Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

COVER......Page 1
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases......Page 2
COPYRIGHT......Page 3
Contributors......Page 4
Preface to the 9th Edition......Page 28
1 A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity......Page 29
Attributes of Microbial Pathogens......Page 31
Evolution of Bacterial Pathogenicity......Page 32
Regulation of Bacterial Pathogenicity......Page 34
Close Encounters: Pathogens as Cell Biologists......Page 36
Identification and Characterization of Virulence Genes......Page 37
Key References......Page 38
References......Page 40
The Human Microbiome as a Complex Ecosystem Composed of Multiple Body Site Habitats and Niches......Page 42
From Whence and When Do Our Microbiomes Come?......Page 43
Oral Microbiome......Page 44
Associations Between Oral Microbiota and Disease States......Page 45
Skin and Nasopharynx......Page 46
Airway and Pulmonary Microbiome......Page 47
Intestine (Small and Large)......Page 48
Bacterial Vaginosis: An Example of a Prevalent Pathobiont in the Vaginal Microbiome......Page 49
Key References......Page 50
References......Page 52
Issues Regarding the Complexity and Variability of Probiotics......Page 55
Clinical Studies of Probiotics......Page 56
Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics......Page 57
Potential Adverse Effects of Probiotic Therapy......Page 58
Key References......Page 59
References......Page 61
Physical and Chemical Barriers to the Entry of Microorganisms Into the Body......Page 63
Mucous Membranes......Page 64
Genitourinary Tract......Page 65
Phagocytosis......Page 66
Cytokines and Chemotaxis......Page 67
Pathogen Interference With Innate Immune Responses......Page 68
Key References......Page 69
References......Page 70
Basic Antibody Structure......Page 72
Antigen Binding, Affinity, and Avidity......Page 73
Effector Functions Mediated by Antibodies......Page 74
Opsonization......Page 75
Kinetics of Antibody Production and Diagnosis of Infections......Page 76
Measurement of Functional Antibody......Page 77
Enumeration of Antibody-Producing B Cells: The ELISPOT Assay......Page 78
DNA Rearrangement and Generation of Diverse Antigen-Binding Sites......Page 79
Coreceptors Amplify or Suppress Antigen Signaling......Page 80
Second Signals and Interactions Between B Cells and T Cells......Page 81
Downregulation of Antibody Production......Page 82
Type I Hypersensitivity......Page 83
Hypergammaglobulinemia......Page 84
Combined T-Cell and B-Cell Defects......Page 85
Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 86
Key References......Page 87
References......Page 88
CD4 T Cells......Page 90
Th1 T Cells......Page 91
Th2 T Cells......Page 92
T-Regulatory Cells......Page 94
CD8 T Cells......Page 95
γδ T Cells......Page 96
Thymic Selection of CD4 and CD8 T Cells......Page 97
Lymph Nodes......Page 98
Spleen......Page 99
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue......Page 100
Organization of the Major Histocompatibility Complex......Page 101
MHC Class I Antigen-Processing Pathway......Page 102
MHC Class II Antigen-Processing Pathway......Page 104
Molecular Recognition of Microbial Products......Page 105
Toll-Like Receptors......Page 106
Dendritic Cells......Page 107
Phagosomal Pathogens......Page 108
Characterizing and Measuring Pathogen-Specific Immunity......Page 109
Key References......Page 111
References......Page 112
Adaptation of Mucosal Immune Responses......Page 117
Epithelial Cell Responses and Immunophysiology......Page 118
Sensing Mucosal Microbiota......Page 119
Sensing Metabolites......Page 120
Adaptive Immunity to Mucosal Stimulation......Page 121
Immunologic Homeostasis in Mucosal Tissues......Page 122
Good Bugs, Bad Bugs, and the Hygiene Hypothesis......Page 123
Mucosal Immunization......Page 124
Conclusions......Page 125
Key References......Page 126
References......Page 127
Morphologic and Structural Characteristics......Page 131
Nucleus and Actin Cytoskeleton......Page 132
Distribution of Neutrophils......Page 133
Step 1: Neutrophil Recruitment......Page 134
Tissue Migration......Page 135
Opsonins......Page 136
Step 3: Fate of the Ingested Microbe......Page 137
NADPH Oxidase (Respiratory Burst Oxidase)......Page 138
Rac2......Page 139
Proinflammatory Molecules Alter Apoptosis......Page 140
Intraphagosomal Killing of Microbes......Page 141
Oxygen-Independent Killing of Microbes......Page 142
Microbial Responses to Neutrophils......Page 143
Eosinophil Surface Receptors......Page 144
Key References......Page 145
References......Page 147
Complement Synthesis, Catabolism, and Distribution......Page 154
Generation of the Classical-Pathway C3 Convertase......Page 156
The Properdin-Directed Model......Page 158
Regulation of the C3 Convertases......Page 159
Basis for Discriminating Between Host and Microbial Cell Surfaces......Page 160
Families of Complement Proteins......Page 161
Modulation of Adaptive Immune Responses......Page 162
Complement in Tissue Regeneration and Organogenesis......Page 163
Microbial Interactions With the Complement System......Page 164
Incidence......Page 165
Pathophysiologic roles for complement in systemic lupus erythematosus.......Page 166
Clinical Aspects......Page 168
Molecular Aspects......Page 169
Meningococcal Disease in Complement Deficiency......Page 170
Molecular Aspects......Page 171
Factor H Deficiency......Page 172
CD59 Deficiency: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria......Page 173
Infectious Diseases......Page 174
Evaluation......Page 175
Treatment......Page 176
Key References......Page 177
References......Page 178
Magnitude of the Host Genetic Effect......Page 183
Malaria......Page 184
Mycobacterial Diseases......Page 185
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome......Page 186
Other Infectious Disease Phenotypes......Page 187
Human Leukocyte Antigens......Page 188
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 189
Applications......Page 190
Key References......Page 191
References......Page 192
Specific Nutrients and Their Roles in Immunity......Page 195
Vitamin C......Page 196
Iron......Page 197
Immunonutrition......Page 198
Older Adults......Page 201
Multivitamin and Trace Mineral Supplements......Page 202
Acknowledgments......Page 203
Key References......Page 204
References......Page 205
Initial Evaluation......Page 208
T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 213
Neutropenia......Page 214
Chronic Granulomatous Disease......Page 215
Phagocyte and Lymphocyte Defects Affecting Mononuclear Cells......Page 217
GATA2 Deficiency......Page 218
Key References......Page 219
References......Page 220
Descriptive Epidemiology......Page 222
Cohort Studies......Page 223
Prevalence......Page 224
Disease Surveillance......Page 225
Disease Prevention......Page 226
Epidemic Curves......Page 227
Chains of Transmission......Page 228
Outbreak Investigation and Response......Page 229
Key References......Page 231
References......Page 232
Short View Summary......Page 233
Infectious Causes of Chronic Diseases......Page 234
Factors That Favor Disease Spread......Page 235
Antimicrobial Resistance......Page 236
Acute Respiratory Tract Infections......Page 237
Human Coronaviruses......Page 238
Reservoirs of Influenza A......Page 239
Influenza A(H5N6)......Page 240
Other Influenza A Virus Subtypes......Page 241
Enteric Diseases......Page 242
International Spread: Cholera in the Western Hemisphere......Page 243
Future Trends......Page 244
Zika......Page 245
Tick-borne Pathogens......Page 246
Conclusion: Controlling the Threats......Page 247
Key References......Page 249
References......Page 250
Development and Use of Biological Weapons During World War II......Page 256
Offensive Biological Weapons Programs in the United States......Page 257
Civilian Research in the Soviet Union......Page 258
21st-Century Bioterrorism Against Humans: The Anthrax Letters......Page 259
Classifications of Biological Agents of Concern......Page 260
Addressing the Highest Priority Biological Agents......Page 261
The Animal Rule Use for Approval of Drugs, Vaccines, and Biologics......Page 262
Variola (Smallpox) Virus......Page 263
Francisella tularensis......Page 264
Clinical Provider Preparedness and Response......Page 265
Health Care Facility Preparedness and Response......Page 266
Surveillance......Page 267
Key References......Page 268
References......Page 269
Short View Summary......Page 272
Taxonomy......Page 273
Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing......Page 274
Antimicrobial Stewardship......Page 275
Specimen Selection, Collection, Transportation, and Initial Processing......Page 276
Blood Cultures......Page 280
Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 283
Skin and Soft Tissue Specimens......Page 284
Respiratory Tract Specimens......Page 285
Stool......Page 286
Genital Lesions and Syphilis Diagnostics......Page 287
Key References......Page 288
References......Page 289
A Brief History of “Antibiotics”......Page 290
The Societal Trust of Antibiotics Must Underpin Principles of Use......Page 291
1. Proper Selection of Empirical Antibiotics Starts With an Accurate Differential Diagnosis That Includes Likely Bacterial Infection......Page 292
5. Host Factors Affect Breadth of Empirical Therapy by Altering Likely Microbial Causes of Infection......Page 293
7. Deescalate Antibiotic Therapy Based on Microbiology Results and Clinical and Biomarker Responses......Page 294
9. Distinguish New Infection From Failure of Initial Therapy......Page 295
The Greatly Misunderstood Dogma of Bactericidal Versus Bacteriostatic......Page 296
The Good #2: Preventing Resistance Emergence......Page 297
“The Bad”: Redundant Definitive Therapy for Typical Bacterial Infections......Page 298
Key References......Page 299
References......Page 301
Molecular Genetics of Antibiotic Resistance......Page 303
Transposable Genetic Elements......Page 304
DNA Integration Elements......Page 305
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases......Page 306
SHV-derived β-lactamases.......Page 308
Anaerobic Bacteria......Page 309
Aminoglycoside Resistance–Modifying Enzymes......Page 310
Tetracycline Inactivation......Page 311
Fluoroquinolones......Page 312
Oxazolidinones......Page 313
MRSA Resistance......Page 314
Bypass of Antibiotic Inhibition......Page 315
Oxazolidinones......Page 316
Multidrug-Resistance Mechanisms Among Bacteria......Page 318
Control of Antibiotic Resistance......Page 319
Key References......Page 320
References......Page 321
Absorption......Page 324
Distribution......Page 325
Metabolism and Biotransformation......Page 326
Antimicrobial Potency......Page 327
Animal Models......Page 328
Time-Dependent Killing Agents......Page 329
Higher-Dose Extended-Interval Dosing......Page 330
Dose-Refinement Considerations......Page 331
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.......Page 332
Pharmacodynamics for Other Antiviral Drugs......Page 333
Key References......Page 334
References......Page 335
Mechanism of Action......Page 338
Resistance Mechanisms......Page 339
Pharmacologic Properties......Page 341
Untoward Reactions......Page 343
Clinical Use......Page 344
Penicillin G......Page 345
Nafcillin......Page 347
Ampicillin......Page 348
Ureidopenicillins......Page 349
Clavulanic Acid......Page 350
Clinical Use......Page 351
Adverse Reactions......Page 352
Key References......Page 353
References......Page 355
Chemistry......Page 358
Classification......Page 359
Mechanism of Action......Page 360
Spectrum of Activity......Page 361
Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 365
Pharmacologic Properties......Page 366
Adverse Reactions and Toxicities......Page 368
Second-Generation Cephalosporins......Page 370
Third-Generation Cephalosporins......Page 371
Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins......Page 372
Key References......Page 373
References......Page 375
Resistance......Page 381
Pharmacology......Page 382
Monobactams......Page 384
Key References......Page 385
References......Page 387
Immediate (Immunoglobulin E–Mediated or Pseudoallergic) Drug Reactions......Page 389
Skin Testing: Delayed Intradermal and Patch Tests......Page 390
Pathophysiology......Page 391
Cross-Reactivity Among β-Lactams......Page 392
Vancomycin......Page 394
Key References......Page 395
References......Page 396
Resistance......Page 398
Administration and Dosing......Page 399
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics......Page 400
Adverse Reactions......Page 401
Clinical Uses......Page 402
Key References......Page 403
References......Page 405
Chemistry......Page 407
Mechanisms of Action......Page 408
Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 410
Antimicrobial Activity......Page 411
Clinical Pharmacology......Page 413
Experimental Nephrotoxicity......Page 414
Clinical Nephrotoxicity......Page 415
Neuromuscular Blockade......Page 416
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 417
Key References......Page 418
References......Page 420
Structure and Mechanism of Action......Page 427
Drug Distribution......Page 429
Atypical Bacteria......Page 430
Respiratory Tract Infections......Page 431
Spirochetal Infections......Page 432
Mechanism of Resistance......Page 433
Teeth and Bone......Page 434
Administration and Dosing......Page 435
Gram-Positive Bacteria......Page 436
Respiratory Tract Infections......Page 438
Mechanism of Resistance......Page 439
Structure and Mechanism of Action......Page 440
Gram-Positive Bacteria......Page 441
Other Infections......Page 442
Drug Interactions......Page 443
Key References......Page 444
References......Page 446
Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 453
Adverse Reactions......Page 455
Adverse Reactions......Page 456
Rifamycins for the Treatment of Tuberculosis......Page 457
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex......Page 459
Staphylococcal Biofilms: Foreign-Body Infections and the Role of Rifampin......Page 460
Enterococci......Page 461
Second-Line Indications for Rifamycins......Page 462
Rifalazil......Page 463
Key References......Page 464
References......Page 466
Spectrum of Activity......Page 470
Effects on the Human Microbiome......Page 471
Adverse Effects......Page 472
Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 473
Anaerobic Infections......Page 475
Drug Interactions and Interference With Laboratory Tests......Page 476
Key References......Page 477
References......Page 479
Short View Summary......Page 482
Target Site Alterations......Page 483
Clinical Pharmacology......Page 484
Adverse Reactions......Page 486
Uses of Erythromycin......Page 487
Derivation, Chemistry, and Preparations......Page 489
Clinical Pharmacology......Page 490
Uses of Clarithromycin and Azithromycin......Page 491
Derivation, Chemistry, and Preparations......Page 493
Antimicrobial Activity......Page 494
Clinical Pharmacology......Page 495
Uses of Clindamycin......Page 496
Key References......Page 497
References......Page 498
Short View Summary......Page 504
Antimicrobial Activity......Page 505
Enterococci......Page 506
Laboratory detection of hVISA strains.......Page 507
Clinical Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics......Page 508
Distribution......Page 509
Administration......Page 510
Adverse Reactions......Page 512
Drug Interactions......Page 513
Meningitis and Ventriculitis......Page 514
Pseudomembranous Colitis......Page 515
Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance......Page 516
Clinical Pharmacokinetics......Page 517
Clinical Uses......Page 518
Structure and Mechanism of Action......Page 519
Adverse Reactions......Page 520
Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance......Page 521
Oritavancin......Page 522
Clinical Uses......Page 523
Key References......Page 524
References......Page 525
Antimicrobial Activity......Page 529
Resistance......Page 530
Drug Dosage and Administration......Page 531
Adverse Reactions and Drug Interactions......Page 532
Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Staphylococci......Page 533
Quinupristin-Dalfopristin......Page 534
Resistance......Page 535
Adverse Events and Drug Interactions......Page 536
Key References......Page 537
References......Page 538
Mechanism of Action......Page 540
Pharmacokinetics......Page 541
Colistimethate Sodium......Page 542
Toxicity......Page 543
Key References......Page 544
References......Page 545
Activity Against Gram-Positive Organisms......Page 546
Activity Against Mycobacterium spp.......Page 547
Tedizolid......Page 548
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci......Page 549
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition......Page 550
Key References......Page 551
References......Page 552
Long-Acting Sulfonamides......Page 554
Absorption......Page 555
Major Clinical Uses......Page 556
Metabolism and Excretion......Page 557
Dermatologic Reactions......Page 558
Trimethoprim Plus Other Antimicrobial Agents......Page 559
Other Infections......Page 560
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Use in Other Immunocompromised Patients......Page 561
Key References......Page 562
References......Page 564
Chemical Structures......Page 567
Mechanisms of Acquired Bacterial Resistance......Page 569
Distribution in Tissues......Page 571
Dosage Adjustments in Renal and Hepatic Insufficiency......Page 577
Urinary Tract Infections......Page 578
Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 579
Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Infections......Page 580
Respiratory Tract Infections......Page 581
Bone and Joint Infections......Page 583
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections......Page 584
Other Uses......Page 585
Problems With Quinolone Resistance During Clinical Use......Page 586
Adverse Effects......Page 587
Key References......Page 589
References......Page 590
Short View Summary......Page 599
Plazomicin (ACHN-490)......Page 600
Cefiderocol (S-649266)......Page 602
Meropenem-Vaborbactam (Vabomere)......Page 603
Fosfomycin (ZTI-01, Contepo): Intravenous......Page 604
Omadacycline (PTK 0796, Nuzyra)......Page 605
Eravacycline (TP-434, Xerava)......Page 606
Iclaprim......Page 607
Overall Conclusions......Page 608
References......Page 609
Excretion......Page 611
Pulmonary Reactions......Page 612
Fosfomycin......Page 613
