Managing Plant Production Under Changing Environment

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Nanoremediation: An Innovative Approach for Environmental Safety
1 Introduction
2 Nanoremediation for Environmental Cleanup
3 Type of Nanomaterials Used for Nanoremediation
3.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
3.1.1 Iron Nanoparticles
3.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles
3.1.3 Silver Nanoparticles
3.1.4 Copper Nanoparticles
3.1.5 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
3.2 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
4 Production and Fabrication of Nanomaterials
5 Nanoremediation for Aquatic Environment
6 Nanoremediation for Terrestrial Environment
7 Nanoremediation for Atmospheric Environment
8 Potential Risks of Using Nanomaterials as Environmental Remediating Agents
9 Current Trends of Nanoremediation and Future Perspective
10 Conclusions
References
Sustainable Agriculture and Plant Production by Virtue of Biochar in the Era of Climate Change
1 Background
2 Benefits of Biochar Additions in Soils
2.1 Soil Quality Improvement
2.2 Soil Physical Properties
2.3 Soil Chemical Properties
2.4 Soil Biological Properties
2.5 Provision and Retention of Essential Nutrients
2.6 CO2 Sequestration and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emission
2.7 Heavy Metal Immobilization and Food Safety
3 Sustainable Plant Production under the Influence of Biochar
3.1 Seed Germination and Plant Growth
3.2 Improvement in Physiological Characteristics of Plants
3.3 Crop Yield
3.4 Stress Alleviation by the Virtue of Biochar
4 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
Soil Management Vis-à-Vis Carbon Sequestration in Relation to Land Use Cover/Change in Terrestrial Ecosystem-A Review
1 Introduction
2 Soil Organic C in Different Soil Types
3 Crop Production and Soil Management Practices for Increased C Sequestering
3.1 Conservation Tillage and C Sequestration
3.2 Zero Tillage Wheat
3.3 Cropping Systems and C Sequestration
3.4 Nutrient Management and C Sequestration
3.4.1 Fertilizer-N Management and C Sequestration
3.5 Agricultural Waste Management and C Sequestration
4 Land-Use Management and Soil C Sequestration
5 Legumes and C Sequestration
6 Crop Cultivars and Soil C Sequestration
7 Crop Diversification and C Sequestration
8 Soil Conservation Practices and C Sequestration
9 Crop Residue Management and C Sequestration
10 Biochar Application and C Sequestration
11 Nitrogen Transformation Inhibitor and C Sequestration
12 Agroforestry and C Sequestration
13 Conclusions
References
Saline Toxicity and Antioxidant Response in Oryza sativa: An Updated Review
1 Introduction
2 Salt-Stress Tolerance Mechanism
3 Mechanisms of ROS Generation and Oxidative Damage
4 Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms
5 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
6 Catalases (CAT)
7 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
8 Glutathione Reductase (GR)
9 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR)
10 Dehydroascorbatereductase (DHAR)
11 Glutathione S-Transferases (GST)
12 Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)
13 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
13.1 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
13.2 Glutathione (GSH)
13.3 Proline (Pro)
13.4 Carotenoid (Car)
14 Conclusion
References
Soybean Plants Under Waterlogging Stress: Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms
1 Introduction
2 Plant Responses to Waterlogging
2.1 Growth
2.2 Physiology
2.3 Yield Loss
3 Soybean Plant Responses to Waterlogging
3.1 Growth
3.2 Nutrient Uptake
3.3 Physiology
3.4 Metabolic Responses
3.5 Phenology
3.6 Reproductive Development
3.7 Yield Attributes and Yield
3.8 Quality
4 Plant Adaptation to Waterlogging Stress
4.1 Morphological and Anatomical Modification
4.2 Stomatal Regulation
4.3 Hormonal Regulation
4.4 Antioxidant Defense
5 Genotypic Differences Under Waterlogging
6 Conclusion
References
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.) an Oilseed Crop under Biotic Stress
1 Introduction
2 Biotic Stresses on Niger Crop
3 Effects of Biotic Stresses on Niger Crop
3.1 Major Insects-Pests Affect Niger Crop
3.2 Major Pathogens Affecting Niger Crop
3.3 Major Weeds Affect Niger Crop
4 Preventive Measures of Niger Crop from Biotic Stress
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Role of Phytohormones in Antioxidant Metabolism in Plants under Salinity and Water Stress
1 Introduction
