Mangroves with Therapeutic Potential for Human Health: Global Distribution, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Biopharmaceutical Application

Front Cover
Mangroves with Therapeutic Potential for Human Health
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
I. A global overview on the biodiversity and biogeographical distribution of mangrove ecosystems and their connectio...
1 Introduction to mangrove plants: protectors of the marine environment and an asset for human health
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Discovery and historical background
1.3 Terms and definition
1.4 Botanical classification and types of mangroves
1.5 Biogeographical distribution
1.6 Why are mangroves tropical?
1.7 Critical analysis of the current pharmacological validation of mangroves
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 Mangroves and people
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ecosystem services
2.2.1 Wood products
2.2.1.1 Charcoal production
2.2.1.2 Fish smoking purposes
2.2.1.3 Poles
2.2.1.4 Construction materials
2.2.1.5 Wood handicrafts and decorations
2.2.1.6 Fishing stakes and shrimp traps
2.2.1.7 Pulp and paper
2.2.1.8 Wood vinegar
2.2.2 Nonwood products
2.2.2.1 Thatches
2.2.2.2 Cigarette wrappers
2.2.2.3 Sugar and beverages
2.2.2.4 Vinegar
2.2.2.5 Sirup
2.2.2.6 Edible plant parts
2.2.2.6.1 Nypa fruticans
2.2.2.6.2 Rhizophora apiculata
2.2.2.6.3 Bruguiera
2.2.2.6.4 Acrostichum aureum
2.2.2.7 Dye
2.2.2.8 Fodder and forage
2.2.2.9 Honey and wax
2.2.2.10 Handicrafts and ornaments
2.2.3 Support of fisheries
2.2.4 Coastal protection
2.2.5 Climate regulation
2.2.6 Tourism
2.3 Human impacts
2.4 Managing mangroves
2.5 Conclusion
References
II. Mangroves in medicines
3 Biopharmaceutical applications of mangrove plants: opening a new door to disease management and prevention
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanoparticles from mangroves
3.2.1 Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh
3.2.2 Avicennia officinalis L
3.2.3 Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob
3.2.4 Excoecaria agallocha L
3.2.5 Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham
3.2.6 Rhizophora mucronata Lam
3.2.7 Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham
3.2.8 Other mangrove species
3.3 Plant edible vaccines: a revolution in vaccination
3.4 Pharmacological applications of enzymes derived from mangroves
3.5 Therapeutic applications of microbial pigments
3.6 In vitro production of phytomedicinal secondary metabolites: a ray of hope of novel pharmaceutical drugs from mangroves?
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Mangroves and their associated fungal endophytes: a prolific source of novel phytochemicals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Natural products from endophytes
4.3 Biological activities of mangrove endophytic fungi
4.3.1 Antioxidant
4.3.2 Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity properties
4.4 Conclusion
References
III. Monographs of medicinally important mangrove plants
5 Acanthus ilicifolius L.
5.1 General description
5.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
5.1.2 Botanical family
5.1.3 Vernacular names
5.2 Geographical distribution
5.3 Morphological characteristics
5.4 Ethnobotanical uses
5.5 Phytochemicals
5.6 Pharmacological activities
5.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
6 Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb.
6.1 General description
6.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
6.1.2 Botanical family
6.1.3 Vernacular names
6.2 Geographical distribution
6.3 Morphological characteristics
6.4 Ethnobotanical uses
6.5 Phytochemicals
6.6 Pharmacological activities
6.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
7 Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco
7.1 General description
7.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
7.1.2 Botanical family
7.1.3 Vernacular names
7.2 Geographical distribution
7.3 Morphological characteristics
7.4 Ethnobotanical uses
7.5 Phytochemicals
7.6 Pharmacological activities
7.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
8 Avicennia germinans (L.) L
8.1 General description
8.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
8.1.2 Botanical family
8.1.3 Vernacular names
8.2 Geographical distribution
8.3 Morphological characteristics
8.4 Ethnobotanical uses
8.5 Phytochemical compounds
8.6 Pharmacological activities
8.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
9 Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
9.1 General description
9.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
9.1.2 Botanical family
9.1.3 Vernacular names
9.2 Geographical distribution
9.3 Morphological characteristics
9.4 Ethnobotanical uses
9.5 Phytochemicals
9.6 Pharmacological activities
9.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
10 Avicennia officinalis L.
10.1 General description
10.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
10.1.2 Botanical family
10.1.3 Vernacular names
10.2 Geographical distribution
10.3 Morphological characteristics
10.4 Ethnobotanical uses
10.5 Phytochemicals
10.6 Pharmacological activities
10.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
11 Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume
11.1 General description
11.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
11.1.2 Botanical family
11.1.3 Vernacular names
11.2 Geographical distribution
11.3 Morphological characteristics
11.4 Ethnobotanical uses
11.5 Phytochemicals
11.6 Pharmacological activities
11.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
12 Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam
12.1 General description
12.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
12.1.2 Botanical family
12.1.3 Vernacular names
12.2 Geographical distribution
12.3 Morphological characteristics
12.4 Ethnobotanical uses
12.5 Phytochemicals
12.6 Pharmacological activities
12.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
13 Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff.