Factors Affecting Formaldehyde Concentrations in Urine......Page 614
Key References......Page 615
References......Page 616
Skin Disinfection......Page 618
Prophylaxis of Infection in Clean Wounds......Page 619
Universal Decolonization......Page 620
Prophylaxis of Vascular Catheter–Related Infections......Page 621
Prophylaxis of Hemodialysis Catheter Infections......Page 622
Prophylaxis of Health Care–Associated Infections......Page 623
Treatment of Erythrasma and Rosacea......Page 624
Mechanism of Effects......Page 625
Adverse Effects......Page 626
Pharmacokinetics......Page 627
Key References......Page 628
References......Page 629
Short View Summary......Page 631
Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance......Page 632
Hepatitis.......Page 633
Significant Drug Interactions......Page 634
Miscellaneous adverse reactions.......Page 635
Derivation and Structure......Page 636
Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance......Page 637
Adverse Reactions......Page 638
Significant Drug Interactions......Page 639
Derivation and Pharmacology......Page 640
Usage......Page 641
Adverse Reactions......Page 642
Availability and Dosage......Page 643
World Health Organization Antituberculosis Drug Classification for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis......Page 644
Antimicrobial Activity......Page 645
Sulfonamides......Page 646
Adverse Reactions......Page 647
Ethionamide and Protionamide......Page 648
Key References......Page 649
References......Page 651
Pharmacology......Page 655
Lipid-Associated Formulations of Amphotericin B......Page 656
Other Routes for Amphotericin B......Page 657
Key References......Page 658
References......Page 659
Mechanisms of Triazole Resistance......Page 660
Drug Interactions......Page 663
Formulations and Pharmacology......Page 664
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring......Page 665
Formulations and Pharmacology......Page 666
Key References......Page 667
References......Page 668
Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Spectrum of Activity......Page 670
Pharmacology......Page 671
Susceptibility Testing in vitro......Page 672
Candidiasis......Page 673
Key References......Page 674
References......Page 676
Antimicrobial Activity......Page 679
Pharmacokinetics......Page 680
Toxicity......Page 681
Key References......Page 682
References......Page 683
Structures of Artemisinin Compounds......Page 685
Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics......Page 686
Clinical Use......Page 687
Toxicity......Page 688
Clinical Use......Page 689
Toxicity......Page 690
Mefloquine......Page 691
Chloroquine......Page 692
Quinine and Quinidine......Page 693
Toxicity......Page 694
Toxicity......Page 695
Pharmacokinetics......Page 696
Pharmacokinetics......Page 697
Azithromycin......Page 698
Key References......Page 699
References......Page 701
Antimonials......Page 706
Pentamidine......Page 708
Fexinidazole......Page 709
Melarsoprol......Page 710
Nitazoxanide......Page 711
Spiramycin......Page 712
Key References......Page 713
References......Page 715
Albendazole......Page 718
Triclabendazole......Page 720
Macrocyclic Lactones......Page 721
Ivermectin......Page 722
Doxycycline......Page 724
Praziquantel......Page 725
Bithionol......Page 726
Key References......Page 727
References......Page 730
CAP-Dependent Endonuclease Inhibitor......Page 734
Determination of Sensitivity of Viruses to Antiviral Agents......Page 735
Pharmacodynamics......Page 736
References......Page 737
Short View Summary......Page 738
Resistance......Page 739
Rimantadine......Page 740
Toxicity......Page 741
DAS181 (Fludase)......Page 742
Spectrum......Page 743
Clinical Studies......Page 744
Resistance......Page 745
Toxicity......Page 746
Spectrum......Page 747
Toxicity......Page 748
Resistance......Page 749
Other Respiratory Viruses......Page 750
Pharmacokinetics......Page 751
Clinical Studies......Page 752
Baloxavir Marboxil......Page 753
Key References......Page 754
References......Page 755
Resistance......Page 762
Pharmacokinetics......Page 764
Toxicity......Page 765
Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 766
Brivudin......Page 767
Pharmacokinetics......Page 768
CMX-001 (Brincidofovir)......Page 769
Interactions......Page 770
Fomivirsen......Page 771
Toxicity......Page 772
Mechanism of Action......Page 773
Interactions......Page 774
Clinical Studies......Page 775
Letermovir (AIC246)......Page 776
Maribavir......Page 777
Pritelivir (AIC316)......Page 778
Key References......Page 779
References......Page 781
Short View Summary......Page 789
Overview......Page 790
Toxicity......Page 792
Spectrum and Mechanism of Action......Page 793
Interferons......Page 794
Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics......Page 795
Spectrum and Mechanism of Action......Page 796
The Future......Page 797
Interferons......Page 798
Spectrum and Mechanism of Action......Page 799
Clinical Studies......Page 800
Clinical Studies......Page 801
Interactions......Page 802
Toxicity......Page 803
Spectrum and Mechanism of Action......Page 804
Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/Ombitasvir (Technivie)......Page 805
Clinical Studies......Page 806
Resistance......Page 807
Clinical Studies......Page 808
Clinical Studies......Page 809
Clinical Studies......Page 810
Key References......Page 811
References......Page 813
Classification......Page 817
Mechanisms of Action......Page 818
Herpesviruses......Page 819
Imiquimod and Resiquimod......Page 820
Pleconaril......Page 821
Key References......Page 822
References......Page 824
Short View Summary......Page 826
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor......Page 827
Adverse Effects of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor......Page 829
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor......Page 830
Interferon-α......Page 831
Interferon-γ......Page 832
Interleukin-10......Page 833
Immunoglobulins......Page 834
Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 835
Glucocorticosteroids......Page 837
Cell-Based Immunomodulatory Therapy......Page 838
Immunomodulatory Therapy and Infectious Risks......Page 839
Key References......Page 853
References......Page 854
Angiogenesis and Improved Wound Healing......Page 861
Indications......Page 862
Bacterial Intracranial Abscess......Page 863
Side Effects and Complications......Page 864
Conclusions......Page 865
Key References......Page 866
References......Page 867
Antimicrobial Stewardship......Page 868
Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategies......Page 869
Postprescription Review With Feedback......Page 870
Microbiologic Outcomes......Page 871
Acute-Care Hospitals and Long-Term Care Facilities......Page 872
Outpatient and Ambulatory Care......Page 873
Key References......Page 874
References......Page 875
Trial Hypotheses......Page 877
Methods to Attempt to Control Selection Bias in Nonrandomized Studies......Page 878
Overview......Page 879
Defining Terms......Page 880
Comparison With a Control Group......Page 881
Types of Hypotheses......Page 882
Selection of Study Participants......Page 883
Minimizing Error in Studies......Page 884
Outcome Assessments......Page 885
Examining Baseline Comparability......Page 887
Examining the Evidence: P Values and Confidence Intervals......Page 888
Examining the Conclusions......Page 890
Key References......Page 892
References......Page 894
Patient Selection for OPAT......Page 896
Use of Long-Acting Parenteral Agents......Page 898
Antimicrobial Considerations......Page 899
Drug Characteristics and Regimens......Page 900
Laboratory Monitoring of Antibiotic Therapy......Page 901
Future of OPAT......Page 902
Key References......Page 903
References......Page 904
Dosage Adjustment for Renal Impairment......Page 906
Dosage Adjustment for Body Size (Obese and Underweight)......Page 988
Suggested Readings......Page 989
Short View Summary......Page 990
Anatomic Variability......Page 991
“Normal Body Temperature”......Page 992
The Generation of Fever......Page 994
Acute-Phase Response......Page 995
Biologic Value of Fever......Page 997
Biologic Value of Fever: the Case of Sepsis......Page 998
Antipyretic Therapy: General Considerations......Page 999
Antipyretic Therapy: Pharmacologic Agents......Page 1000
Antipyretic Therapy: Physical Methods of Antipyresis......Page 1001
Key References......Page 1002
References......Page 1003
Classic Fever of Unknown Origin......Page 1006
Infants and Children......Page 1008
Postoperative Patients......Page 1009
HIV-Related Fever of Unknown Origin......Page 1010
Verification of Fever and Fever Pattern......Page 1011
Imaging Studies......Page 1013
Management......Page 1015
Key References......Page 1016
References......Page 1017
Approach to the Patient......Page 1019
Maculopapular Rash......Page 1022
Nodular Lesions......Page 1024
Vesiculobullous Eruptions......Page 1025
Petechial and Purpuric Eruptions......Page 1026
Sepsis......Page 1027
Pseudomonas Infection......Page 1028
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome......Page 1029
Rickettsial Infections......Page 1030
Syphilis......Page 1031
Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Viruses......Page 1032
Orthopoxviruses......Page 1033
Skin Lesions in Immunocompromised Patients......Page 1034
Key References......Page 1035
References......Page 1037
Etiology......Page 1041
Predisposing Factors......Page 1042
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1043
Antiviral Therapy......Page 1044
Key References......Page 1045
References......Page 1046
Etiology......Page 1048
Group A Streptococcus......Page 1049
Epstein-Barr Virus......Page 1050
Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 1051
Culture for Group A Streptococci......Page 1052
Therapy......Page 1053
Key References......Page 1054
References......Page 1056
Microbiology......Page 1058
Key References......Page 1059
References......Page 1061
Short View Summary......Page 1062
Clinical Manifestations and Management......Page 1063
Pathogenesis......Page 1064
Immunology......Page 1065
Selection of Antimicrobial Agents......Page 1066
Pneumococcal Vaccines......Page 1067
Additional Complications of Acute Otitis Media......Page 1068
Key References......Page 1069
References......Page 1071
Anatomy and Physiology of the Paranasal Sinuses......Page 1073
Pathogenesis......Page 1074
Microbiology......Page 1075
Epidemiology......Page 1077
Imaging......Page 1078
Antimicrobial......Page 1079
Complications......Page 1081
Prevention......Page 1082
Key References......Page 1083
References......Page 1084
Epidemiology and Etiology......Page 1087
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1088
Initial Management......Page 1089
Key References......Page 1090
References......Page 1091
Microbiologic Considerations......Page 1092
Microbial Specificity in Odontogenic Infections......Page 1093
Pathogenetic Mechanisms......Page 1094
Anatomic Considerations......Page 1095
Gingivitis......Page 1096
Pericoronitis......Page 1097
Ludwig angina.......Page 1100
Suppurative Jugular Thrombophlebitis (Lemierre Syndrome) and Carotid Artery Erosion......Page 1101
Osteomyelitis of the Jaws......Page 1102
Mucositis and Stomatitis in the Severely Immunocompromised Patient......Page 1103
Infected Embryologic Cysts......Page 1104
Imaging Techniques for the Localization of Infection......Page 1105
Suppurative Soft Tissue Infections......Page 1106
Key References......Page 1107
References......Page 1108
Microbial Etiology......Page 1110
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1111
Key References......Page 1112
References......Page 1114
Epidemiology......Page 1115
Radiology......Page 1116
Mucosal Inflammation......Page 1117
Microbes in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 1118
Whom to Treat......Page 1119
Choice of Antibiotic......Page 1120
Duration of Antibiotic Treatment......Page 1121
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Steady-State Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 1122
Key References......Page 1123
References......Page 1125
Pulmonary Defense Systems......Page 1129
Impairment of Pulmonary Defenses......Page 1132
History......Page 1133
Diagnostic Testing......Page 1134
Sputum Examination and Examination of Other Respiratory Tract Samples......Page 1135
Other Techniques......Page 1137
Blood Culture, Serologic Studies, and Urine Studies, Including Antigen Detection......Page 1138
Radiologic Examination......Page 1139
Acute Community-Acquired Pneumonia......Page 1140
Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia......Page 1144
“Atypical” Pneumonia Pathogens......Page 1145
Eosinophilic Pneumonias......Page 1146
Management and Therapy of Pneumonia......Page 1147
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1148
Prevention of Pneumonia......Page 1151
Key References......Page 1152
References......Page 1154
Physiology and Staging......Page 1160
Noninfectious Effusion and Empyema......Page 1161
Tuberculosis......Page 1163
Other Bacteria......Page 1164
Viruses......Page 1167
Other Parasites......Page 1168
Fluid Analysis......Page 1169
Treatment......Page 1170
Key References......Page 1171
References......Page 1172
Pathophysiology......Page 1176
Epidemiology......Page 1177
Diagnosis......Page 1178
Therapy......Page 1179
Key References......Page 1180
References......Page 1182
Causes......Page 1183
Age, Gender, and Race......Page 1184
Underlying Disease......Page 1185
Chest Radiographic Studies......Page 1186
Patients With Radiographic Evidence of Localized Infiltrates or Cavitation......Page 1188
Invasive Procedures......Page 1193
Antimicrobial Agents......Page 1195
Key References......Page 1196
References......Page 1198
Short View Summary......Page 1201
Clinical Disease......Page 1202
The Cystic Fibrosis Microbiome......Page 1203
Staphylococcus aureus......Page 1204
Pseudomonas aeruginosa......Page 1206
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria......Page 1208
Antimicrobial Treatment......Page 1209
Inhaled Antibiotics......Page 1211
Restoring CFTR Function......Page 1212
Lung Transplantation......Page 1214
Key References......Page 1215
References......Page 1216
Short View Summary......Page 1220
Chronic Pyelonephritis (Chronic Interstitial Nephritis)......Page 1221
Urovirulence in Bacteria......Page 1222
Type I Fimbriae......Page 1223
Other Virulence Factors of Uropathogenic E. coli......Page 1224
Urine and Bladder Defenses......Page 1225
Humoral and Cellular Immunity......Page 1226
Structural Abnormalities......Page 1227
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Versus Symptomatic Infection......Page 1228
Urinary Tract Infection in Children......Page 1229
Urinary Tract Infection in the Elderly......Page 1230
Symptoms......Page 1231
Presumptive Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection......Page 1232
Urinary Tract Infection With Low Numbers of Organisms......Page 1233
General Considerations......Page 1234
Bacteriologic Persistence......Page 1235
Oral Therapy......Page 1236
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection, Including Infection in Men......Page 1237
Relapsing Urinary Tract Infection......Page 1238
Epidemiology......Page 1239
Intrarenal Abscess......Page 1240
Diagnosis and Therapy......Page 1241
Imaging Studies......Page 1242
Summary of Treatment Approaches......Page 1245
Key References......Page 1247
References......Page 1248
Definition......Page 1252
Acute Lung Injury......Page 1254
Renal Dysfunction......Page 1255
Trends in Time: Incidence and Mortality......Page 1256
Main Causative Agents......Page 1257
Virulence Factors of Bacteria Causing Sepsis......Page 1258
Instigation of Inflammation......Page 1259
Activation of the Complement System......Page 1260
Activation of Coagulation and Vascular Endothelium......Page 1261
Platelets......Page 1262
Suppression of Innate Immune Cell Functions......Page 1263
Hematologic and Biochemical Evaluation......Page 1264
Host Response Biomarkers......Page 1265
Empirical Antibiotic Therapy......Page 1266
Immunomodulation......Page 1267
Prognosis......Page 1268
Future Perspectives......Page 1269
Key References......Page 1270
References......Page 1271
Short View Summary......Page 1274
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1275
Bacteriologic Characteristics......Page 1277
Pathogenesis......Page 1278
Diagnosis......Page 1279
Therapy......Page 1280
Prevention......Page 1281
Microbiologic Characteristics......Page 1282
Pathogenesis......Page 1284
Gastrointestinal.......Page 1285
Diagnostic Studies......Page 1286
Prognosis......Page 1287
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1288
Cephalosporins.......Page 1291
Carbapenems and aztreonam.......Page 1292
Eravacycline.......Page 1293
Hyperbaric Oxygen......Page 1294
Operative Approach......Page 1295
Microbiology......Page 1296
Treatment and Prognosis......Page 1297
Bacteriologic Findings......Page 1298
Diagnosis......Page 1299
Key References......Page 1300
References......Page 1302
Pyogenic Liver Abscess......Page 1307
Pyogenic Liver Abscess......Page 1308
Pyogenic Liver Abscess......Page 1309
Amebic Liver Abscess......Page 1310
Pyogenic Liver Abscess......Page 1311
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1312
Microbiology......Page 1313
Acute Cholecystitis......Page 1314
Key References......Page 1315
References......Page 1316
Pancreatitis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 1319
Defining Pancreatic Infections......Page 1320
Management of Pancreatic Infection......Page 1321
Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract......Page 1322
Preemptive Systemic Antibiotic Therapy......Page 1325
Review Article Recommendations......Page 1326
Conclusions......Page 1327
Key References......Page 1328
References......Page 1329
Microbiology......Page 1331
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1332
Key References......Page 1333
References......Page 1334
Microbiology......Page 1335
Diagnosis......Page 1336
Therapy......Page 1337
Key References......Page 1338
References......Page 1340
Epidemiology......Page 1342
Therapy......Page 1343
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1344
Key References......Page 1345
References......Page 1346
Infective Endocarditis......Page 1348
Predisposing Factors......Page 1349
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis......Page 1350
