Management on Complicated Ocular Trauma

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Complicated Corneal and Scleral Rupture
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition
1.3 Case
1.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
1.5 Personal Experience or Matters That Need Attention
1.6 Specific Challenges of Corneal and Scleral Rupture
References
2: Traumatic Cyclodialysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition and Epidemiology
2.3 Pathogenesis
2.4 Clinical Manifestations
2.5 Investigations
2.6 Management
2.7 Specific Challenges and Personal Experience
2.8 Case 1
2.9 Case 2
References
3: Traumatic Aniridia
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition of the Disease
3.3 Implants for Iris Defects
3.4 Brief Case Reports
3.4.1 Case 1
3.4.2 Case 2 (Courtesy of Dr. Ariel Blanco)
3.4.3 Case 3 (Courtesy of Dr. Ariel Blanco)
3.5 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
3.6 Personal Experiences
References
4: Traumatic Dislocation of the Lens
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition
4.3 Case 1
4.4 Case 2
4.5 Important Signs
4.6 Examinations
4.7 Treatment
4.8 Surgical Treatment
4.8.1 Lens Extraction
4.8.2 IOL Selection
4.8.3 IOL Implantation
4.8.3.1 Anterior Chamber IOL Implantation
4.8.3.2 Iris-Fixed IOL Implantation
4.8.3.3 Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation
Presence of Capsular Bag Support
Absence of Capsular Bag Support
References
5: Intraocular Hemorrhage
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Definition
5.2.1 Hyphema
5.2.2 Vitreous Hemorrhage
5.3 Cases
5.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
5.5 Personal Experience
5.6 Specific Challenges
References
6: Open Globe Injury with Choroidal and Retinal Detachment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definition
6.3 Case Report
6.4 Approach to a patient with Traumatic Choroidal and Retinal Detachment
6.4.1 Preoperative Evaluation
6.4.1.1 History
6.4.1.2 Examination
6.4.2 Imaging
6.4.3 Management
6.5 Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome
6.6 Specific Challenges from Personal Experience
References
7: Choroidal and Retinal Detachment Combined with Cyclodialysis in Open Globe Injury
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Definition
7.3 Case
7.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, and Postoperative Treatment for Complications
7.4.1 Important signs
7.4.2 Examination and Diagnosis
7.4.2.1 Slit-Lamp Examination
7.4.2.2 Computed Tomography
7.4.2.3 B-Scan Ultrasonography
7.4.2.4 Gonioscopy, Ultrasound Biomicroscopy and Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
7.4.3 Treatment
7.4.3.1 Treatment for Retinal Detachment and Choroidal Detachment
7.4.3.2 Cyclodialysis Treatment
7.4.4 Postoperative Treatment for Complication
References
8: Repairment of Traumatic Choroidal Tear
8.1 Anatomy of the Choroid
8.1.1 Bruch’s Membrane
8.1.2 Choriocapillaris
8.1.3 Vascular Layer
8.1.4 Suprachoroid
8.1.5 Blood Supply of the Choroid
8.1.6 Nerve Supply of the Choroid
8.1.7 Physiological Function of the Choroid
8.2 Causes, Classification, and Mechanism of Choroidal Injury
8.2.1 Causes of Choroidal Injury
8.2.2 Classification and Mechanism of Choroidal Injury
8.2.2.1 Choroidal Rupture
8.2.2.2 Choroidal Detachment
8.2.2.3 Choroidal Avulsion
8.3 Clinical Presentation of Choroidal Injury
8.3.1 Choroidal Rupture
8.3.2 Choroidal Detachment
8.3.3 Choroidal Avulsion
8.4 Treatment of Choroidal Injury
8.4.1 Choroidal Rupture
8.4.2 Choroidal Detachment
8.4.3 Choroidal Avulsion
References
9: Complicated Ocular Trauma with Corneal Opacity
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Etiology
9.3 Pathophysiology
9.4 Evaluating Corneal Opacities
9.5 Treatment
9.6 Surgical Case 1
9.7 Surgical Case 2
References
10: Traumatic Giant Macular Hole
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Definition
10.3 Symptoms and Signs
10.4 Diagnosis
10.5 Treatment
10.6 Case
10.7 Personal Experience
10.8 Specific Challenges
References
11: Posterior Polar Ocular Perforating Injury
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Definition