2 Hormonal Regulation on Antioxidants and Related Attributes in Plants under Drought, Salinity, and Waterlogging Stress
2.1 Abscisic Acid
2.2 Cytokinin
2.3 Auxin
2.4 Ethylene
2.5 Gibberellins
2.6 Salicylic Acid (SA)
2.7 Jasmonates
2.8 Brassinosteroids (BRs)
3 Crosstalk among Phytohormones to Regulate Plant Stress Responses
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Plant Phenolic Compounds for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
1 Introduction
2 Plant Phenolic Compounds: Types and Nature
2.1 Simple Phenol
2.2 Phenolic Acid
2.3 Tannins
2.4 Lignin
2.5 Stilbenes
2.6 Flavonoids Compounds
3 Synthesis of Phenolic Compounds in Plants under Optimal and Stressful Environments
3.1 Shikimate Pathway
3.2 Phenylpropanoid Pathway
3.3 Flavonoid Pathway
4 Metabolism of the Phenolic Compound under Abiotic Stresses
4.1 Salinity
4.2 Drought
4.3 Heavy Metals
4.4 Extreme Temperature
4.5 UV Radiation
5 Phenolic Compounds as Stress Biomarker
6 Phenolic Compound-Induced Regulation of Plant Stress Tolerances
7 Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds
8 Methylglyoxal Detoxification by Phenolic Compounds
9 Conclusion
References
Efficacy of Various Amendments for the Phytomanagement of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites and Sustainable Agriculture. A Review
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Pollution
2.1 Types of Pollution
2.1.1 Soil Pollution
2.1.2 Sources of Soil Pollution
2.2 Major Contaminants of Soil
2.2.1 Organic Pollutant
2.2.2 Inorganic Pollutants
2.3 Sources of Waste Water
2.3.1 Textile Industry
2.3.2 Tanning Industry
2.3.3 Surgical Industry
2.3.4 Impacts of Waste Water on Food
2.4 Major Contaminants of Waste Water
2.4.1 Heavy Metals (HMs)
2.4.2 Impacts of Heavy Metals on Animals
2.4.3 Impacts of Heavy Metals on Human Well-being
2.4.4 Chromium (Cr)
2.4.5 Nickel (Ni)
2.4.6 Arsenic (As)
2.4.7 Lead (Pb)
2.4.8 Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants
2.4.9 Effects of Heavy Metals on Soil Microorganisms
2.5 Treatments Strategies
2.5.1 Thermal Treatments
2.5.2 Physiochemical Treatment
2.5.3 Biological Treatments
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Phyto-Desalination
Phyto Volatilization
Rhizo-Degradation
Phytodegradation
Phytostabilization
2.6 Phytoextraction
2.6.1 Brassica napus (L.)
2.6.2 Eichhornia crassipes
2.6.3 Zea mays (L.)
2.6.4 Coriandrum sativum (L.)
2.6.5 Helianthus annuus (L.)
2.6.6 Spinacia oleracea (L.)
2.7 Amendments
2.7.1 Biochar Absorbent
2.7.2 Organic Acids
Citric Acid
Oxalic Acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid EDTA
2.7.3 Microbes
2.8 Radiations
2.8.1 Beta Radiation
2.8.2 Alpha Radiation
2.8.3 Microwave Radiation
2.8.4 Gamma Radiation
3 Conclusions
References
Exploring Plant Responses to Salinity and Implications of Halophytes as a Model for Salinity Improvement
1 Introduction
2 Plant Responses to Salinity Stress
2.1 Perceive to React: the Early Responses Triggered by Excess NaCl in Plant Cells
2.2 Responses to the Developments of Salinity Stress: How Plants Deal with Osmotic and Ionic Stresses
2.3 Involvement of Non-Coding Sequences in the Response to Salinity
3 Halophytes as a Model for the Establishment of Salt-Tolerant Glycophytes
3.1 Compartmentalization-Beneficial Accumulation Against Toxicity
3.2 Flow Against Toxicity: Preventing Accumulation in Key Tissues
3.3 Osmotic Adjustment: Halophytes Use Ions to Surpass the Trend Created by Na+ and K+ Imbalance
3.4 The Regulation Performed by MicroRNAs May Also Be Responsible for the Differences Between Halophytes and Glycophytes Under...
4 Conclusions
References
Wastewater Pollution, Types and Treatment Methods Assisted Different Amendments. A Review
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Pollution
2.1 Types of Pollutants
2.2 Soil Pollution
2.3 Soil Pollutants
2.4 Wastewater
2.4.1 Sources of Waste Water
2.4.2 Textile Industry Wastewater
2.4.3 Tannery Industry Wastewater
2.5 Wastewater Treatment
2.6 Heavy Metals
2.6.1 Inorganic Heavy Metals
2.6.2 Organic Pollutants
3 Treatment of Heavy Metals
3.1 Phytoremediation
3.2 Phytoremediation Types
3.3 Treatment Technologies
3.3.1 Rhyzodegradation
3.3.2 Phytostabilisation
3.3.3 Metal Immobilisation
3.3.4 Rhizoremediation
3.3.5 Micro Remediation
3.3.6 Volatilisation
3.3.7 Phyto-Extraction
4 Amendments
4.1 Chelating Agents
4.2 Biochar
5 Conclusions
References
Insights into Potential Roles of Plants as Natural Radioprotectants and Amelioration of Radiations Induced Harmful Impacts on ...