Microorganism–Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis Interaction......Page 1351
Viridans-Group Streptococcal Interactions With Platelets......Page 1352
Platelets and the Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis......Page 1353
Interactions Between Bacteria and the Growing Vegetation......Page 1354
Heart......Page 1355
Spleen......Page 1356
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1357
Embolic Events......Page 1358
Laboratory Findings......Page 1359
Special Diagnostic Tests......Page 1360
Transesophageal Echocardiography......Page 1361
Diagnostic Criteria......Page 1362
Enterococci......Page 1363
Staphylococci......Page 1364
Gram-Negative Bacilli......Page 1365
Anaerobic Bacteria......Page 1366
Fungi......Page 1367
Etiology of Infective Endocarditis in Injection Drug Users......Page 1368
General Principles......Page 1369
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1370
Penicillin-Sensitive Streptococcal Endocarditis......Page 1372
Endocarditis Caused by Streptococci With Penicillin Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Greater Than 0.5 µg/mL or by Enterococci......Page 1373
Staphylococcal Endocarditis......Page 1374
Other Antibiotics for Staphylococcal Infective Endocarditis......Page 1375
Endocarditis Due to Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas Species......Page 1376
Fungal Endocarditis......Page 1377
Surgical Therapy......Page 1378
Epidemiology......Page 1379
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1380
Etiologic Agents......Page 1381
Prevention......Page 1382
Pathologic Changes......Page 1383
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1384
Etiologic Agents......Page 1385
Key References......Page 1386
References......Page 1389
Mechanical Valves......Page 1401
Microbiology......Page 1402
Microbial Adherence......Page 1403
Pathology......Page 1404
Echocardiography......Page 1405
Limitations of Positron Emission Tomography/Computer Tomography......Page 1406
Broad-Range Polymerase Chain Reaction Based on the Bacterial 16S rRNA Gene......Page 1407
Staphylococcal Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis......Page 1408
Enterococcal Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis......Page 1409
Diphtheroid Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis......Page 1410
Indications for Surgical Intervention......Page 1411
High-Grade Pathogens......Page 1412
Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy Postoperatively......Page 1413
Key References......Page 1414
References......Page 1416
Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections......Page 1421
Microbiology of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection......Page 1422
Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) Infection......Page 1423
Management of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection......Page 1424
Left Ventricular Assist Devices......Page 1427
Management of Left Ventricular Assist Device Infections......Page 1428
Pathogenesis of Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection......Page 1429
Diagnosis of Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection......Page 1430
Surgical Management of Extracavitary Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection......Page 1432
Prevention......Page 1433
Peripheral Vascular Stents......Page 1434
Intraaortic Balloon Pumps......Page 1435
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1436
Key References......Page 1437
References......Page 1438
Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis in the Context of Prevention......Page 1441
Preexisting Cardiac Conditions......Page 1442
Experimental Infective Endocarditis......Page 1443
Minimization of Portals of Entry for Microorganisms......Page 1444
Historical Trends Over 7 Decades......Page 1445
Prevention of Health Care–Associated Infective Endocarditis......Page 1446
Invasive Procedures Involving Infected or Nonsterile Sites......Page 1447
Novel Approaches......Page 1448
Key References......Page 1449
References......Page 1451
Myocarditis......Page 1454
Etiologic Agents......Page 1455
Pathology and Pathogenesis......Page 1457
Diagnosis......Page 1459
Treatment......Page 1461
Etiologic Agents......Page 1462
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1464
Diagnosis......Page 1465
Treatment......Page 1466
Key References......Page 1467
References......Page 1468
Anatomic Considerations......Page 1477
Mediastinitis Secondary to Head and Neck Infections or From Other Sites......Page 1478
Risk Factors for Mediastinitis......Page 1479
Bacteriology......Page 1480
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis......Page 1481
Cardiac Surgery–Related Mediastinitis......Page 1482
Cardiac Surgery–Related Mediastinitis......Page 1483
Prevention of Mediastinitis After Cardiac Surgery......Page 1484
Definition and Etiology......Page 1485
Treatment......Page 1486
Key References......Page 1487
References......Page 1488
Encephalitis......Page 1492
Lumbar Puncture......Page 1493
Cell Count......Page 1494
Other Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests......Page 1495
Adjunctive Therapy......Page 1496
References......Page 1497
Short View Summary......Page 1499
Enteroviruses......Page 1500
Herpesviruses......Page 1501
Overview of Bacterial Meningitis......Page 1502
Neisseria meningitidis......Page 1504
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)......Page 1505
Borrelia burgdorferi......Page 1506
Virus Spread Within the Central Nervous System......Page 1507
Mucosal Colonization and Systemic Invasion......Page 1508
Meningeal Invasion......Page 1509
Alterations of the Blood-Brain Barrier......Page 1510
Alterations in Cerebral Blood Flow......Page 1511
Herpesviruses......Page 1512
Adults......Page 1513
Treponema pallidum......Page 1514
Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination......Page 1515
Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination......Page 1516
Differentiation of Bacterial From Viral Meningitis......Page 1517
Treponema pallidum......Page 1518
Borrelia burgdorferi......Page 1519
Who Should Have a Lumbar Puncture?......Page 1520
Empirical Therapy of Community-Acquired Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults......Page 1521
Experimental Data......Page 1522
Clinical Studies of Corticosteroids in Adults......Page 1523
Principles of Therapy......Page 1525
Neisseria meningitidis......Page 1526
Streptococcus pneumoniae......Page 1527
Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli......Page 1528
Treponema pallidum......Page 1529
Viral Meningitis......Page 1530
Reduction of Intracranial Pressure......Page 1531
Chemoprophylaxis......Page 1532
Basilar Skull Fracture......Page 1533
Immunoprophylaxis......Page 1534
Key References......Page 1535
References......Page 1536
Encephalitis......Page 1544
Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 1545
Coccidioides Meningitis......Page 1546
Other Molds Causing Meningitis......Page 1547
Taenia solium Meningitis......Page 1548
Key References......Page 1549
References......Page 1550
Clinical Syndromes......Page 1551
General Clinical Approach......Page 1553
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1555
Polymerase Chain Reaction and Antibody Studies......Page 1557
Management......Page 1559
Viral Etiology of Encephalitis......Page 1560
Herpes Simplex Virus Pathogenesis......Page 1561
Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis: Treatment and Outcomes......Page 1562
Varicella-Zoster Virus Vasculopathy......Page 1563
Epstein-Barr Virus......Page 1564
West Nile Virus (Also See Chapter 153)......Page 1565
West Nile Virus: Infection Outcome......Page 1566
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus......Page 1567
California Encephalitis Group......Page 1568
Colorado Tick Fever Virus (See Chapter 149)......Page 1569
Rabies Virus......Page 1570
Key References......Page 1571
References......Page 1573
Epidemiology and Etiology......Page 1577
Bacterial Brain Abscess......Page 1578
Fungal Brain Abscess......Page 1579
Pathogenesis......Page 1580
Clinical Presentation......Page 1581
Diagnosis......Page 1582
Initial Management of the Patient With Brain Abscess......Page 1585
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1586
Fungal Brain Abscess......Page 1588
Key References......Page 1589
References......Page 1591
Epidemiology and Etiology......Page 1595
Management and Outcome......Page 1596
Epidemiology and Etiology......Page 1598
Diagnosis......Page 1599
Management and Outcome......Page 1600
Clinical Features......Page 1601
Management and Outcome......Page 1602
Key References......Page 1603
References......Page 1605
Short View Summary......Page 1607
Epidemiology......Page 1608
Pathogenesis......Page 1609
Diagnosis......Page 1610
Therapy......Page 1611
Intraventricular and Intrathecal Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1612
Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy and Shunt Reimplantation......Page 1613
Antimicrobial-Impregnated Catheters......Page 1614
Key References......Page 1615
References......Page 1617
Pathologic Characteristics and Pathogenesis......Page 1619
Presumptive Therapy......Page 1621
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1622
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1623
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1624
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1625
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1626
Presumptive Therapy......Page 1628
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1629
Gangrenous cellulitis in immunocompromised hosts.......Page 1630
Erythrasma......Page 1631
Occupation-Related Ulcers......Page 1633
Hidradenitis Suppurativa......Page 1634
Neisseria meningitidis......Page 1635
Fungemias: Candida albicans and Other Yeasts......Page 1636
Nonclostridial Anaerobic Cellulitis......Page 1637
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1639
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1640
Osteomyelitis......Page 1641
Key References......Page 1642
References......Page 1644
Pathogenesis and Pathologic Characteristics......Page 1648
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1649
Etiologic Agents......Page 1650
Group a Streptococcal Necrotizing Myositis......Page 1651
Pathogenesis and Pathologic Characteristics......Page 1652
Empirical Therapy......Page 1653
Psoas Abscess......Page 1654
Other Causes......Page 1655
Muscle Proteolysis and Mediators of Fever in Patients With Sepsis......Page 1656
Key References......Page 1657
References......Page 1658
Acute Regional Lymphadenitis Due to Pyogenic Bacteria......Page 1661
Acute Suppurative Epitrochlear Lymphadenitis......Page 1662
Acute Regional Lymphadenitis Due to Infecting Agents Other Than Pyogenic Bacteria......Page 1663
Cat-Scratch Disease......Page 1664
Inguinal Buboes of Other Than Sexually Transmitted Disease Origin......Page 1665
Etiologic Agents and Differential Diagnosis......Page 1668
Generalized Lymphadenopathy With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome......Page 1669
Acute Lymphangitis......Page 1670
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1671
Key References......Page 1672
References......Page 1674
Occurrence and Scope of Gastrointestinal Infections......Page 1677
Age......Page 1678
Microbial Factors in Gastrointestinal Infection......Page 1680
Neurotoxins......Page 1681
Acute Vomiting......Page 1682
Asymptomatic Passage of Enteropathogens......Page 1683
Diagnostic Approach to Enteric Infections......Page 1684
Prevention and Control of Enteric Infections......Page 1685
Key References......Page 1686
References......Page 1687
Candida Esophagitis......Page 1689
Cytomegalovirus Esophagitis......Page 1690
General Considerations in Therapy......Page 1691
Esophagitis in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome......Page 1692
Key References......Page 1693
References......Page 1695
Short View Summary......Page 1697
Diarrhea Caused by Rotavirus......Page 1698
Diarrhea Caused by Astrovirus, Adenovirus, and Other Possible Viral Etiologies......Page 1699
Diarrhea in Adults......Page 1700
Patients With HIV Infection......Page 1701
Travel-Associated Diarrhea (Turista)......Page 1702
Hospitals......Page 1704
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndromes......Page 1705
Key References......Page 1706
References......Page 1708
Epidemiology......Page 1714
Shigella spp. and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli......Page 1715
Campylobacter Enteritis......Page 1716
Yersiniosis......Page 1717
Therapy......Page 1718
Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Newborn......Page 1719
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis......Page 1720
Key References......Page 1721
References......Page 1722
History......Page 1725
Genomic Features......Page 1726
Source of Infection......Page 1727
Pathogenesis......Page 1728
Intestinal and Other Local Pathology......Page 1729
Laboratory Findings in Uncomplicated Infection......Page 1730
Culture-Based Diagnostics......Page 1731
Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole......Page 1732
Fluoroquinolones......Page 1733
Supportive Care and Management of Complications......Page 1734
Prevention......Page 1735
Typhoidal Fever......Page 1736
Fever and Mesenteric Adenitis or Ileocecitis......Page 1737
Key References......Page 1738
References......Page 1740
Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenesis......Page 1743
Watery Diarrhea Without Fever Lasting 1 to 2 Days......Page 1745
Cranial Nerve Palsies and Descending Paralysis......Page 1747
Nausea, Vomiting, and Abdominal Cramps Associated With Heavy Metal Ingestion......Page 1748
Gastrointestinal, Neurologic, and Cardiovascular Symptoms After Eating Fish......Page 1749
Foods......Page 1750
Epidemiologic Assessment......Page 1752
Classic Bacterial Enteropathogens......Page 1753
Therapy......Page 1754
Prevention......Page 1755
Key References......Page 1756
References......Page 1758
Tropical Sprue......Page 1762
Tropical Sprue......Page 1763
Tropical Sprue......Page 1764
Increased Intestinal Permeability/Impaired Gut Barrier Integrity......Page 1765
Key References......Page 1766
References......Page 1767
Short View Summary......Page 1768
Predisposing Host Factors......Page 1769
Gram-Positive Bacteria......Page 1770
Clinical Presentation......Page 1771
Conventional culture.......Page 1772
Epidemiology......Page 1773
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1774
Laboratory Assessment......Page 1775
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1776
Directed therapy for MRSA infections.......Page 1777
Parvovirus B19......Page 1778
Chronic Infectious Arthritis......Page 1779
Arthritis Due to Dimorphic Fungi......Page 1780
Therapy for Fungal Arthritis......Page 1781
Treatment......Page 1782
Septic Bursitis......Page 1783
Key References......Page 1784
References......Page 1786
Lessons From Experimental Models......Page 1792
General Principles of Microbiologic Diagnosis......Page 1793
Established Agents for Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1794
New Agents for Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1795
Management of Osteomyelitis After Contaminated Open Fracture......Page 1796
Diagnosis of Vertebral Osteomyelitis......Page 1797
Prevention of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis......Page 1798
Antimicrobial Therapy for Osteomyelitis in Patients With Diabetes or Vascular Insufficiency......Page 1799
Management of SAPHO Syndrome......Page 1800
Skeletal Mycobacterial Infection......Page 1801
Summary......Page 1802
Key References......Page 1803
References......Page 1804
Definition......Page 1807
Surgery-Related Risk Factors......Page 1808
Synovial Fluid Cell Counts......Page 1809
Positron Emission Tomography......Page 1810
General Aspects......Page 1811
Two-Stage Exchange......Page 1812
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1813
Internal Fixation– Associated Infection......Page 1814
Pathogenesis and Classification......Page 1815
Imaging......Page 1816
Pin-Tract Infection......Page 1817
Key References......Page 1818
References......Page 1820
History of Presentation......Page 1823
Lymphadenopathy......Page 1824
Lesion Morphology......Page 1825
Epidemiology......Page 1827
Laboratory Testing......Page 1828
Therapy......Page 1829
Nonvenereal Genital Lesions......Page 1830
Key References......Page 1831
References......Page 1832
Examination of the Urethra......Page 1835
Examination of the Urethral Specimen and Consideration of Etiologies......Page 1836
Gonococcal and Nongonococcal Urethritis......Page 1837
Postgonococcal Urethritis......Page 1839
Therapy......Page 1840
Reactive Arthritis......Page 1842
Key References......Page 1843
References......Page 1845
Vaginal Secretions......Page 1847
History......Page 1848
Physical Examination......Page 1849
Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 1850
Diagnosis......Page 1851
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 1852
Diagnosis......Page 1853
Therapy......Page 1854
Risk Factors......Page 1855
Therapy......Page 1856
Diagnosis......Page 1857
Therapy......Page 1858
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 1859
Key References......Page 1860
References......Page 1862
Intrapartum, Postpartum, and Postabortal Infections......Page 1865
Postpartum Endometritis......Page 1866
Infections After Perineal Lacerations......Page 1867
Postabortal Infections......Page 1868
Cuff Cellulitis......Page 1869
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 1870
Management of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 1871
Key References......Page 1872
References......Page 1874
Classification......Page 1876
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis......Page 1877
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome......Page 1878
Epididymitis......Page 1879
Viral Orchitis......Page 1880
Semen as a Vector for HIV Infection......Page 1881
Key References......Page 1882
References......Page 1883
Periocular Infections......Page 1885
Case Example 1......Page 1886
Discussion......Page 1887
Conclusion......Page 1888
Conjunctivitis......Page 1889
Conjunctival Edema (Chemosis) and Conjunctivochalasis......Page 1890
Laboratory Evaluation......Page 1891
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis......Page 1892