13.1 General description
13.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
13.1.2 Botanical family
13.1.3 Vernacular names
13.2 Geographical distribution
13.3 Morphological characteristics
13.4 Ethnobotanical uses
13.5 Phytochemicals
13.6 Pharmacological activities
13.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
14 Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W. Theob.
14.1 General description
14.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
14.1.2 Botanical family
14.1.3 Vernacular names
14.2 Geographical distribution
14.3 Morphological characteristics
14.4 Ethnobotanical uses
14.5 Phytochemicals
14.6 Pharmacological activities
14.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
15 Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob.
15.1 General description
15.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
15.1.2 Botanical family
15.1.3 Vernacular names
15.2 Geographical distribution
15.3 Morphological characteristics
15.4 Ethnobotanical uses
15.5 Phytochemicals
15.6 Pharmacological activities
15.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
16 Excoecaria agallocha L.
16.1 General description
16.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
16.1.2 Botanical family
16.1.3 Vernacular names
16.2 Geographical distribution
16.3 Morphological characteristics
16.4 Ethnobotanical uses
16.5 Phytochemicals
16.6 Pharmacological activities
16.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
17 Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham.
17.1 General description
17.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
17.1.2 Botanical family
17.1.3 Vernacular names
17.2 Geographical distribution
17.3 Morphological characteristics
17.4 Ethnobotanical uses
17.5 Phytochemicals
17.6 Pharmacological activities
17.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
18 Heritiera littoralis Aiton
18.1 General description
18.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
18.1.2 Botanical family
18.1.3 Vernacular names
18.2 Geographical distribution
18.3 Morphological characteristics
18.4 Ethnobotanical uses
18.5 Phytochemicals
18.6 Pharmacological activities
18.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
19 Kandelia candel (L.) Druce
19.1 General description
19.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
19.1.2 Botanical family
19.1.3 Vernacular names
19.2 Geographical distribution
19.3 Morphological characteristics
19.4 Ethnobotanical uses
19.5 Phytochemicals
19.6 Pharmacological activities
19.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
20 Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.
20.1 General description
20.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
20.1.2 Botanical family
20.1.3 Vernacular names
20.2 Geographical distribution
20.3 Morphological characteristics
20.4 Ethnobotanical uses
20.5 Phytochemicals
20.6 Pharmacological activities
20.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
21 Nypa fruticans Wurmb
21.1 General description
21.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
21.1.2 Botanical family
21.1.3 Vernacular names
21.2 Geographical distribution
21.3 Morphological characteristics
21.4 Ethnobotanical uses
21.5 Phytochemicals
21.6 Pharmacological activities
21.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
22 Pelliciera rhizophorae Planch. & Triana
22.1 General description
22.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
22.1.2 Botanical family
22.1.3 Vernacular names
22.2 Geographical distribution
22.3 Morphological characteristics
22.4 Ethnobotanical uses
22.5 Phytochemicals
22.6 Pharmacological activities
22.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
23 Rhizophora apiculata Blume
23.1 General description
23.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
23.1.2 Botanical family
23.1.3 Vernacular names
23.2 Geographical distribution
23.3 Morphological characteristics
23.4 Ethnobotanical uses
23.5 Phytochemicals
23.6 Pharmacological activities
23.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
24 Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
24.1 General description
24.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
24.1.2 Botanical family
24.1.3 Vernacular names
24.2 Geographical distribution
24.3 Morphological characteristics
24.4 Ethnobotanical uses
24.5 Phytochemicals
24.6 Pharmacological activities
24.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
25 Rhizophora mangle L.
25.1 General description
25.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
25.1.2 Botanical family
25.1.3 Vernacular names
25.2 Geographical distribution
25.3 Morphological characteristics
25.4 Ethnobotanical uses
25.5 Phytochemicals
25.6 Pharmacological activities
25.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
26 Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey.
26.1 General description
26.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
26.1.2 Botanical family
26.1.3 Vernacular names
26.2 Geographical distribution
26.3 Morphological characteristics
26.4 Ethnobotanical uses
26.5 Phytochemicals
26.6 Pharmacological activities
26.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
27 Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.
27.1 General description
27.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
27.1.2 Botanical family
27.1.3 Vernacular names
27.2 Geographical distribution
27.3 Morphological characteristics
27.4 Ethnobotanical uses
27.5 Phytochemicals
27.6 Pharmacological activities
27.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
28 Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig
28.1 General description
28.1.1 Botanical nomenclature
28.1.2 Botanical family
28.1.3 Vernacular names
28.2 Geographical distribution
28.3 Morphological characteristics
28.4 Ethnobotanical uses
28.5 Phytochemicals
28.6 Pharmacological activities
28.7 Associated fungal endophytes
References
Index
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