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms of Radiation Damage
3 Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiations
4 Indoor Plants as Radiation Protectors
5 Radioprotective Ability of Botanicals Against the Ionizing Radiations
6 Importance of Radio-Protectors for Human Health
7 Possible Mechanisms of Radioprotection Adopted by Plants
8 Conclusion
References
Development of Rangeland Conservation and Sustainable Management Practices Under Changing Climate
1 Introduction
2 Types of Rangelands
3 Importance
4 Factors Affecting the Productivity of Rangeland
4.1 Climate Change
4.2 Temperature
4.3 Water (Precipitation)
4.4 Water Deficiency
4.5 Water Stress
4.6 Plant Water Stress
4.7 Drought
4.8 Light
4.9 Wild Life
5 Impact of Grazing on Rangeland Ecosystem
6 Effects of Climate Change on Rangelands
6.1 IPCC and Climate Change
6.2 Precipitation Fluctuations
7 Uncertainties Regarding Climate Change and Rangeland Strategies
7.1 Community Vulnerability
7.2 G-Range Model
8 Management Practices in Northern and Southwest Great Plains
8.1 Management Practices in the Northern Great Plains
8.2 Management Practices in Southwest Great Plains
9 Conservation Strategy
9.1 Improving Landscape Connectivity
9.2 Mixed Rangeland and Cropland
9.3 Soil Health
9.4 Native Grasses
10 Restoration Strategy
10.1 Upland Restoration
10.2 Fire
10.3 Invasive Species
11 Rangeland Management to Conserve Pattern and Process
11.1 Grazing Intensity
11.2 Distribution of Grazing in Space and Time
11.3 Grazing Distribution Factors
12 Principles for Conservation of Pattern and Process on Rangeland Ecosystems
13 Grazing Management Strategies that Influence Livestock Distribution
13.1 Rotational Grazing
13.2 Stoking Density
13.3 Flash Grazing
14 Fire as Rangeland Ecosystem Process
15 Recommendations
16 Conclusions
References
Biological Nitrogen Fixation: An Analysis of Intoxicating Tribulations from Pesticides for Sustainable Legume Production
1 Introduction
2 Area and Production of Legumes Across the Globe
3 Importance of Legumes
4 Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition
5 Importance of Nitrogen on the Growth and Development of Plants
6 Role of Legumes in Biological Nitrogen Fixation
7 The Beneficial Roles of Bacteria in BNF
8 Pesticides and Their Impact on Sustainable Crop Production
9 Factors Affecting Pesticide Toxicity in Plants´ Rhizosphere
10 Pesticide Concentrations in Soil
11 Pesticides and Soil Microbial Activity
12 Effect of Pesticides on Soil Nitrogen Availability
13 Effects of Pesticides on Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
13.1 Growth
13.2 Root Nodulation
14 Strategies to Maximize Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Pesticide Application
15 Impacts of Agronomic Practices on the Physiology of Legume Nitrogen Fixation
16 Conclusion
References
Sustainable Urban Forestry, Merits, Demerits, and Mitigation of Climate Change at Global Scale