Vaccinia Conjunctivitis......Page 1893
Trachoma......Page 1894
Treatment of Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis......Page 1895
Neonatal Chemical Conjunctivitis......Page 1896
Other Parasites and Ectoparasites......Page 1897
Key References......Page 1898
References......Page 1900
Microbial Agents......Page 1902
Contact Lenses......Page 1903
Corneal Edema......Page 1904
Pathogenesis......Page 1905
Hospital Admission......Page 1906
Topical Fluoroquinolones......Page 1907
Topical Corticosteroids......Page 1908
Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 1909
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus......Page 1910
Therapy for Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus......Page 1911
Candida Keratitis......Page 1913
Acanthamoeba Keratitis......Page 1914
Therapy for Parasitic Keratitis......Page 1915
Key References......Page 1916
References......Page 1917
Acute Postoperative Endophthalmitis......Page 1920
Bleb-Related Endophthalmitis......Page 1921
Endogenous Candida Endophthalmitis......Page 1922
Diagnosis......Page 1923
Exogenous Candida Endophthalmitis......Page 1925
Prophylaxis for Eye Surgery......Page 1926
Key References......Page 1927
References......Page 1928
Short View Summary......Page 1930
Epidemiology......Page 1931
Cat-Scratch Disease......Page 1932
Ebola Virus......Page 1933
Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis......Page 1934
Ocular Toxocariasis......Page 1935
West Nile Virus......Page 1936
Approach to the Patient With Uveitis......Page 1937
Therapy......Page 1938
Key References......Page 1939
References......Page 1940
Chalazion......Page 1942
Blepharitis......Page 1943
Dacryocystitis......Page 1944
Etiology and Bacteriology......Page 1945
Orbital Apex, Superior Orbital Fissure, and Cavernous Sinus Syndromes......Page 1946
Therapy......Page 1947
Key References......Page 1948
References......Page 1949
Short View Summary......Page 1951
Fulminant Hepatitis......Page 1953
Hepatitis B Virus (Also See Chapter 145)......Page 1954
Hepatitis E Virus (Also See Chapter 178)......Page 1955
Treatment......Page 1956
Hepatitis E......Page 1957
Distinctions Based on Relative Levels of Hepatitis B Virus Replication......Page 1958
Distinctions Based on Viral Variants......Page 1959
Treatment......Page 1960
Interferon-Based Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B......Page 1961
Lamivudine.......Page 1962
Adefovir dipivoxil.......Page 1963
Tenofovir.......Page 1964
Recommendations for Therapy......Page 1965
Choice of Antiviral Agents......Page 1966
Liver Transplantation......Page 1967
Chronic Hepatitis D......Page 1968
Chronic Hepatitis C......Page 1969
Pathophysiology and Natural History......Page 1970
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1971
Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin: Standard of Care 2001 to 2011— Treatment Principles Established......Page 1972
First-Generation NS3-4A Protease Inhibitors for Chronic Hepatitis C: Boceprevir and Telaprevir—Standard of Care for Genotype 1, 2011–13......Page 1974
Second-Generation NS3-4A Protease Inhibitor and First-Generation Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitor for Chronic Hepatitis C: Simeprevir and Sofosbuvir—Standard of Care, 2014–15......Page 1976
First-Generation NS5A Inhibitors, Second-Generation Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors, and Third-Generation NS3-4A Protease Inhibitors—Standard of Care, 2015 to September 2017......Page 1977
Ritonavir-booster paritaprevir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir (Viekira Pak).......Page 1978
Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (Epclusa).......Page 1979
Glecaprevir-pibrentasvir (Mavyret).......Page 1980
Candidates for Therapy......Page 1981
Liver Transplantation......Page 1982
Other Special Populations......Page 1983
Key References......Page 1984
References......Page 1986
Size of the Problem......Page 1995
Eastern Europe and Central Asia......Page 1996
Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 1997
Asia and the Pacific......Page 1998
Latin America and the Caribbean......Page 1999
Modes of Transmission......Page 2001
Male Circumcision......Page 2002
Treatment as Prevention......Page 2003
Gender......Page 2004
Stigma and Discrimination......Page 2005
Impact of Prevention and Care Programs......Page 2006
Global Responses to AIDS......Page 2007
Key References......Page 2009
References......Page 2011
HIV and AIDS Surveillance in the United States......Page 2014
Incidence and Prevalence of AIDS and HIV in the United States (Also See Chapter 118 for Global Data)......Page 2015
Serologic Monitoring of the HIV Epidemic......Page 2016
AIDS Trends......Page 2017
Geographic Distribution of HIV Infection......Page 2018
AIDS-Indicator Diseases......Page 2019
Mortality of Persons With HIV Infections and AIDS......Page 2020
Sexual Transmission......Page 2021
Susceptibility of the Recipient Partner......Page 2022
Perinatal Transmission......Page 2023
Transmission of HIV in Health Care Settings......Page 2024
HIV-2......Page 2025
Prevention of Sexual Transmission......Page 2026
Prevention of Transmission by Injection Drug Use......Page 2027
Counseling and HIV Antigen/Antibody Testing......Page 2028
Human Trials......Page 2029
Phase II Clinical Studies......Page 2030
Phase IIb and III Efficacy Studies......Page 2031
Summary......Page 2032
Key References......Page 2033
References......Page 2034
Short View Summary......Page 2043
Background/Perspective......Page 2044
Laboratory Advances......Page 2045
Reporting HIV Infection......Page 2047
Immune Responses to HIV......Page 2048
Standard ELISA Assays......Page 2051
Saliva as Source of Patient Material for ELISA Assay......Page 2052
False-Positive and False-Negative Results in Screening Tests for HIV Antibody......Page 2054
Hybridization and Amplification Assays to Detect HIV Nucleic Acids......Page 2055
Immunofluorescence......Page 2056
Acute HIV Infection......Page 2057
HIV Diagnosis in Individuals Undergoing Preexposure Prophylaxis......Page 2058
Detecting Non-B HIV-1 Types and Subtypes Other Than Subtype B......Page 2059
HIV Testing for Blood Donor Screening......Page 2060
HIV Infection but Viral RNA Less Than 50 Copies/mL: HIV Elite Controllers......Page 2061
HIV Testing to Estimate Duration of Infection and Incidence......Page 2062
Home Collection and Self-Testing for HIV......Page 2063
Acknowledgments......Page 2064
Key References......Page 2065
References......Page 2066
HIV Receptors and Entry Into Cells......Page 2073
Dissemination of HIV Infection......Page 2074
Humoral Immune Responses......Page 2076
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes......Page 2078
Long-Term Nonprogressors/Elite Controllers......Page 2079
Reservoirs of HIV Infection......Page 2080
Latent Reservoirs of HIV......Page 2081
Lymphoid Tissues......Page 2082
Death by apoptosis and pyroptosis.......Page 2083
CD8+ T Cells......Page 2084
Natural Killer Cells......Page 2085
Role of Immune Activation in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection......Page 2086
Role of Cytokines as Therapeutic Agents in HIV Infection......Page 2087
Key References......Page 2088
References......Page 2089
History......Page 2093
Natural History of HIV Infection......Page 2094
Clinical Manifestations......Page 2096
Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Natural History of HIV Infection......Page 2097
Acute Retroviral Syndrome......Page 2098
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy......Page 2100
Oral Candidiasis......Page 2101
Musculoskeletal Complications......Page 2102
Viral Infections of the Skin and Mucous Membranes......Page 2103
Other Cutaneous Manifestations......Page 2104
Renal Disease......Page 2105
Ocular Complications......Page 2106
Hematologic Manifestations......Page 2107
Other Diseases......Page 2108
Key References......Page 2109
References......Page 2110
Epidemiology......Page 2115
Injection Drug Use and Smoking......Page 2116
Diagnostic Tests......Page 2117
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia......Page 2118
Mycobacterial Pneumonia......Page 2119
Viral Pneumonia......Page 2120
Neoplastic and Other Noninfectious Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection......Page 2121
Key References......Page 2122
References......Page 2124
Disorders of the Esophagus......Page 2126
Disorders of the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder......Page 2127
Disorders of the Liver......Page 2128
Disorders of the Small and Large Intestine......Page 2130
Key References......Page 2131
References......Page 2132
Laboratory investigations.......Page 2134
Treatment.......Page 2135
Laboratory investigations.......Page 2136
Treatment.......Page 2137
Clinical presentation.......Page 2138
Brain biopsy.......Page 2139
Treatment.......Page 2140
Imaging studies.......Page 2141
Imaging studies.......Page 2142
Vacuolar Myelopathy......Page 2143
Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy......Page 2144
Treatment.......Page 2145
Treatment.......Page 2146
Muscular Complications From Therapies in HIV......Page 2147
Temporal Trends and Aging in Neurologic Manifestations of HIV Infection......Page 2148
Key References......Page 2149
References......Page 2151
Risk Factors for and Changing Patterns of Transmission......Page 2156
Update on Perinatal Transmission Rates......Page 2157
Efficiency of Transmission......Page 2158
Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 2159
Treatment as Prevention......Page 2160
Preexposure Prophylaxis in Women......Page 2161
Safe Conception......Page 2162
Drug-Drug Interactions Between ART and Hormonal Contraceptives......Page 2165
Perinatal Transmission: Timing, Risk Factors, and Strategies to Eliminate......Page 2166
Risk Factors for Perinatal Transmission......Page 2169
Potential Mechanisms of Antiretroviral Drugs to Reduce Perinatal Transmission......Page 2170
Antepartum Care of Women Living With HIV......Page 2171
HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Who Have Never Received Antiretroviral Drugs......Page 2172
Monitoring of the Woman and Fetus During Pregnancy......Page 2173
Intrapartum Antiretroviral Therapy......Page 2174
Opportunistic Processes and Nongynecologic Malignancies......Page 2175
Extracervical Infection......Page 2176
Genital Ulcer Disease......Page 2177
Treatment Outcomes......Page 2178
Key References......Page 2179
References......Page 2181
Current Epidemiology of Domestic Pediatric and Adolescent HIV Infection......Page 2187
Elimination of Mother-to- Child Transmission......Page 2189
Diagnosis of HIV Infection in the HIV-Exposed Infant......Page 2190
Disclosure of the HIV Diagnosis......Page 2191
Adult Complications of Perinatal HIV Infection......Page 2192
Key References......Page 2193
References......Page 2194
Lamivudine-Emtricitabine......Page 2196
Tenofovir......Page 2199
Raltegravir......Page 2200
Elvitegravir......Page 2201
Bictegravir......Page 2202
Efavirenz......Page 2203
Boosted Atazanavir......Page 2204
Boosted Darunavir......Page 2205
Nevirapine......Page 2207
Indinavir......Page 2208
Entry Inhibitors......Page 2209
Maraviroc......Page 2210
When to Begin Therapy?......Page 2211
Initial Integrase Inhibitor–Based Therapy......Page 2212
Plasma Viral Load Monitoring......Page 2213
HIV Drug Resistance Testing......Page 2214
Occupational HIV Exposures......Page 2215
Key References......Page 2216
References......Page 2218
Short View Summary......Page 2224
Spectrum of Opportunistic Pathogens......Page 2225
Antiretroviral Therapy......Page 2226
Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia......Page 2227
Toxoplasma gondii......Page 2240
Cytomegalovirus......Page 2241
Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadii......Page 2243
Bacterial Pneumonia......Page 2244
Mycobacterium tuberculosis......Page 2245
Enteric Pathogens: Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter Species and Clostridiodes difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile)......Page 2246
Bartonella Species......Page 2247
Viral Hepatitis......Page 2248
Key References......Page 2249
References......Page 2250
History......Page 2256
Epidemiology......Page 2257
Role of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 2258
Role of the Central Nervous System......Page 2259
Laboratory Findings......Page 2260
Nonpharmacologic Therapy......Page 2261
Key References......Page 2262
References......Page 2264
Virus Structure and Classification......Page 2267
Attachment......Page 2269
Genome Replication......Page 2272
Release......Page 2273
Virus-Host Interaction......Page 2274
Spread......Page 2275
Tropism......Page 2276
Viruses and Cancer......Page 2277
Host Responses to Infection......Page 2278
Key References......Page 2279
References......Page 2281
Morphology and Chemical Structure......Page 2286
Complications Resulting From Vaccination......Page 2288
Vaccinia Virus as a Zoonosis......Page 2289
Variola (Smallpox)......Page 2290
Pathogenesis......Page 2291
Cowpox......Page 2292
Therapy......Page 2293
Key References......Page 2294
References......Page 2295
Clinical Manifestations......Page 2298
Diagnosis......Page 2299
Epidemiology and Control......Page 2300
Key References......Page 2301
References......Page 2302
Virus Latency and Reactivation......Page 2303
Clinical Syndromes......Page 2304
Immunity......Page 2305
Therapy......Page 2307
Key References......Page 2308
References......Page 2309
Microbiology Virus Structure......Page 2310
Molecular Features of Latency......Page 2311
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2......Page 2312
Transmission......Page 2313
Innate Host Factors Impacting Pathogenesis and Disease Severity......Page 2314
Humoral Host Factors Impacting Pathogenesis and Disease Severity......Page 2315
Complications of Oral Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1......Page 2316
Local Complications of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection......Page 2317
Disseminated Infection......Page 2318
Subclinical Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Shedding......Page 2319
Eye Infections......Page 2320
Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in HIV-Infected Patients......Page 2321
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Not Infected With HIV......Page 2322
Prevention Measures for Neonatal Herpes......Page 2323
Surveillance Strategies for Neonatal Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 2324
Overview of Therapies for Herpes Simplex Virus Infections......Page 2325
Suppressive Therapy for Persistent Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection......Page 2327
Counseling and Prevention......Page 2328
Key References......Page 2329
References......Page 2331
Historical Overview......Page 2338
Chickenpox......Page 2339
Chickenpox......Page 2340
Herpes Zoster......Page 2341
Therapy......Page 2342
Prevention......Page 2343
Key References......Page 2344
References......Page 2346
Short View Summary......Page 2348
Replication......Page 2349
Host Interaction and Responses......Page 2350
Pathogenesis of HCMV in the Setting of Immunosuppression and Virus Dissemination......Page 2351
Infection in the Immunocompetent Host (Infectious Mononucleosis)......Page 2352
HCMV Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients (See Also Chapter 308)......Page 2353
HCMV Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients (See Also Chapter 307)......Page 2355
Congenital HCMV Infection......Page 2356
Diagnosis of HCMV Infections......Page 2357
Antigen Detection......Page 2358
Therapy of HCMV Infections (see also Chapter 46)......Page 2359
Therapy of Congenital Infections......Page 2360
Vaccines for the Prevention and Treatment of HCMV Infections......Page 2361
Key References......Page 2362
References......Page 2363
History......Page 2372
Epstein-Barr Virus Genome Is Circularized in Latent Infection and Expresses a Subset of Viral Genes......Page 2373
Lytic Infection......Page 2374
Cellular Response to Epstein-Barr Virus......Page 2375
Symptoms and Signs......Page 2376
Hematologic Complications......Page 2377
Renal Manifestations......Page 2378
Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection......Page 2379
Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases......Page 2380
Hodgkin Lymphoma......Page 2381
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma......Page 2382
Hematologic Findings......Page 2383
Epstein-Barr Virus–Specific Antibodies......Page 2384
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease......Page 2385
Cytomegalovirus as a Cause of Heterophile-Negative Infectious Mononucleosis......Page 2386
Toxoplasmosis and Other Infections......Page 2387
Lymphoproliferative Disease......Page 2388
Vaccine......Page 2389
Key References......Page 2390
References......Page 2391
Epidemiology......Page 2398
Other Neurologic Symptoms Associated With HHV-6......Page 2399
Infection in the Immunocompromised Host......Page 2400
Immunocompromised Persons......Page 2401
Key References......Page 2402
References......Page 2404
Virus Description......Page 2406
KSHV and Inflammation......Page 2407
Four Epidemiologic Forms of KS......Page 2408
Multicentric Castleman Disease......Page 2410
Key References......Page 2411
References......Page 2413
Epidemiology......Page 2415
Postexposure Evaluation and Prophylaxis......Page 2416
Prevention......Page 2417
Key References......Page 2418
References......Page 2419
Short View Summary......Page 2420
Interactions With the Host......Page 2421
Respiratory Tract Disease......Page 2422
Genitourinary Tract Disease......Page 2423
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients......Page 2424
Therapy......Page 2425
Key References......Page 2426
References......Page 2428
Virology......Page 2431
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 2432
Association Between Human Papillomavirus and Malignant Diseases......Page 2433
Pathogenesis......Page 2434
Anogenital Warts......Page 2436
Diagnosis......Page 2437
Anogenital Warts......Page 2439
Prevention and Vaccination......Page 2441
Vaccination......Page 2442
Key References......Page 2444
References......Page 2446
History......Page 2452
New Human Polyomaviruses......Page 2453
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy–Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome......Page 2454
