Supports 181
12.33 Work at Height Regulations 2005 182
13 Erecting Timber Stud Partitions 183
13.1 Introduction 183
13.2 Traditional Braced Partition 183
13.3 Traditional Trussed Partition 183
13.4 Modern Stud Partition 184
13.5 Door-stud and Door-head Joints 186
13.6 Stud Joints to Sill and Head Plate 187
13.7 Door-stud and Sill-plate Joints 188
13.8 Corner and Doorway Junctions 189
13.9 Floor and Ceiling Junctions 190
14 Geometry for Arch Shapes 193
14.1 Introduction 193
14.2 Basic Definitions 193
14.3 Basic Techniques 194
14.4 True Semi-elliptical Arches 196
14.5 Approximate Semi-elliptical Arches 198
14.6 Gothic Arches 199
14.7 Tudor Arches 199
14.8 Parabolic Arches 201
14.9 Hyperbolic Arch 201
15 Making and Fixing Arch Centres 203
15.1 Introduction 203
15.2 Solid Turning Piece (Single-rib) 203
15.3 Single-rib Centres 204
15.4 Twin-rib Centres 205
15.5 Four-rib Centres 206
15.6 Multi-rib Centres 208
16 Fixing Architraves, Skirting, Dado and Picture Rails 210
16.1 Architraves 210
16.2 Skirting 214
16.3 Dado Rails and Picture Rails 217
17 Fitting and Hanging Doors 218
17.1 Introduction 218
17.2 Fitting Procedure 218
17.3 Hanging Procedure 223
18 Fitting Locks, Latches and Door Furniture 224
18.1 Locks and Latches 224
18.2 Mortice Locks 224
18.3 Mortice Latches 225
18.4 Mortice Dead Locks 226
18.5 Cylinder Night Latches 226
18.6 Fitting a Letter Plate 226
18.7 Fitting a Mortice Lock 227
18.8 Fitting Door Furniture 228
19 Fixing Pipe Casings and Framed Ducts 229
19.1 Introduction 229
19.2 Pipe Casings 229
19.3 Framed Ducts 229
20 Designing and Installing a Fitted Kitchen 230
20.1 Introduction 230
20.2 Ergonomic Design Considerations 230
20.3 Planning the Layout
20.4 Dismantling the Old Kitchen 232
20.5 Pre-fitting Preparation 233
20.6 Fitting and Fixing Base Units 234
20.7 Cutting, Jointing and Fitting Worktops 235
20.8 Fixing the Wall Units 237
20.9 Adding Finishing Items 238
21 Site Levelling and Setting Out 239
21.1 Introduction 239
21.2 Establishing a Datum Level 239
21.3 Setting Out the Shape and Position of the Building 240
Appendix: Glossary of Terms 245
Index 251