1 Introduction
2 What Is Forestry?
3 Urban Forestry
4 What Is ``Sustainable Urban Forest?´´
5 Green Infrastructure
6 Elements of Sustainability in Urban Forestry
6.1 Selection of Species and Diversity
6.2 Inventory and Planning of Landscape
6.3 Tree Cover and Wood Consumption
6.4 Public Relations and Maintenance
6.4.1 Internal Organization and Funding
6.4.2 External Organization and Funding
7 Advantages of Urban Forestry
7.1 Livelihood
7.2 Possible Expansion
7.3 Source of Material
7.4 Job Opportunities
7.5 Contributes to Industrialization
8 Disadvantages
8.1 Destroy Habitat of Animals and Birds
8.2 Flood and Fires
8.3 Build-Up of GHG
8.4 Affect the Discovery of Herbal Medicines
8.5 Affect Water Cycle
8.6 Environmental and Community Harms
9 Urban Forest Management Plan
9.1 Increased Public Safety
9.2 Increased Efficiency
9.3 Justify Budget
9.4 Components of Management Plan
9.4.1 Tree Inventories
9.4.2 Statistical Sample Inventories
9.4.3 Partial Inventories
9.4.4 Using and Managing the Inventory Data
9.4.5 Inventory Data Analysis
Characteristics of Population
Planting Program
Insect Disease, Threat, and Control
9.4.6 Tree Inventory and Mapping Data
9.4.7 Tree Risk Reduction Plan
9.4.8 Urban Forest Cost/Benefit Analysis
10 Mitigation of Climate Change at Global Scale
10.1 Adaptation
11 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Temperate Forage Legumes Production, Weeds Dynamics, and Soil C:N Economy Under Organic Wastes
1 Introduction
2 Forage Legumes Productivity Under Organic Manures Management Systems
3 Nutritional Quality of Forage Legumes Under Short- and Long-Term Application of Organic Manures
4 Weed Biomass in Forage Legumes Under Organic Manures
5 Soil Carbon and Nutrients Economy Under Organically Grown Forage Legumes
6 Soil Microbial Community and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Organically Managed Forage Legumes
7 Economic Returns of Organically Grown Forage Legumes
8 Impediments and Potential Remedies
9 Conclusions
References
Atmospheric Chemistry of Aerosols and Their Role in Global Climate Change
1 Introduction
2 Aerosol´s Sources
2.1 Sea Salt
2.2 Dust of Deserts
2.3 Volcanic Aerosols
2.4 Biogenic Aerosols
2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols
2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion
2.7 Nitrates
2.8 Sulfates
3 Interactions of Aerosols with Climate System
4 Effects of Aerosols on Climatic Systems
4.1 Direct Effects
4.2 Semi Direct Effects
4.3 Indirect Effects
4.4 Effects on Temperature
4.5 Effects on Precipitation
5 Mitigation for Climate Change
5.1 Reducing Aerosol Emissions
5.2 Climate Engineering
5.3 Issues Regarding Reduced Aerosols Emissions
5.4 Uncertainty in Future Climate Mitigation Efforts
6 Conclusion
References
Increase in Food Scarcity, Agricultural Challenges, and Their Management: Pakistan Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Agricultural Challenges and Issues in Pakistan
2.1 Techno-Managerial Problems
2.1.1 Waterlogging and Salinity
2.1.2 Lack of Irrigation Facilities
2.1.3 Limited Infrastructure
2.1.4 Limited Cultivable Land
2.1.5 Ancient Methods of Production
2.1.6 Inappropriate Crop Alternation
2.2 Socioeconomic Problems
2.2.1 Improper Consumption and Competition
2.2.2 High Illiteracy Rate in Agricultural Sector
2.2.3 Political Instability
2.3 Natural Problems
2.3.1 Natural Climatic Changes
2.3.2 Plant Diseases and Insect Attacks
2.4 Financial Problems
2.4.1 Lack of Agricultural Finances
2.4.2 Poor Financial Position of Farmers
2.4.3 Highly Expensive Fertilizers
3 Solutions and Management to Agricultural Challenges
3.1 Dams Construction
3.2 Commercialization at Subsidized Prices of Certified Seed
3.3 Integrated Development of Land Reforms
3.4 Maintenance of Cost of Fertilizers Through Natural Gas Availability
3.5 Promotion of Cropping System
3.6 Controlling Agricultural Trafficking
3.7 Insurance of Crops
3.8 Improved Research Practices
4 Food Scarcity
5 Is There Enough Food?
6 Reasons for Food Shortage
6.1 Climatic Factors
6.2 Economic Factors
6.3 Social Factors
7 Impacts of Food Scarcity
7.1 Food Price Inflation
7.2 Impact on Economy
8 Malnutrition
9 Actions
10 Implementing Strategies to Ensure World Food Sustainability
11 COVID-19 (Big Risk for Food Scarcity)
12 Conclusions and Future Prospect
References
Increasing the Heavy Metals Accumulation Ability of Transgenic Plants by Expressing Bacterial Enzymes
1 Introduction
2 Types of Metal-Binding Enzymes in Microorganisms
2.1 Metallothioneins
2.2 Phytochelatins
3 Mechanism Involved in Transgenic Plant Development
3.1 Identification of Candidate Gene Involved in Heavy Metal Tolerance
3.1.1 Metagenomics/Metatranscriptomics/Metaproteomics
3.1.2 Transcriptomics
3.1.3 Proteomics
3.1.4 Inome and Inomics
3.2 Construction of the Gene for Plant Expression
3.3 Transformation of the Construct in Plant System
3.4 Confirmation of Transgene Expression
3.5 Establishing an Efficient Assay System
4 Heavy Metal Tolerance in Transgenic Plants by Expression of Bacterial Genes
4.1 Arsenic Tolerance
4.2 Cadmium Tolerance
4.3 Copper Tolerance
4.4 Lead Tolerance
4.5 Mercury Tolerance
4.6 Nickel Tolerance
4.7 Selenium Tolerance
4.8 Zinc Tolerance
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References