Prognosis......Page 2455
Therapy......Page 2456
Nephropathy......Page 2457
Nephropathy......Page 2458
Key References......Page 2459
References......Page 2461
Historical Background and Classification......Page 2465
Viral Genome......Page 2466
Transcription......Page 2467
Natural History......Page 2469
Chronic Hepatitis B......Page 2471
Routes of Transmission......Page 2472
Acute Hepatitis B......Page 2473
Fulminant Hepatitis......Page 2474
Prognosis of Untreated Chronic Hepatitis B......Page 2475
Individuals With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 2476
Acute Hepatitis......Page 2477
Measures of Hepatitis B Replication......Page 2478
Interferon......Page 2479
Entecavir......Page 2480
Viral Resistance......Page 2481
Monitoring and Treatment Duration of Nucleos(t)ide Therapy......Page 2482
Recipients of Immunosuppressive Therapies......Page 2483
Screening and Vaccination of Contacts......Page 2484
Dose Regimen......Page 2485
Efficacy in End-Stage Renal Disease......Page 2486
Key References......Page 2487
References......Page 2489
RNA Genome and Replication......Page 2496
Epidemiology......Page 2497
Transmission and Clinical Manifestations......Page 2498
Key References......Page 2499
References......Page 2500
Parvovirus B19......Page 2501
Pathogenesis......Page 2502
Mechanism and Routes of Transmission......Page 2503
Transient Aplastic Crisis......Page 2504
Other Disease Manifestations......Page 2505
Prevention and Vaccination......Page 2506
Key References......Page 2507
References......Page 2509
Respiratory Tract Manifestations......Page 2512
Clinical Disease......Page 2513
Key References......Page 2514
References......Page 2516
Epidemiology......Page 2517
Banna Virus......Page 2518
References......Page 2519
Classification and Impact......Page 2520
Structural Overview......Page 2521
Priming for Infectivity......Page 2522
Reverse Genetics Systems......Page 2523
Pathologic Findings in Infection......Page 2524
Binomial Serology of Group A Rotaviruses......Page 2525
Risk Factors for Disease......Page 2526
Protection by Antibodies Against VP6 and Intracellular Neutralization......Page 2527
Diagnosis by Electron Microscopy, Electrophoresis, and Viral Culture......Page 2528
Passive Oral Immunotherapy and Immunoprophylaxis......Page 2529
Porcine Circovirus in Vaccine Manufacturing......Page 2530
Global Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction......Page 2531
Key References......Page 2532
References......Page 2534
History......Page 2538
Mechanism of Replication......Page 2539
Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses......Page 2540
Chikungunya Virus......Page 2541
Mayaro Virus......Page 2542
Fever, Arthralgia, and Rash......Page 2543
Alphaviruses Causing Encephalitis......Page 2544
Diagnosis......Page 2545
Therapy and Prevention......Page 2546
Key References......Page 2547
References......Page 2548
Epidemiology......Page 2550
Clinical Manifestations......Page 2551
Congenital Rubella Syndrome......Page 2552
Vaccination Against Rubella......Page 2553
Key References......Page 2554
References......Page 2556
Short View Summary......Page 2558
Dengue......Page 2559
West Nile Virus......Page 2560
Zika Virus......Page 2561
Yellow Fever......Page 2562
Dengue......Page 2563
Japanese Encephalitis......Page 2564
West Nile Encephalitis......Page 2565
Tick-Borne Encephalitis......Page 2567
Kyasanur Forest Disease......Page 2568
Yellow Fever......Page 2569
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever......Page 2570
Yellow Fever......Page 2572
Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever......Page 2573
West Nile Virus Fever and West Nile Encephalitis......Page 2574
Tick-Borne Encephalitis (Including Powassan Encephalitis)......Page 2575
Zika Virus Infection......Page 2576
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 2577
Yellow Fever......Page 2578
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever......Page 2579
Zika Virus Infection......Page 2580
Flavivirus Encephalitis......Page 2581
Rocio Encephalitis......Page 2582
Key References......Page 2583
References......Page 2585
Short View Summary......Page 2592
Nontranslated RNA Segments......Page 2593
Structural Proteins......Page 2594
Nonstructural Proteins Involved in RNA Replication......Page 2595
Quasispecies Variation......Page 2596
Viral Tropism......Page 2597
Animal Models......Page 2598
Innate Immunity......Page 2599
Humoral Immunity......Page 2600
Disease Progression......Page 2601
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection......Page 2603
Fulminant Hepatitis C......Page 2604
Extrahepatic Manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus Infection......Page 2605
Core Antigen Detection......Page 2606
Liver Fibrosis Staging......Page 2607
Radiographic Tests......Page 2608
Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus in Those With HIV......Page 2609
Nosocomial Infection......Page 2610
Virologic Responses......Page 2611
NS5A Protein Inhibitors......Page 2612
History and Progress (Fig. 154.9)......Page 2613
Genotype 3......Page 2614
Response Indicators......Page 2615
Antiviral Resistance......Page 2616
Failure of Interferon and Ribavirin With or Without NS3/4 Protease Inhibitor......Page 2618
Adverse Reactions......Page 2619
Treatment of Acute Hepatitis C......Page 2620
From Modeling to Real-World Examples......Page 2621
Key References......Page 2622
References......Page 2624
Community-Acquired Respiratory Coronaviruses, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome......Page 2637
CAR Coronaviruses......Page 2639
MERS Coronavirus......Page 2640
SARS Coronavirus......Page 2641
MERS Coronavirus......Page 2642
SARS Coronavirus......Page 2643
Key References......Page 2644
References......Page 2646
Pathogenesis......Page 2649
Epidemiology......Page 2650
Parainfluenza Virus in Immunocompromised Patients......Page 2651
Therapy......Page 2652
Key References......Page 2653
References......Page 2655
Virology......Page 2658
Pathology......Page 2659
Clinical Manifestations......Page 2660
Immunology......Page 2661
Therapy......Page 2662
Key References......Page 2663
References......Page 2664
Laboratory Properties......Page 2666
Prevalence and Incidence......Page 2667
Immunity and Pathogenesis of Disease......Page 2668
Clinical Manifestations......Page 2669
Infections Among Adults......Page 2670
Patients at High Risk for Severe Infection......Page 2671
Acute Complications in Infants......Page 2672
Therapy......Page 2673
Prophylaxis......Page 2674
Key References......Page 2675
References......Page 2677
Virology......Page 2682
Epidemiology......Page 2683
Children......Page 2684
Diagnosis......Page 2685
Treatment......Page 2686
Key References......Page 2687
References......Page 2688
Chemical and Antigenic Composition......Page 2691
Spread of Infection......Page 2692
Immunity......Page 2693
Atypical Measles......Page 2694
Diagnosis......Page 2695
Prevention......Page 2696
Key References......Page 2697
References......Page 2698
Nipah and Hendra Viruses......Page 2700
Epidemiology......Page 2701
Reservoirs and Intermediate Hosts......Page 2702
Clinical Manifestations......Page 2703
Epidemiology......Page 2704
Therapy......Page 2705
Key References......Page 2706
References......Page 2707
Epizootic......Page 2709
Therapy......Page 2710
Key References......Page 2711
References......Page 2712
Classification......Page 2713
Human Rabies......Page 2714
Composition......Page 2716
Pathogenesis......Page 2717
Prodromal Symptoms......Page 2718
Diagnosis......Page 2719
Differential Diagnosis......Page 2720
Postexposure Prophylaxis......Page 2721
Treatment......Page 2722
Key References......Page 2723
References......Page 2724
Virus Characterization......Page 2727
Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever......Page 2728
Pathogenesis......Page 2729
Prevention......Page 2730
Key References......Page 2731
References......Page 2732
Classification......Page 2734
Virology......Page 2735
Disease Impact......Page 2737
Epidemic Influenza......Page 2738
Transmission......Page 2739
Antigenic Shift......Page 2740
Human Infections With H7 Viruses......Page 2741
Emergence of Pandemic Viruses From Swine......Page 2742
Primary Influenza Viral Pneumonia......Page 2743
Cellular Pathogenesis......Page 2744
Cytokine Response......Page 2745
Host Response......Page 2746
Cellular Responses......Page 2747
Role of Viral Diagnosis in Clinical Decision Making......Page 2748
Intranasal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV-4)......Page 2749
Inactivated Vaccines......Page 2750
Intramuscular Protein Vaccines......Page 2751
Intramuscular Protein Vaccines......Page 2752
Effectiveness (Results of Observational Studies)......Page 2753
Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza......Page 2754
Pharmacology and Side Effects......Page 2755
Pharmacology and Side Effects......Page 2756
Antiviral Agents in Development......Page 2757
Outbreak Prophylaxis......Page 2758
Key References......Page 2759
References......Page 2760
Structure, Replication, and Antigenic Relationships......Page 2767
California Encephalitis Viruses......Page 2768
Hantaviruses......Page 2769
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome......Page 2770
Prevention......Page 2771
Heartland Virus......Page 2772
Key References......Page 2773
References......Page 2775
Viral Characterization......Page 2777
Other African Arenaviruses......Page 2779
Nonhuman Primates......Page 2780
Lassa Fever......Page 2781
Prevention......Page 2782
Key References......Page 2783
References......Page 2785
Short View Summary......Page 2787
TAX......Page 2788
REX......Page 2789
Biology......Page 2790
Nucleic Acid Detection......Page 2791
Geographic Distribution of Prevalence......Page 2792
HTLV-1......Page 2793
Routes of Transmission......Page 2794
Parenteral Transmission......Page 2795
HTLV-1–Associated Malignancies......Page 2796
HTLV-Associated Myelopathy......Page 2799
Therapy......Page 2800
HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy......Page 2801
Key References......Page 2802
References......Page 2804
Origin and Classification of Human Retroviruses......Page 2810
Biology of Transmission......Page 2811
Replication Cycle: Virus Expression and Production of New Virions......Page 2812
Genomic Organization......Page 2813
Gag Proteins......Page 2814
Envelope Glycoproteins and Viral Fusion......Page 2815
Viral Regulatory and Accessory Genes......Page 2816
Virus Regulation and the Long Terminal Repeat......Page 2817
Pathogenesis, T-Cell Depletion, and Viral Load......Page 2818
Conclusion......Page 2819
Key References......Page 2820
References......Page 2821
Molecular Biology......Page 2824
Pathogenesis......Page 2825
Immunity and the Immune Response......Page 2826
Transmission......Page 2827
Serology......Page 2828
Key References......Page 2829
References......Page 2831
History......Page 2833
Clinical Manifestations of Infection......Page 2834
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 2835
Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine......Page 2836
Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis......Page 2837
Poliomyelitis in Developing Nations and Global Eradication......Page 2838
Key References......Page 2839
References......Page 2840
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 2842
Acute Flaccid Paralysis/Myelitis and Other Neurologic Complications......Page 2843
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease......Page 2844
Clinical Manifestations......Page 2845
Diagnosis......Page 2846
Course and Prognosis......Page 2847
Hepatitis......Page 2848
Epidemiology......Page 2849
Other Diseases......Page 2850
Key References......Page 2851
References......Page 2853
Virology......Page 2858
Undifferentiated Febrile Illness/Sepsis Syndrome......Page 2859
Acute Gastroenteritis......Page 2860
Key References......Page 2861
References......Page 2863
History......Page 2865
Structure......Page 2866
Genome and Proteins......Page 2867
Biology of Hepatitis A Virus in Cell Culture......Page 2868
Foodborne and Waterborne......Page 2870
Worldwide Disease Patterns......Page 2871
Epidemiology in the United States......Page 2872
Potential Sources of Infection......Page 2873
Foodborne and Waterborne Hepatitis A......Page 2874
Manifestations......Page 2875
Therapy and General Management......Page 2876
Infection Prevention and Control......Page 2877
Passive Immunization......Page 2878
Active Immunization......Page 2879
Preexposure Prophylaxis......Page 2880
Hepatitis A Vaccination During Outbreaks......Page 2881
Key References......Page 2882
References......Page 2884
Structure......Page 2890
Seasonality......Page 2891
Transmission......Page 2892
Clinical Manifestations of Common Cold......Page 2893
Molecular Techniques......Page 2894
Acknowledgment......Page 2895
Key References......Page 2896
References......Page 2897
History......Page 2899
Genome Organization......Page 2900
Transmission of Infection......Page 2901
Pathogenesis......Page 2902
Clinical Diagnosis......Page 2903
Vaccines......Page 2904
Key References......Page 2905
References......Page 2907
Epidemiology......Page 2910
Diagnosis......Page 2911
Key References......Page 2912
References......Page 2913
Burden of Disease......Page 2915
Geographic Distribution......Page 2916
Acute Hepatitis E......Page 2917
Extrahepatic Manifestations......Page 2918
Serologic Evaluation......Page 2919
General Measures......Page 2920
Key References......Page 2921
References......Page 2923
Brief History of Prion Disease Research......Page 2925
Other Macromolecules Contributing to Prion Propagation......Page 2926
Transmission by Oral Exposure......Page 2927
Epidemiology......Page 2928
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome......Page 2929
Epidemiology......Page 2930
Genetics of vCJD Susceptibility......Page 2931
Transmission Through Cadaver-Derived Hormones......Page 2932
Atypical Forms of Scrapie......Page 2933
Specific Testing for Prion Disease (RT-QuIC)......Page 2934
Brain Imaging......Page 2935
Genetic Testing and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease......Page 2936
Key References......Page 2937
References......Page 2938
Short View Summary......Page 2941
Chlamydial Biology......Page 2942
Pathogenesis......Page 2944
Immunity......Page 2945
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests......Page 2946
Isolation in Cell Culture......Page 2947
Trachoma......Page 2948
Inclusion Conjunctivitis......Page 2949
Sexually Reactive Arthritis......Page 2950
Cervicitis and Urethritis......Page 2952
Pregnancy Complications......Page 2953
Treatment of Genital and Ocular Infections in Adults......Page 2954
Diagnosis of Neonatal Inclusion Conjunctivitis and Infant Pneumonia......Page 2955
Classic LGV......Page 2956
Treatment of Lymphogranuloma Venereum......Page 2957
Key References......Page 2958
References......Page 2960
Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnostic Considerations......Page 2966
Pathologic Findings......Page 2967
Key References......Page 2968
References......Page 2969
Microbiology......Page 2970
Cell Culture......Page 2971
Single and Multiplex Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests......Page 2972
Epidemiology......Page 2973
Therapy......Page 2974
Therapy......Page 2975
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Atherosclerosis......Page 2976
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Multiple Sclerosis......Page 2977
Key References......Page 2978
References......Page 2979
History......Page 2981
Innate Immunity......Page 2982
Resistance and Susceptibility to Infection......Page 2983
Respiratory Illnesses......Page 2984
Musculoskeletal, Renal, and Hematologic Syndromes......Page 2985
Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae–Specific Nucleic Acids......Page 2986
Key References......Page 2987
References......Page 2989
Epidemiology......Page 2992
Ureaplasmas......Page 2993
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 2994
Key References......Page 2995
References......Page 2996
Epidemiology......Page 2998
Diagnosis......Page 3001
References......Page 3002
The Pathogen......Page 3003
Epidemiology......Page 3004
Pathogenesis......Page 3005
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3006
Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses......Page 3008
Spotted Fevers: Moderate Severity......Page 3009
Key References......Page 3010
References......Page 3012
Therapy......Page 3017
References......Page 3018
Pathogen......Page 3019
Pathogenesis......Page 3020
Diagnosis of Acute Q Fever......Page 3021
Diagnosis of Endocarditis......Page 3022
Treatment of Q Fever Endocarditis......Page 3023
Hepatitis......Page 3024
Post–Q Fever Fatigue Syndrome......Page 3025
Key References......Page 3026
References......Page 3027
Microbiology......Page 3030
Pathogenesis......Page 3031
Diagnosis......Page 3032
Key References......Page 3033
References......Page 3034
Epidemiology......Page 3035
Signs and Symptoms......Page 3036
Diagnosis......Page 3037
Treatment and Prevention......Page 3038
Key References......Page 3039
References......Page 3040
Ecology and Epidemiology......Page 3042
Microbiology......Page 3043
Diagnosis......Page 3044
Prevention......Page 3045
Key References......Page 3046
References......Page 3047
Short View Summary......Page 3048
Etiology......Page 3049
Epidemiology and Epizootiology of Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis......Page 3050
Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis......Page 3051
Course......Page 3052
Signs, Symptoms, and Course......Page 3053
Sennetsu Neorickettsiosis......Page 3054
Key References......Page 3055
References......Page 3056
Polymorphism and Bacterial Infection......Page 3060
Bacterial Evolution......Page 3061
Key References......Page 3062
References......Page 3063
Short View Summary......Page 3064
Habitat......Page 3065
Molecular Diagnosis......Page 3067
Regulation and Virulence Determinants......Page 3068
agr and Other Two-Component Regulatory Systems......Page 3069
Small RNAs and Endoribonuclease III......Page 3070
Mucosal and Skin Colonization......Page 3071
Contribution of Coagulation......Page 3073
Killing Leukocytes......Page 3074
Escaping Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 3076
Molecular Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome......Page 3077
Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 3078
Enterotoxins and Food Poisoning......Page 3079
Comparative Genomics and Evolution......Page 3080
Resistance Island Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec......Page 3081
Health Care–Associated Versus Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus......Page 3082
Intermediate Resistance to Glycopeptides......Page 3085
MLSB Antibiotics......Page 3086
Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 3087
β-Lactams With Improved Penicillin-Binding Protein 2A Affinity......Page 3088
Vaccines......Page 3089
The Burden of Antibiotic Resistance......Page 3090
Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus......Page 3091
Impetigo......Page 3092
Mastitis......Page 3093
Erysipelas, Cellulitis, and Fasciitis......Page 3094
Nosocomial and Health Care–Associated Bloodstream Infection......Page 3095
Role of Platelets......Page 3096
Neurologic Complications......Page 3097
Clinical Spectrum......Page 3098
Pathogenesis......Page 3099
Therapy......Page 3100
Acknowledgment......Page 3101
Key References......Page 3102
References......Page 3103
Microbiology and Ecology......Page 3112
Antibiotic Resistance......Page 3113
Biofilm......Page 3114
Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance......Page 3115
Bacteremia......Page 3116
Intravascular Catheter Infections......Page 3117
Vascular Grafts......Page 3118
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections......Page 3119
Urinary Tract Infection......Page 3120
Neonates......Page 3121
Staphylococcus saprophyticus......Page 3122
Key References......Page 3123
References......Page 3124
196 Classification of Streptococci......Page 3131
References......Page 3132
Short View Summary......Page 3133
Somatic Constituents......Page 3134
Extracellular Products......Page 3135
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3136
Diagnosis......Page 3137
Rapid Antigen Detection Tests......Page 3138
Therapy......Page 3139
Epidemiology......Page 3140
Erysipelas......Page 3141
Streptococcal Cellulitis......Page 3142
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 3143
Mechanisms of Shock and Organ Failure......Page 3144
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 3145
Other Streptococcal Infections......Page 3146
Key References......Page 3147
References......Page 3149
History......Page 3154
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 3155
Epidemiology......Page 3156
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3157
Diagnosis......Page 3159
Prevention......Page 3160
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 3161
Clinical and Laboratory Features......Page 3162
Prognosis......Page 3163
Additional Reading......Page 3164
References......Page 3165
History......Page 3168
Microbiology......Page 3169
Epidemiology......Page 3170
Colonization......Page 3172
Immunologic Mechanisms of Defense Against and Susceptibility to S. pneumoniae Infection......Page 3173
Factors That Predispose to Pneumococcal Infection......Page 3174
Sinusitis......Page 3175
Pathogenesis......Page 3176
Diagnostic Microbiology......Page 3177
Definitions of Antibiotic Susceptibility......Page 3178
Prevalence of Resistance......Page 3179
Inpatient Therapy......Page 3180
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Efficacy in Children......Page 3181
Efficacy of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide and 13-Valent Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine in Adults......Page 3182
Vaccine Protection During HIV Infection......Page 3184
Vaccine Recommendations......Page 3185
Key References......Page 3186
References......Page 3187
Historical Background......Page 3192
Microbiology and Taxonomy......Page 3193
Colonization, Virulence, and Genomics......Page 3194
Epidemiology of Enterococcal Infections......Page 3195
Urinary Tract Infections......Page 3196
Therapy and Antimicrobial Resistance......Page 3197
Combination of β-Lactam and Aminoglycosides or Cephalosporins......Page 3199
Daptomycin......Page 3200
Tigecycline......Page 3201
Streptococcus Gallolyticus (Bovis) Group......Page 3202
Key References......Page 3203
References......Page 3205
Identification......Page 3208
Incidence and Serotype Distribution of Isolates......Page 3209
Host Factors......Page 3210
Infections of the Female Genital Tract......Page 3211
Meningitis......Page 3212
Prevention......Page 3213
Group B Streptococcal Vaccines......Page 3214
Key References......Page 3215
References......Page 3216
Overview......Page 3218
Viridans Streptococci......Page 3219
Viridans Streptococci and the Streptococcus anginosus Group......Page 3220
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis: Viridans streptococci, Streptococcus anginosus, and Nutritionally Variant Streptococci......Page 3221
Meningitis: Viridans Streptococci......Page 3222
Microbiology......Page 3223
Streptococcus suis......Page 3224
Key References......Page 3225
References......Page 3226
Phenotypic Characteristics......Page 3228
Pathogenesis......Page 3229
Bacteremia......Page 3230
Therapy......Page 3231
Key References......Page 3232
References......Page 3233
History......Page 3235
Epidemiology......Page 3236
Laryngeal and Tracheobronchial......Page 3237
Diagnosis......Page 3238
Prevention......Page 3239
Key References......Page 3240
References......Page 3241
Coryneform Bacteria Other Than Corynebacterium diphtheriae......Page 3243
Microbiology......Page 3244
Corynebacterium xerosis......Page 3245
Nonlipophilic, Nonfermentative Corynebacteria......Page 3246
Microbiology......Page 3247
Infections in Humans......Page 3248
Brevibacterium Species......Page 3249
Epidemiology......Page 3250
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3251
Other Rhodococcus Species and Related Genera......Page 3252
Key References......Page 3253
References......Page 3254
Microbiology......Page 3259
Acute Febrile Gastroenteritis......Page 3260
Pregnancy......Page 3261
Neurolisteriosis......Page 3262
Prevention......Page 3263
Key References......Page 3264
References......Page 3266
Short View Summary......Page 3268
Epidemiology......Page 3269
Microbiology......Page 3270
Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous Anthrax......Page 3272
Inhalational or Pulmonary Anthrax......Page 3273
Gastrointestinal Anthrax......Page 3275
Cutaneous Anthrax Without Systemic Manifestations......Page 3277
Role of Corticosteroids and Management of Severe Edema......Page 3278
Prevention......Page 3279
Dissemination of Anthrax as a Bioterrorist Agent......Page 3280
Outbreak Characteristics After Use of Anthrax as a Bioterrorist Agent......Page 3281
Diagnostics......Page 3283
Antibiotics......Page 3285
Remediation (Decontamination)......Page 3286
Key References......Page 3287
References......Page 3288
Epidemiology......Page 3291
Food Poisoning......Page 3292
Systemic Infections......Page 3293
Therapy......Page 3294
Key References......Page 3295
References......Page 3296
Epidemiology......Page 3298
Therapy and Prevention......Page 3299
Key References......Page 3300
References......Page 3301
Etiology......Page 3302
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis......Page 3303
Clinical Features and Diagnosis......Page 3304
Therapy and Prognosis......Page 3307
Key References......Page 3308
References......Page 3309
Short View Summary......Page 3310
Biology and Pathogenesis......Page 3311
Meningococcal Colonization and Transmission......Page 3313
Epidemiology......Page 3315
Meningitis......Page 3318
Primary (Purulent) Pericarditis......Page 3321
Complications......Page 3322
Treatment......Page 3323
Antibiotic Therapy......Page 3324
Adjunctive Therapy and Supportive Care......Page 3325
Chemoprophylaxis......Page 3326
Immune Correlates of Protection and Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines......Page 3327
Serogroup B Vaccines......Page 3328
Adolescents and Adults......Page 3329
Future Meningococcal Disease Vaccine Prevention Strategies......Page 3330
Key References......Page 3331
References......Page 3333
Growth and Cultivation......Page 3340
Type IV Pili......Page 3341
Chromosomal Mutations and Transformation......Page 3342
Infection of the Male Urethra......Page 3343
Infection of the Lower Female Genital Tract......Page 3344
Incidence......Page 3346
Transmission......Page 3348
Antimicrobial Resistance......Page 3349
Rectal Gonococcal Infection......Page 3351
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 3352
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection......Page 3353
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests......Page 3354
Initial Single-Dose Treatment......Page 3355
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 3356
Condoms and Microbicides......Page 3357
Key References......Page 3358
References......Page 3360
Microbiology......Page 3363
Pathogenesis......Page 3364
Nosocomial Respiratory Tract Infections......Page 3365
History and Microbiology......Page 3366
Key References......Page 3369
References......Page 3371
Short View Summary......Page 3374
Pathogenicity......Page 3375
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3376
Treatment......Page 3377
Immune Responses......Page 3380
Prevention and Vaccines......Page 3381
Key References......Page 3382
References......Page 3383
Vibrio parahaemolyticus......Page 3385
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3386
Therapy......Page 3387
Prevention......Page 3388
Key References......Page 3389
References......Page 3390
Microbiology......Page 3391
Epidemiology......Page 3393
Pathogenesis and Pathologic Characteristics......Page 3394
Campylobacter jejuni Infections......Page 3395
Campylobacter fetus Infections......Page 3396
Therapy......Page 3397
Resistance to Fluoroquinolones......Page 3398
Key References......Page 3399
References......Page 3401
Microbiology......Page 3406
Epidemiology......Page 3407
Pathology and Pathogenesis......Page 3408
Duodenal Ulceration......Page 3409
Gastric Carcinoma......Page 3410
Other Inverse Associations......Page 3411
Treatment Regimens......Page 3412
Key References......Page 3413
References......Page 3415
Periplasmic Space......Page 3419
Virulence Factors......Page 3420
Toxins and Secretion Systems......Page 3421
Iron Acquisition......Page 3422
Escherichia......Page 3423
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli......Page 3424
Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Including Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli......Page 3425
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli......Page 3426
Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli......Page 3427
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli......Page 3428
Sepsis-Associated Escherichia coli......Page 3429
Klebsiella......Page 3430
Enterobacter Species, Pantoea agglomerans, and Chronobacter sakazakii......Page 3431
Serratia Species......Page 3432
Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella......Page 3433
Key References......Page 3434
References......Page 3436
Microbiology......Page 3449
Virulence Factors......Page 3450
Epidemiology......Page 3451
Antimicrobial Resistance......Page 3452
Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections......Page 3453
Bloodstream Infections......Page 3454
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Among Ventilated Patients......Page 3455
Bone and Joint Infections......Page 3456
Paronychia and Green Nail Syndrome......Page 3457
Body Piercing......Page 3458
Urinary Tract Infections......Page 3459
Pseudomonas oryzihabitans......Page 3460
Novel Therapeutic Strategies Against P. aeruginosa Infections......Page 3461
Key References......Page 3462
References......Page 3463
Pathogenesis......Page 3466
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia......Page 3467
Head, Neck, and Central Nervous System Infections......Page 3468
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia......Page 3469
Key References......Page 3470
References......Page 3472
Etiology......Page 3476
Epidemiology......Page 3477
Pathogenesis......Page 3478
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3479
Initial Intensive Therapy......Page 3483
Subsequent Eradication Therapy......Page 3484
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 3485
Key References......Page 3486
References......Page 3488
Health Care–Associated Infections......Page 3490
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3491
Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance......Page 3492
Polymyxins......Page 3494
Key References......Page 3495
References......Page 3497
The Genome......Page 3501
Epidemiology......Page 3502
Interactions With Intestinal Epithelium and Induction of Enteritis......Page 3505
Host Response and Immunity......Page 3507
Bacteremia and Vascular Infection......Page 3508
Bacteremia......Page 3509
Key References......Page 3511
References......Page 3513
Isolation Techniques......Page 3516
Mucosal Invasion and Inflammation......Page 3517
Modes of Spread and Reservoirs in Nature......Page 3518
Therapy and Clinical Course......Page 3519
Environmental Control......Page 3520
Key References......Page 3521
References......Page 3522
Description of the Pathogen......Page 3524
Otitis Media......Page 3525
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae......Page 3526
Bacteremia and Invasive Infections......Page 3527
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae......Page 3528
Active Immunization Against Haemophilus influenzae Type b......Page 3529
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3530
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3531
Key References......Page 3532
References......Page 3534
Microbiology......Page 3536
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3537
Cardiovascular System......Page 3538
Diagnosis......Page 3539
Prevention......Page 3540
Key References......Page 3541
References......Page 3542
History......Page 3544
Microbiology......Page 3545
Virulence......Page 3546
Distribution......Page 3547
Transmission......Page 3548
Immunity......Page 3549
Oculoglandular Tularemia......Page 3550
Pharyngeal Tularemia......Page 3551
Pneumonic Tularemia......Page 3552
Routine Cultures and Pathology......Page 3553
Antibiotic Treatment......Page 3554
Pregnant and Immunosuppressed Patients......Page 3555
Vaccination......Page 3556
Key References......Page 3557
References......Page 3559
Description of the Pathogen......Page 3563
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3564
Bacteremia and Endocarditis......Page 3565
Therapy, Prevention, and Prognosis......Page 3566
Key References......Page 3567
References......Page 3568
Microbiology......Page 3570
Epidemiology......Page 3571
Natural Cycles......Page 3572
Septicemic Plague......Page 3573
Other Syndromes......Page 3574
Antimicrobial Agents......Page 3575
Bioterrorism......Page 3576
Acknowledgments......Page 3577
Key References......Page 3578
References......Page 3579
Microbiology......Page 3581
Epidemiology......Page 3582
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3583
Diagnosis......Page 3584
Key References......Page 3585
References......Page 3586
Description of Pathogen......Page 3588
Prevaccine Era......Page 3589
Current Issues Regarding Resurgence of Pertussis......Page 3590
Young Children......Page 3591
Molecular Diagnosis......Page 3592
Antimicrobial Agents......Page 3593
Immunization......Page 3594
Vaccination During Pregnancy......Page 3595
Chemoprophylaxis......Page 3596
Key References......Page 3597
References......Page 3598
Epidemiology......Page 3601
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3602
Diagnosis and Therapy......Page 3603
Key References......Page 3604
References......Page 3605
The Etiologic Agent......Page 3607
Microbial Ecology......Page 3608
Overview......Page 3609
Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis of Other Legionella Species......Page 3610
Patterns and Rates of Disease and Mortality......Page 3611
Outbreak Investigation......Page 3612
Extrapulmonary Infections......Page 3613
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 3614
Therapy and Response to Therapy......Page 3615
Environmental Cultures for Legionella Bacteria......Page 3616
Key References......Page 3617
References......Page 3618
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations......Page 3623
Human Oral-Associated Species......Page 3624
Diagnosis and Laboratory Identification......Page 3625
Therapy......Page 3626
Key References......Page 3627
References......Page 3629
Short View Summary......Page 3631
Bartonella henselae Epidemiology......Page 3632
Epidemiology of Other Bartonella Species Associated With Human Infection......Page 3633
Bartonella Bacilliformis Clinical Manifestations: Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana......Page 3634
Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana: Bacteremic Illness......Page 3635
Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana: Endocarditis......Page 3636
Other Bartonella Species: Endocarditis and Bacteremia......Page 3637
Typical Cat-Scratch Disease......Page 3638
Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Cat-Scratch Disease......Page 3640
Encephalopathy Complicating Cat-Scratch Disease......Page 3641
Ocular Manifestations of Cat-Scratch Disease......Page 3642
Clinical Features of Bartonella Infection in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients......Page 3643
Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Associated With Bartonella Infections......Page 3644
Specimen Collection and Handling for Culture......Page 3645
Identification of Bartonella Species......Page 3646
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bartonella Isolates......Page 3647
Treatment of Bartonella Bacteremia and Endocarditis......Page 3648
Key References......Page 3649
References......Page 3651
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3656
Diagnosis......Page 3657
Key References......Page 3658
References......Page 3659
Actinobacillus and Aggregatibacter Species......Page 3660
Aeromonas Species......Page 3664
Cardiobacterium Species......Page 3665
Dysgonomonas Species......Page 3666
Neisseria animaloris and Neisseria zoodegmatis......Page 3667
Achromobacter and Alcaligenes Species......Page 3668
Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia Species......Page 3669