11.3 Case (Brief Case Report Based on Figs. 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, and 11.4)
11.3.1 Case 1
11.3.2 Case 2
11.3.3 Case 3
11.3.4 Case 4
11.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
11.4.1 Pre- and Post-operative Examinations and Diagnosis
11.4.2 Surgical Procedures
11.4.2.1 Emergency Repairing Surgery
11.4.2.2 Timing of Vitrectomy
11.4.2.3 Vitrectomy
11.4.3 Characteristics of Wounds in Posterior Pole Perforating Ocular Injury
11.4.4 Visual Acuity
11.4.5 Management of Intraorbital Foreign Bodies
11.4.6 Anatomic Outcomes
11.4.7 Intraocular Pressure
11.4.8 Comparisons of Factors Related to the Final Vision
11.4.9 Postoperative Complications
11.5 Personal Experience or Matters Need Attention
11.5.1 Timing of Vitrectomy
11.5.2 Dealing with the Scleral Wound
11.5.3 A Special Paragraph to Discuss the Specific Challenges
References
12: Giant Intraocular Foreign Body
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Case Report
12.3 Preoperative Evaluation
12.3.1 History
12.3.2 Examination
12.3.3 Imaging
12.4 Preoperative Care
12.5 Surgical Management
12.6 Postoperative Complications
12.6.1 Endophthalmitis
12.6.2 Retinal Detachment
12.6.3 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
12.6.4 Sympathetic Ophthalmia
12.7 Personal Experience
12.8 Specific Challenges
References
13: Orbital Foreign Bodies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification
13.3 Etiopathogenesis
13.4 Clinical Presentation
13.5 Evaluation
13.6 Investigations
13.6.1 Imaging
13.6.2 Perimetry
13.6.3 Electrophysiological Tests
13.7 Management
13.8 Complications
13.9 Prevention
13.10 Conclusion
References
14: Traumatic Glaucoma
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Intraocular Hemorrhage
14.2.1 Hyphema
14.2.1.1 Etiology
14.2.1.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.2.2 Hemosiderin Glaucoma
14.2.2.1 Etiology
14.2.2.2 Clinical Manifestations
14.2.3 Hemolytic Glaucoma
14.2.3.1 Etiology
14.2.3.2 Clinical Manifestations
14.2.4 Ghost-cell Glaucoma
14.2.4.1 Etiology
14.2.4.2 Clinical Manifestations
14.2.5 Treatment
14.2.5.1 Drug Treatment
14.2.5.2 Anterior Chamber Irrigation
Vitrectomy
14.2.5.3 Glaucoma Drainage Surgery
14.3 Secondary Glaucoma by Lens Dislocation
14.3.1 Etiology
14.3.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.3.3 Treatment
14.3.4 Surgical Procedures (Video 14.1)
14.4 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Rupture of the Lens Capsule
14.4.1 Lens Allergic Glaucoma
14.4.1.1 Etiology
14.4.1.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.4.2 Lens Particle Glaucoma
14.4.2.1 Etiology
14.4.2.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.4.3 Phacolytic Glaucoma
14.4.3.1 Etiology
14.4.3.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.4.3.3 Treatment
14.5 Traumatic Malignant Glaucoma
14.5.1 Etiology
14.5.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.5.3 Treatment
14.5.4 Case Presentation
14.5.5 Ophthalmic Examination
14.5.6 Surgical Procedure (Video 14.2)
14.6 Traumatic Neovascular Glaucoma
14.6.1 Etiology
14.6.2 Clinical Manifestations
14.6.3 Treatment
14.7 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Angle Recession
14.7.1 Etiology
14.7.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.7.3 Treatment
14.8 Low IOP Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Cyclodialysis
14.8.1 Etiology
14.8.2 Clinical Manifestations
14.8.3 Treatment
14.8.3.1 Medication
14.8.4 Surgical Procedure (Video 14.3)
14.9 Glaucoma Secondary to Corneal Perforation
14.9.1 Etiology
14.9.2 Clinical Manifestation
14.9.3 Treatment
14.10 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Iris Defect
14.10.1 Etiology
14.10.2 Pathogenesis
14.10.3 Clinical Manifestation
14.10.4 Treatment
14.10.5 Treatment
14.10.6 Case Presentation
14.10.7 Surgical Procedure (Video 14.4)
14.11 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Uveitis
14.11.1 Etiology
14.11.2 Occurs In
14.11.3 Clinical Manifestation
14.11.4 Treatment
14.12 Glaucoma Secondary to Intraocular Foreign Body
15: Traumatic Endophthalmitis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Case Report
15.3 Microbiology