Eikenella Species......Page 3670
Ochrobactrum Species......Page 3671
Pseudomonas Species......Page 3672
Rhizobium (Formerly Agrobacterium) Species......Page 3673
Shewanella Species......Page 3674
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Groups......Page 3675
Key References......Page 3676
References......Page 3678
Short View Summary......Page 3683
History......Page 3684
Etiology......Page 3685
Epidemiology......Page 3686
Pathogenesis......Page 3688
Pathologic Features......Page 3689
Natural Course of Untreated Syphilis......Page 3691
Primary Syphilis......Page 3692
Secondary Syphilis......Page 3693
Tertiary Syphilis......Page 3694
Syphilitic Meningitis......Page 3695
Parenchymatous Syndromes......Page 3696
Cardiovascular Syphilis......Page 3697
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 3698
Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Treponema pallidum......Page 3700
Treponemal Tests......Page 3701
Principles of Syphilotherapy......Page 3702
Cardiovascular and Gummatous Syphilis......Page 3704
Response to Therapy......Page 3705
Congenital Syphilis......Page 3706
Immunity......Page 3708
Key References......Page 3709
References......Page 3711
Epidemiology......Page 3718
Yaws......Page 3719
Direct Visualization......Page 3720
Prevention......Page 3721
Key References......Page 3722
References......Page 3723
Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 3724
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3726
Direct Detection Methods......Page 3728
Therapy......Page 3729
Key References......Page 3730
References......Page 3732
Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 3734
Pathophysiology......Page 3735
Therapy......Page 3736
Key References......Page 3737
References......Page 3739
Causative Organism......Page 3740
Pathogenesis......Page 3742
Early Infection: Stage 1 (Localized Infection)......Page 3743
Late Infection: Stage 3 (Persistent Infection)......Page 3744
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 3746
Differential Diagnosis......Page 3748
Therapy......Page 3749
Key References......Page 3750
References......Page 3752
Definition of an Anaerobe......Page 3754
The Microbiome in Health and Disease......Page 3755
Clinical Syndromes Caused by Anaerobes......Page 3756
Anaerobic Infections of the Mouth, Head, and Neck......Page 3757
Female Genital Tract Infections......Page 3758
Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections......Page 3759
Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections......Page 3760
Treatment of Anaerobic Infections and Antibiotic Resistance......Page 3761
Key References......Page 3763
References......Page 3764
Historical Overview......Page 3765
Other Virulence Factors......Page 3766
Host Response to Clostridioides difficile Infection......Page 3767
Health Care–Associated Clostridioides difficile Infection......Page 3768
Community-Associated Clostridioides difficile Infection......Page 3769
Risk for Clostridioides difficile Infection......Page 3770
Infection Control and Prevention......Page 3771
Diagnosis......Page 3772
Treatment......Page 3774
Severe Complicated or Fulminant Clostridioides difficile Infection......Page 3775
Multiple Recurrences of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation......Page 3776
Key References......Page 3778
References......Page 3780
Mortality......Page 3784
Pathogenesis......Page 3785
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3786
Management of Muscle Spasms......Page 3787
Prevention......Page 3788
Key References......Page 3789
References......Page 3790
Epidemiology......Page 3792
Pathogenesis......Page 3793
Diagnosis......Page 3794
Prevention......Page 3796
Key References......Page 3797
References......Page 3798
Short View Summary......Page 3800
Pathogenesis......Page 3801
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3802
Treatment and Diagnosis......Page 3803
Clostridium perfringens and Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)......Page 3804
Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 3805
Clostridium botulinum and Botulism......Page 3806
Female Genital Tract Infections......Page 3807
Key References......Page 3808
References......Page 3809
Bacteroides......Page 3811
Symbiosis......Page 3812
Endotoxic Lipopolysaccharide......Page 3813
Bacteremia......Page 3814
Oropharyngeal Infections......Page 3815
Urogenital Tract Infections......Page 3816
Antibiotic Therapy......Page 3817
Key References......Page 3818
References......Page 3819
Taxonomy......Page 3820
Members of the Commensal Microbiota......Page 3821
Anaeroglobus......Page 3822
Actinomyces-Like Organisms......Page 3823
Treatment......Page 3824
Key References......Page 3827
References......Page 3828
Short View Summary......Page 3831
Acid-Fast Staining......Page 3832
Nucleic Acid Amplification......Page 3834
Drug Susceptibility Testing......Page 3835
Recent Morbidity and Mortality Trends......Page 3836
Mode of Spread......Page 3837
Hospitals......Page 3838
Immunology......Page 3839
Interpretation......Page 3840
Interferon-γ Release Assays for Latent M. tuberculosis Infection......Page 3841
Endogenous Versus Exogenous Reinfection......Page 3842
Infection in Old Age......Page 3843
Postprimary (Adult-Type) Pulmonary Tuberculosis......Page 3844
Pulmonary Tuberculosis in AIDS......Page 3845
Laboratory Findings......Page 3846
Rifapentine......Page 3847
Selecting a Drug Regimen......Page 3848
Directly Observed Treatment......Page 3849
Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis......Page 3851
Treatment of Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients......Page 3852
Duration of Therapy......Page 3853
Drug Regimens......Page 3854
Treating Latent Tuberculous Infection in Persons With HIV Infection......Page 3855
AIDS and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis......Page 3856
Cryptic Miliary Tuberculosis and Late Generalized (Chronic Hematogenous) Tuberculosis......Page 3857
Clinical Manifestations......Page 3858
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis......Page 3859
Spinal Tuberculosis Without Bony Involvement on Plain Films......Page 3860
Genitourinary Tuberculosis: Renal Tuberculosis......Page 3861
Tuberculous Peritonitis......Page 3862
Tuberculous Laryngitis......Page 3863
Key References......Page 3864
References......Page 3868
Epidemiology......Page 3875
Epidemiology in the United States......Page 3876
Clinical Manifestations of Leprosy......Page 3878
Clinical Presentation......Page 3880
Diagnostic Testing......Page 3881
Antibiotics......Page 3882
Monitoring Treatment Response......Page 3883
Type 1 Reversal Reaction......Page 3884
Type 2 Erythema Nodosum Leprosum......Page 3885
Necrotic Vasculitis (Lucio Phenomenon)......Page 3886
Key References......Page 3887
References......Page 3888
Short View Summary......Page 3890
Extrapulmonary Disease......Page 3891
Pulmonary Disease......Page 3892
Pulmonary Disease......Page 3893
Pulmonary Disease......Page 3895
Specific Antimicrobials......Page 3896
Antimicrobial Tolerability......Page 3897
Treatment Choice and Monitoring......Page 3898
Prevention.......Page 3900
Key References......Page 3901
References......Page 3904
Short View Summary......Page 3909
Slowly Growing Mycobacteria......Page 3910
Pulmonary Syndromes Associated With Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Other Than Mycobacterium avium Complex......Page 3911
Treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii Lung Disease......Page 3912
Lymphadenitis......Page 3913
Health Care–Associated Infections......Page 3915
Catheter-Related Infections......Page 3916
Susceptibility Testing: Slowly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria......Page 3917
Key References......Page 3918
References......Page 3919
Classification......Page 3921
Molecular Identification and Taxonomy......Page 3922
Ecology and Epidemiology......Page 3923
Nocardia Species and Disease Associations......Page 3924
Central Nervous System Nocardiosis......Page 3925
Disseminated Nocardiosis......Page 3926
Identification of Nocardia Species......Page 3927
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole......Page 3928
Minocycline and Amoxicillin-Clavulanate......Page 3929
Clinical Responses to Therapy......Page 3930
Summary of Management......Page 3931
Key References......Page 3932
References......Page 3933
Etiologic Agents......Page 3936
Oral-Cervicofacial Disease......Page 3937
Thoracic Disease......Page 3938
Endocarditis, Pericarditis, and Mediastinal Disease......Page 3939
Abdominal Disease......Page 3940
Central Nervous System Disease......Page 3941
Diagnosis......Page 3942
Therapy......Page 3943
Key References......Page 3944
References......Page 3947
One Fungus, One Name......Page 3950
Tissue Stains......Page 3951
Fresh Clinical Specimens......Page 3952
Serologic Diagnosis......Page 3953
References......Page 3954
Pathogen......Page 3955
Pathogenesis and Immunology......Page 3956
Candida Esophagitis......Page 3958
Generalized Cutaneous Candidiasis......Page 3959
Diaper Rash......Page 3960
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis......Page 3961
Candida Endocarditis......Page 3962
Candida Arthritis, Osteomyelitis, Costochondritis, and Myositis......Page 3963
Ocular Candidiasis......Page 3964
General Comments......Page 3965
Candidemia in Neutropenic Patients......Page 3966
Central Nervous System Candida Infection......Page 3967
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis......Page 3968
Key References......Page 3969
References......Page 3971
Mycology......Page 3974
Epidemiology......Page 3976
Pathogenicity and Host Defenses......Page 3978
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis......Page 3979
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis......Page 3980
Disseminated Infection......Page 3981
Other Sites......Page 3982
Voriconazole......Page 3983
Isavuconazole......Page 3984
Approach to Therapy......Page 3985
Key References......Page 3986
References......Page 3988
Etiology......Page 3992
Patient Populations at Risk......Page 3993
Pathogenesis (Fig. 258.3)......Page 3994
Host Immune Response Against Mucormycosis......Page 3995
Radiology......Page 3996
Radiology......Page 3997
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections......Page 3998
Disseminated Mucormycosis......Page 3999
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing......Page 4000
Antifungal Therapy......Page 4001
Combination Therapy......Page 4002
Conidiobolomycosis......Page 4003
Key References......Page 4004
References......Page 4006
Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis......Page 4010
Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis......Page 4011
Multifocal Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis......Page 4012
Therapy......Page 4013
Key References......Page 4014
References......Page 4016
Pathology and Pathogenesis......Page 4017
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4018
Therapy......Page 4019
Key References......Page 4020
References......Page 4021
Etiologic Agents......Page 4022
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4023
Diagnosis......Page 4024
Key References......Page 4026
References......Page 4027
Short View Summary......Page 4028
Taxonomy......Page 4029
Identification......Page 4030
Epidemiology......Page 4031
High-Temperature Growth......Page 4033
Host Responses......Page 4034
Lung......Page 4035
Central Nervous System......Page 4036
Skin......Page 4037
Microscopic Examination......Page 4038
Antigen Detection......Page 4039
In Vitro Drug Susceptibility Analysis......Page 4040
Cryptococcal Meningitis......Page 4041
Prognosis......Page 4042
Key References......Page 4043
References......Page 4044
Ecology and Epidemiology......Page 4050
Mycology......Page 4051
Innate Immunity......Page 4052
Granulomas......Page 4053
Clinical Findings......Page 4054
Mediastinal Granuloma and Fibrosis......Page 4055
Incidence......Page 4056
Subacute Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis......Page 4057
Clinical Findings......Page 4058
Fungal Culture......Page 4059
Histochemical Identification......Page 4060
Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis......Page 4061
Endocarditis......Page 4062
Key References......Page 4063
References......Page 4065
Mycology......Page 4066
Geographic Distribution and Ecology......Page 4067
Epidemiology......Page 4068
Pathogenesis, Virulence, and Host Defense......Page 4069
Pulmonary Blastomycosis......Page 4070
Disseminated Blastomycosis......Page 4071
Blastomycosis in Immunocompromised Patients......Page 4073
Diagnosis......Page 4074
Treatment......Page 4076
Key References......Page 4077
References......Page 4079
Short View Summary......Page 4082
Geographic Range......Page 4083
Rates of Coccidioidal Infection......Page 4084
Early Respiratory Infection......Page 4085
Pulmonary Nodules and Cavities......Page 4086
Extrapulmonary Dissemination......Page 4087
Direct Examination and Culture......Page 4088
Coccidioidal Antigen Detection......Page 4089
Diffuse Pneumonia......Page 4090
Prevention......Page 4091
Key References......Page 4092
References......Page 4093
Epidemiology......Page 4097
Anthropophilic Dermatophyte Infections......Page 4098
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4099
Tinea Imbricata......Page 4100
Tinea Capitis......Page 4101
Point of Care and Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 4102
Tina Capitis......Page 4103
Other Forms of Onychomycosis......Page 4104
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4105
Key References......Page 4106
References......Page 4107
Description of the Pathogen......Page 4108
Ecology and Epidemiology......Page 4109
Innate Immune Responses......Page 4110
Acquired Immune Responses......Page 4111
Lungs......Page 4112
Lymph Nodes......Page 4113
Paracoccidioidomycosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients......Page 4114
Azole Derivatives......Page 4115
Immune-Based Diagnostic Tests......Page 4116
Key References......Page 4117
References......Page 4119
Short View Summary......Page 4122
Scedosporium Apiospermum (Pseudallescheria Boydii) Species Complex......Page 4124
Dark-Walled Fungi and Agents of Phaeohyphomycosis......Page 4125
Fusarium Spp.......Page 4128
Malassezia Furfur......Page 4129
Talaromyces (Formerly Penicillium) Marneffei......Page 4130
Agents of Adiaspiromycosis (Emmonsia Spp.)......Page 4131
Pythium Spp.......Page 4132
Summary......Page 4133
Key References......Page 4134
References......Page 4138
Pathogen......Page 4142
Epidemiology......Page 4144
Pathology and Pathogenesis......Page 4147
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4149
Diagnosis......Page 4150
Course and Prognosis......Page 4152
Treatment......Page 4153
Chemoprophylaxis......Page 4155
Preventing Exposure......Page 4156
Key References......Page 4157
References......Page 4159
Short View Summary......Page 4164
General Characteristics......Page 4165
Phylogeny of the Microsporidia......Page 4166
Epidemiology......Page 4167
Immunology......Page 4168
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections......Page 4169
Genitourinary Tract Infection......Page 4170
Musculoskeletal Infection......Page 4171
Microsporidian Infection in Non-AIDS Patients......Page 4172
Other Microsporidia......Page 4173
Diagnosis......Page 4174
Gastrointestinal and Systemic Disease......Page 4175
Key References......Page 4177
References......Page 4179
271 Introduction to Protozoal Diseases......Page 4185
Key References......Page 4187
References......Page 4188
Short View Summary......Page 4189
Life Cycle......Page 4190
Genome Structure......Page 4191
Cytolysis......Page 4192
Neutrophils and Eosinophils......Page 4193
Epidemiology......Page 4194
Amebic Liver Abscess......Page 4196
Diagnosis......Page 4198
Antigen Testing for Amebiasis......Page 4199
Therapy......Page 4200
Key References......Page 4201
References......Page 4203
Short View Summary......Page 4207
Acanthamoeba......Page 4208
Balamuthia......Page 4209
Naegleria......Page 4210
Acanthamoeba......Page 4211
Acanthamoeba......Page 4212
Acanthamoeba......Page 4213
Balamuthia......Page 4214
Naegleria......Page 4215
Acanthamoeba Keratitis......Page 4216
Prevention......Page 4217
Key References......Page 4218
References......Page 4219
The Malaria Problem......Page 4222
Plasmodium and Its Life Cycle......Page 4223
Plasmodium falciparum......Page 4224
Cerebral Malaria......Page 4225
Hypoglycemia......Page 4226
Plasmodium malariae......Page 4227
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency......Page 4228
Epidemiology of Malaria......Page 4229
Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine......Page 4231
Mefloquine, Quinidine, Quinine......Page 4232
Thick and Thin Blood Smears......Page 4233
Severe P. falciparum Malaria......Page 4234
Enteric Fever......Page 4235
Uncomplicated Malaria......Page 4236
Quinine Plus Doxycycline......Page 4238
Quinidine Gluconate......Page 4239
Nonfalciparum Malaria......Page 4240
All Areas......Page 4241
Vaccination......Page 4242
Key References......Page 4243
References......Page 4244
Life Cycle and Morphology......Page 4254
Pathogenesis and Immunology......Page 4255
Diagnostic Principles......Page 4257
Treatment Principles......Page 4258
Epidemiology......Page 4259
Natural History and Latent Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection......Page 4260
Diagnosis......Page 4261
Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis......Page 4262
Miltefosine......Page 4263
Epidemiology......Page 4264
Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis......Page 4267
Treatment......Page 4268
Liposomal Amphotericin B......Page 4269
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4270
Prevention......Page 4271
Key References......Page 4272
References......Page 4273
Short View Summary......Page 4279
Life Cycle and Transmission......Page 4280
Epidemiology......Page 4281
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4282
Immunosuppression and Transplantation in T. Cruzi–Infected Patients......Page 4283
Diagnosis......Page 4284
Therapy......Page 4285
Key References......Page 4286
References......Page 4288
Parasites and Their Transmission......Page 4291
Pathogenesis and Pathology......Page 4292
West African Trypanosomiasis......Page 4293
Diagnosis......Page 4294
Therapy......Page 4295
Key References......Page 4296
References......Page 4297
Short View Summary......Page 4298
Oocyst......Page 4299
Tachyzoite......Page 4300
Transmission and Epidemiology......Page 4301
Pathogenesis and Immunity......Page 4303
Central Nervous System......Page 4305
Eye......Page 4306
Toxoplasmosis in the Immunocompetent Patient......Page 4307
Heart Transplantation......Page 4308
Toxoplasmosis in the Bone Marrow Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient......Page 4309
Toxoplasmosis in the AIDS Patient......Page 4310
Toxoplasmosis During Pregnancy......Page 4312
Congenital Toxoplasmosis......Page 4313
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test......Page 4314
Immunoglobulin A Antibodies......Page 4315
Radiologic Methods......Page 4316
Toxoplasmosis in the Immunocompetent Patient......Page 4318
Toxoplasmosis in the Immunodeficient Patient......Page 4319
Congenital Infection in the Fetus and Newborn......Page 4321
Toxoplasmosis in the Immunodeficient Patient......Page 4324
Acute Acquired Toxoplasma Infection in Pregnant Women......Page 4327
General Methods......Page 4328
Congenital Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Toxoplasmosis......Page 4329
Key References......Page 4330
References......Page 4331
Description of the Pathogen......Page 4339
Epidemiology......Page 4340
Pathogenesis and Immune Response......Page 4341
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4342
Therapy......Page 4343
Prevention......Page 4344
Key References......Page 4345
References......Page 4347
Epidemiology......Page 4350
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4351
Complications......Page 4352
Key References......Page 4353
References......Page 4354
Geographic Distribution......Page 4355
Blood Transfusion......Page 4356
Europe: Other Babesia Species......Page 4357
Single-Gene Analysis......Page 4358
Babesia microti Infection......Page 4359
Routine Laboratory Findings......Page 4360
Adjunctive Exchange Transfusion......Page 4361
Asplenic Patients......Page 4362
Key References......Page 4363
References......Page 4365
The Parasites......Page 4367
Epidemiology......Page 4368
Pathology and Pathogenesis......Page 4370
Host Response and Immunity......Page 4371
Cryptosporidium and Malnutrition......Page 4372
Diagnosis......Page 4373
Antiparasitic Drugs......Page 4374
Key References......Page 4376
References......Page 4378
Coccidia Other Than Cryptosporidia......Page 4385
Diagnosis......Page 4386
Epidemiology......Page 4387
Therapy......Page 4388
Therapy......Page 4389
Blastocystis Species......Page 4390
Therapy......Page 4391
Key References......Page 4392
References......Page 4393
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning......Page 4395
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning......Page 4396
Pfiesteria-Associated Syndrome......Page 4397
References......Page 4398
Pathogenesis and Host-Parasite Relationship......Page 4399
Prevention and Control......Page 4400
Key References......Page 4401
References......Page 4402
Intestinal Nematodes......Page 4403
Clinical Syndromes......Page 4404
Epidemiology......Page 4406
Life Cycle......Page 4407
Clinical Syndromes......Page 4408
Key References......Page 4409
References......Page 4410
Epidemiology......Page 4412
Therapy......Page 4413
Diagnosis and Therapy......Page 4414
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4415
Diagnosis......Page 4416
Therapy......Page 4417
Mansonellosis......Page 4418
References......Page 4419
Schistosomes......Page 4420
Life Cycle......Page 4421
Epidemiology......Page 4422
Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama Fever)......Page 4423
Coinfections......Page 4424
Praziquantel for Treatment of Schistosomiasis......Page 4425
Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis......Page 4426
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4427
Diagnosis......Page 4428
Paragonimiasis......Page 4429
Key References......Page 4430
References......Page 4432
Parasite Life Cycle......Page 4435
Disease Pathogenesis and Immunology......Page 4436
Hymenolepis nana......Page 4437
Other Species Causing Tapeworm Infection in Humans......Page 4438
Cysticercosis......Page 4439
Diagnosis......Page 4440
Echinococcosis (Hydatid and Alveolar Cyst Disease)......Page 4441
Treatment......Page 4442
Other Invasive Cestodes......Page 4443
Key References......Page 4444
References......Page 4445
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4447
Baylisascariasis......Page 4448
Eosinophilic Meningitis......Page 4449
Treatment......Page 4450
Capillariasis......Page 4451
Key References......Page 4452
References......Page 4453
Conclusions......Page 4454
Key References......Page 4456
References......Page 4457
Epidemiology......Page 4458
Head Lice......Page 4459
Therapy......Page 4460
Prevention......Page 4461
Key References......Page 4462
References......Page 4463
Transmission......Page 4464
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4465
Diagnosis......Page 4466
Therapy......Page 4467
Key References......Page 4468
References......Page 4469
Myiasis......Page 4470
Epidemiology......Page 4471
Flea Infestations......Page 4472
Epidemiology......Page 4473
Key References......Page 4474
References......Page 4475
Epidemiology and Outcomes of Mite Infestations......Page 4476
Diagnosis and Management of Mite Infections......Page 4481
Delusional Mite and Other Ectoparasitic Infestations......Page 4482
Key References......Page 4483
References......Page 4484
Tick Biology, Behavior, and Taxonomy......Page 4485
Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Infectious Diseases......Page 4486
Lyme Borreliosis......Page 4488
Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI)......Page 4490
Tick-Borne Relapsing Fevers......Page 4491
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsial Infections......Page 4492
Q (Query) Fever......Page 4494
Tularemia......Page 4495
Tick-Borne Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis......Page 4496
Babesial Infections......Page 4497
Tick-Borne Viral Encephalitides......Page 4499
Tick-Borne Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses......Page 4500
Tick Paralysis......Page 4501
Red Meat Allergy After Tick Bites......Page 4502
Prevention and Control of Tick-Borne Infectious Diseases and Paralytic Poisonings......Page 4503
Conclusions......Page 4505
Key References......Page 4506
References......Page 4507
Clinical Manifestations......Page 4509
Peripheral Extremity Changes......Page 4510
Differential Diagnosis......Page 4511
Genetics......Page 4512
Key References......Page 4513
References......Page 4515
Short View Summary......Page 4517
Methods of Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection......Page 4518
Disinfection of Hospital Water......Page 4519
Organisms Transmitted by Droplet......Page 4520
Preventive Measures for Catheter Insertion......Page 4521
Active Microbial Surveillance......Page 4522
Management of Exposed Patients......Page 4523
Preventing Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to Patients......Page 4524
Key References......Page 4525
References......Page 4527
Rational Approach to Disinfection and Sterilization......Page 4530
Semicritical Items......Page 4531
Noncritical Items......Page 4532
Disinfection of Health Care Equipment and Surfaces......Page 4534
Glutaraldehyde......Page 4535
Improved Hydrogen Peroxide......Page 4536
Peracetic Acid With Hydrogen Peroxide......Page 4537
Sterilization......Page 4538
Ethylene Oxide “Gas” Sterilization......Page 4539
Inactivation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Agent......Page 4540
Immersion Versus Perfusion of Channel Scopes Such as Cystoscopes......Page 4541
Ultraviolet Light for Room Decontamination......Page 4542
OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard......Page 4543
Control of Hospital Waste......Page 4544
Acknowledgments......Page 4545
Key References......Page 4546
References......Page 4547
Pathogenesis......Page 4552
Contamination of the Catheter Hub and Lumen (Intraluminal Source)......Page 4553
Catheter-Related Issues......Page 4554
Microbiology......Page 4555
Diagnosis......Page 4556
Short-Term Issues......Page 4558
Long-Term Issues......Page 4559
Pulmonary Artery Catheters......Page 4561
Treatment of CLABSIs......Page 4562
Prevention of Device-Associated Bacteremia......Page 4563
After Insertion......Page 4564
Antimicrobial Lock Prophylaxis......Page 4565
Key References......Page 4566
References......Page 4568
Health Care–Associated Pneumonia......Page 4575
Diagnosis......Page 4576
Invasive Versus Noninvasive Respiratory Tract Sampling......Page 4577
Microbiology......Page 4578
Empirical Therapy......Page 4579
Combination Versus Monotherapy for Gram-Negative Pathogens......Page 4580
Prevention......Page 4581
Ventilator-Assisted Pneumonia as A Quality Metric......Page 4582
Key References......Page 4583
References......Page 4584
Definitions......Page 4589
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 4590
Microbiology......Page 4591
Significant Bacteriuria......Page 4592
Pyuria......Page 4593
Reduction of Unnecessary Catheterization......Page 4594
Intermittent Catheterization......Page 4595
Prevention Strategies With Possible Benefit......Page 4596
Prevention Strategies With Little Benefit......Page 4597
Preclinical Strategies for CAUTI Prevention......Page 4598
Choice of Antimicrobial Agent......Page 4599
Nephrostomy Tubes and Ureteral Stents......Page 4600
Fungal Urinary Tract Infection......Page 4601
Key References......Page 4602
References......Page 4603
Current Epidemiology of Health Care–Associated Hepatitis B and C Outbreaks in the United States......Page 4607
Hepatitis A......Page 4608
Epidemiology......Page 4609
Vaccine Acceptance and Response Among Health Care Workers, and Duration of Immunity......Page 4610
Worker-to-patient transmission.......Page 4611
Hepatitis D......Page 4612
Key References......Page 4613
References......Page 4614
Scope of Blood Transfusion......Page 4617
Bloodborne Pathogens......Page 4618
Other Retroviruses......Page 4620
West Nile Virus and Other Arboviruses......Page 4621
Bacterial Pathogens......Page 4622
Parasites......Page 4623
Pathogens Causing Encephalitis......Page 4624
Key References......Page 4626
References......Page 4628
Granulocytes......Page 4631
Impact of Treatment on Cellular Immunity......Page 4632
Platelets......Page 4633
Dysbiosis......Page 4634
Mucosal Barrier Injury......Page 4635
Fever and the Inflammatory Response......Page 4636
Bacteremia Related to Intravascular Catheters......Page 4637
Skin Infections......Page 4638
Liver Infections......Page 4639
Conclusion......Page 4640
Key References......Page 4641
References......Page 4642
Short View Summary......Page 4644
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Infections in Cancer Patients......Page 4645
Neutropenia......Page 4646
Mucositis and Microbiota Alterations......Page 4647
Biologic Agents and Other New Drugs......Page 4648
Bacterial Infections......Page 4652
Viral Infections......Page 4654
Antibacterial Chemoprophylaxis......Page 4655
Primary Antifungal Chemoprophylaxis......Page 4657
Prophylaxis Against Pneumocystis jirovecii......Page 4659
Infection Control: Isolation and Antimicrobial Stewardship......Page 4660
Empirical Antibacterial Therapy of Fever During Neutropenia......Page 4661
Patients at Low Risk......Page 4662
Patients at High Risk......Page 4663
Empirical and Preemptive (Diagnostic-Oriented) Antifungal Therapy......Page 4664
Catheter-Related Infection......Page 4665
Pneumonia......Page 4666
Conclusions......Page 4667
Key References......Page 4668
References......Page 4670
Short View Summary......Page 4674
Basic Transplantation Techniques......Page 4675
Prevention of Infection......Page 4676
Hepatitis......Page 4677
Diarrhea......Page 4678
Postengraftment Risk Period......Page 4679
Late Risk Period......Page 4681
Bacterial Infections......Page 4682
Intracellular Bacteria......Page 4683
Cytomegalovirus......Page 4684
Varicella-Zoster Virus......Page 4685
Respiratory Viruses......Page 4686
Candida......Page 4687
Aspergillus......Page 4688
Vaccination......Page 4689
Immunoglobulin Replacement......Page 4690
Key References......Page 4691
References......Page 4692
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors......Page 4699
Biologic Agents......Page 4700
Time of Occurrence of Infections After Transplantation......Page 4702
Infections Between 30 to 180 Days......Page 4703
Heart Transplant Recipients......Page 4704
Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Recipients......Page 4705
Invasive Aspergillosis After Lung Transplantation......Page 4706
Abdominal Infections After Liver Transplantation......Page 4707
Infections of the Skin and Surgical Site......Page 4708
Pulmonary Infections......Page 4709
Coccidioidomycosis......Page 4710
Central Nervous System Infections......Page 4711
Specific Problems of Viral Infections......Page 4712
Prevention......Page 4713
Risk Factors......Page 4714
Varicella-Zoster Virus......Page 4715
Human Herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus)......Page 4716
RNA Respiratory Viruses......Page 4717
Parvovirus B19......Page 4718
Liver Transplant Candidates and Recipients......Page 4719
Hepatitis E Virus......Page 4720
Other Pathogens With Potential for Transmission With the Allograft......Page 4721
Hepatitis B......Page 4722
Key References......Page 4723
References......Page 4725
Factors That Predispose to Infection......Page 4729
Urinary Tract Infection......Page 4730
Pneumonia......Page 4731
Osteomyelitis......Page 4732
References......Page 4733
Waning Immunity With Age (Immune Senescence)......Page 4735
Nutrition......Page 4736
Antibiotic Stewardship......Page 4737
Urinary Tract Infection......Page 4738
Bacteremia and Sepsis......Page 4739
Tuberculosis......Page 4740
Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 4741
Other Vaccines......Page 4742
Key References......Page 4743
References......Page 4744
Anatomy of the Spleen......Page 4745
Congenital Asplenia......Page 4746
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Sepsis in Asplenic Patients......Page 4747
Clinical Presentation of Sepsis Secondary to Asplenia......Page 4749
Diagnosis of Postsplenectomy Sepsis......Page 4750
Prophylactic Antibiotics......Page 4751
Vaccines......Page 4752
Key References......Page 4753
References......Page 4755
Short View Summary......Page 4756
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections......Page 4759
Abscess......Page 4760
Management of Soft Tissue Infections......Page 4761
Pyomyositis......Page 4762
Diagnosis and Management of Skeletal Infections......Page 4763
Microbiology......Page 4764
Diagnosis......Page 4765
Therapy......Page 4766
Mycotic Aneurysm......Page 4767
Pathophysiology......Page 4768
Tuberculosis in Injection Drug Users......Page 4769
Hepatitis C......Page 4770
Risk Factors......Page 4771
Spinal Epidural Abscess......Page 4772
Epidemiology......Page 4773
Key References......Page 4774
References......Page 4776
Historical Background......Page 4782
Species and Sources of Wound Bacteria......Page 4783
Foreign Material and Operative Trauma to Tissue......Page 4785
Procedural and Proceduralist Factors......Page 4786
General Concepts......Page 4787
Basic Principles......Page 4788
Special Considerations With Prophylaxis in Colorectal Surgery......Page 4790
Initial Dose Timing......Page 4791
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis: Duration......Page 4792
Use of Surgical Prophylaxis Compliance as a Reported Measure of Health Care Quality......Page 4793
Key References......Page 4794
References......Page 4796
Burn Injury......Page 4799
Pathogenesis and Microbial Evolution of Burn Wound Colonization and Infection......Page 4800
Wound Infections......Page 4801
Surgical Management and Topical Therapy......Page 4802
Infection Prevention and Health Care–Associated Infections......Page 4803
Other Strategies to Modify Infection Risk......Page 4804
Key References......Page 4805
References......Page 4807
Animal Bites......Page 4810
Management of Animal Bites......Page 4812
Venomous Snakebites......Page 4813
Key References......Page 4814
References......Page 4816
316 Immunization......Page 4818
Components of the Immune Response......Page 4819
Temporal Course of the Immune Response......Page 4820
General Principles of Immunization......Page 4821
Anthrax Vaccine......Page 4823
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine......Page 4824
Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine (Hib)......Page 4832
Hepatitis B Vaccine......Page 4838
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Vaccines–Inactivated and Recombinant (IIV and RIV)......Page 4839
Measles-Containing Vaccine......Page 4841
Meningococcal Vaccines......Page 4842
Pertussis-Containing Vaccine......Page 4843
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine......Page 4844
Polio Vaccine......Page 4845
Rubella Vaccine......Page 4846
Typhoid Vaccine......Page 4847
Varicella Vaccine......Page 4848
Immunoglobulin Preparations......Page 4849
Immune Globulin Intravenous......Page 4850
Children......Page 4851
Adults......Page 4852
Pregnancy......Page 4853
Storage and Handling of Vaccines......Page 4854
Combination Vaccines......Page 4855
Compensation for Vaccine Injuries......Page 4856
Sources of Information......Page 4857
Key References......Page 4858
References......Page 4860
Mechanisms of Transmission......Page 4865
Bats......Page 4866
Rodents......Page 4867
Diseases Associated With Agricultural and Other Domestic Animals......Page 4868
References......Page 4869
Immunization......Page 4870
Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccine......Page 4871
Hepatitis A......Page 4872
Meningococcal Disease......Page 4873
Choice of Malaria Chemoprophylactic Drugs......Page 4875
Risk and Etiology......Page 4876
Protection Against Pathogens Encountered by Swimming and Water Exposure......Page 4877
Pregnant Travelers......Page 4878
Key References......Page 4879
References......Page 4880
Short View Summary......Page 4882
Chronology of Travel and Illness......Page 4884
Malaria......Page 4885
Dengue......Page 4886
Zika Virus......Page 4887
Respiratory Illness......Page 4888
Initial Office Approach to the Febrile Patient......Page 4889
Skin Problems......Page 4890
Screening for Asymptomatic Infection......Page 4892
Key References......Page 4893
References......Page 4894