15.4 Antibiotic Susceptibility
15.5 Diagnosis
15.6 Treatment
15.6.1 Prophylaxis
15.6.2 Vitrectomy
15.6.3 Personal Experience
15.6.4 Specific Challenge
References
16: Permanent Silicone Oil Tamponade
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Definition
16.3 Pathogenesis and Mechanisms
16.4 Symptoms and Signs
16.5 Examinations
16.6 Management of Complication in Permanent Silicone Oil Tamponade
16.7 Case of Retinal Detachment in Silicone Oil Tamponade Eye
16.8 Personal Experience
16.9 Specific Challenges
References
17: Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Definition
17.3 Incidence: Etiology
17.4 Classification
17.5 Pathophysiology
17.6 History
17.7 Complementary Examinations
17.8 Differential Diagnosis
17.9 Treatment
17.10 Corticosteroids
17.11 Surgical Treatment
17.11.1 Prognosis
References
18: Complex Orbital Fractures
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Combined Orbital Floor: Medial Wall Fractures
18.3 Zygomatico-maxillary Complex (ZMC) Fractures
18.4 Naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) Fractures
18.5 Le Fort II and III Fractures
18.6 Cranio-orbital and Cranio-orbitofacial Fractures
18.7 Panfacial Fractures
18.8 Orbital Fractures with Globe Injuries
18.9 Orbital Fractures with Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
18.10 Orbital Fractures with Foreign Bodies
18.11 Revision Orbital Fractures
18.12 Summary
References
19: Traumatic Globe Luxation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Definition
19.3 Case (Brief Case Report Based on the Figures)
19.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
19.4.1 Traumatic Eyeball Luxation Examinations and Diagnosis
19.4.2 Surgical Procedures for Traumatic Eyeball Luxation
19.5 Personal Experience or Matters Need Attention
References
20: Complicated Blepharal Trauma
20.1 Full-thickness Eyelid Laceration
20.1.1 Introduction
20.1.2 Definition
20.1.3 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
20.1.4 Case 1
20.2 Canalicular Laceration
20.2.1 Introduction
20.2.2 Definition
20.2.3 Case 2
20.2.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
20.3 Eyelid Foreign Body
20.3.1 Introduction
20.3.2 Definition
20.3.3 Case 3
20.3.4 Case 4
20.3.5 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
20.4 Eyelid Burns
20.4.1 Introduction
20.4.2 Definition
20.4.3 Case 5
20.4.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
20.4.4.1 Evaluation
20.4.4.2 Initial Treatment
20.4.4.3 Complications
20.5 Traumatic Ptosis
20.5.1 Introduction
20.5.2 Definition
20.5.3 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
20.6 A Special Paragraph to Discuss the Specific Challenges
References
21: Severe Ocular Chemical Injury
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Definition
21.2.1 Types of Chemical Injuries
21.2.2 Factors Influencing the Severity of Eye Chemical Injuries
21.2.3 The Main Pathological Lesions in the Late Stage of Anterior Segment Chemical Injuries
21.3 Alkali Burn
21.3.1 Pathological Process
21.3.2 PH Value and Damage Degree
21.3.3 Clinical Stage and Grade of Alkaline Chemical Injury of Anterior Segment
21.4 Acid Burn
21.5 Treatment of Alkali Burns
21.5.1 Drug Therapy
21.5.1.1 Emergency Treatment
21.5.1.2 Application of Soft Contact Lens
21.5.1.3 Glucocorticoid
21.5.1.4 Collagen Preparations
21.5.1.5 Infection Prevention
21.5.2 Surgical Treatment
21.6 Case 1
21.7 Case 2
21.8 Case 3
21.9 Case 4
21.10 Case 5
21.11 Personal Experiences or Matters Need Attention
References
22: Ocular Laser Burns
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Definition
22.3 Cases
22.4 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, and Management of Ocular Laser Injuries
22.5 Recommendations
22.6 In Brief
References
23: Pediatric Ocular Trauma
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Epidemiology of Pediatric Ocular Trauma
23.3 Clinical Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Eye Trauma
23.4 Emergency Management of Trauma
23.5 Managements of Pediatric Traumatic Cataract
23.6 Timing of Secondary Vitreous Surgery
23.7 The Features of Pediatric Vitrectomy
23.8 Prevention of Pediatric Trauma
References