Management of Wastewater and Sludge: New Approaches

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 An Overview of Developments in Wastewater Treatment Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Adopting and Implementing Suitable Treatment Technology
1.3 Advancements of Treatment Technologies
1.3.1 Biological Treatment
1.3.1.1 Aerobic Treatment
1.3.1.2 Anaerobic Treatment
1.3.2 Physiochemical Treatment Methods
1.3.2.1 Membrane-Based Techniques
1.3.2.2 Ion Exchange
1.3.2.3 Chemical Precipitation
1.3.2.4 Electrochemical Method of Treating Water and Wastewater
1.3.2.5 Adsorption-Based Treatment
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Introduction to Aerobic Granulation Technology: A Breakthrough in Wastewater Treatment System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Difference Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Granulation
2.3 Applications of Aerobic Granulation Technology as a Breakthrough in Wastewater Treatment System
2.3.1 Lab-Scale Applications
2.3.1.1 Biological Treatment of Organics From Wastewater
2.3.1.2 Biological Nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) Removal From Wastewater
2.3.1.3 Degradation of Toxic Substances
2.3.1.4 Biosorption of Dyes and Heavy Metals
2.3.1.5 Mathematical Modeling Practices
2.3.2 Full-Scale Applications
2.4 Characteristics of Aerobic Granular Sludge
2.5 Technologies Associated with Aerobic Granulation Process
2.6 Biochemical Processes Undergo During Aerobic Granulation and Microbiology Involved
2.6.1 Biochemical Processes
2.6.2 Microbiology
2.7 A Case Study of Aerobic Granulation in Pre-Anoxic Selector Attached SBR in Roorkee, India
2.8 Future Scope and Objectives
2.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Modified Sequencing Batch Reactors for Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Application of Sequencing Batch Reactor
3.2.1 Biological Nitrogen Removal Process
3.2.2 Simultaneous Nitrification-Denitrification (SND) Process
3.2.3 Short-Cut Nitrogen Removal Process
3.2.4 Anammox Process
3.2.5 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)
3.2.6 Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in an SBR Process
3.3 Different Variants of SBR Technology
3.3.1 Cyclic Activated Sludge System
3.3.2 UNITANK Technology
3.3.3 Intermediate Cycle Extended Aeration System (ICEAS)
3.4 Recent Developments in the Application of SBR
3.4.1 Algae-Based Sequencing Batch Suspended Biofilm Reactor (A-SBSBR)
3.4.2 An Airlift Loop Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor
3.4.3 Pressurized Sequencing Batch Reactor
3.4.4 Micro-Electrolysis in Sequencing Batch Reactor
3.4.5 Granular Sequencing Batch Reactor
3.4.6 Fixed Bed Sequencing Batch Reactor (FBSBR)
3.4.7 Moving Bed Sequencing Batch Reactor (MBSBR)
3.4.8 Integrated Fixed-Film-Activated Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (IFAS-SBR)
3.4.9 Membrane-Coupled Sequencing Batch Reactor
3.4.10 Ultrasound-Induced Sequencing Batch Reactor
3.4.11 Photo-Sequencing Batch Reactors (PSBRs)
3.4.12 Photo-Fermentative Sequencing Batch Reactor (PFSBR)
3.4.13 Photocatalytic Hybrid Sequencing Batch Reactor (PHSBR)
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Zero Liquid Discharge in Industries
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Existing ZLD Systems
4.2.1 Thermal ZLD
4.2.2 Thermal ZLD Incorporated with an RO System
4.2.3 Different ZLD Systems in Combination with Membrane-Based Techniques
4.3 Importance of ZLD Techniques
4.4 Challenges and Environmental Aspects of ZLD Technology
4.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 Advanced Oxidation Processes and their Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Different Advanced Oxidation Processes
5.2.1 Fenton-based AOPs
5.2.1.1 Classical Fenton Process (CFP)
5.2.1.2 Fenton-like Process
5.2.1.3 Photo-Fenton Process
5.2.1.4 Electro-Fenton Process
5.2.1.5 Heterogeneous Fenton Catalysis
5.2.2 Ozon-based AOPs
5.2.2.1 Peroxone Process (O[sub(3)]/H[sub(2)]O[sub(2)])
5.2.2.2 Ozonation at Elevated pH
5.3 Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6 An Overview Exploring Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrochemical-Based Approaches
6.2.1 Electro-Oxidation
6.2.1.1 Mechanism
6.2.2 Electrodeposition
6.2.3 Electrodialysis
6.2.4 Electrocoagulation
6.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Constructed Wetland (CWL) Types
7.2.1 Free Water Surface-Flow CWL
7.2.2 Subsurface-Flow CWL
7.2.2.1 Horizontal-Flow CWL
7.2.2.2 Vertical-Flow CWL
7.2.2.3 Hybrid CWL
7.2.3 Enhanced CWL
7.2.3.1 Baffled Sub Surface-Flow CWL
7.2.3.2 Aerated CWL
7.3 Design and Operation of CWLs
7.3.1 Selection of Macrophytes
7.3.2 Selection of Substrate Media
7.4 Design and Operational Parameters of CWLs
7.4.1 Environmental Conditions
7.4.2 Depth of Water
7.4.3 Hydraulic Retention Time
7.4.4 Feeding Mode
7.5 Pollutant Removal Mechanisms in CWLs
7.5.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants
7.5.2 Nitrogen Removal
7.5.3 Total Phosphate (TP) Removal
7.6 Advantages and Limitations of CWLs
7.7 Treated Wastewater Reuses Opportunities in Agriculture
7.8 Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells with CWLs (CWL-MFCs)
7.9 Cost Analysis
7.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations
7.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Introduction to Micropollutants and their Sources
8.1 Introduction to Micropollutants
8.1.1 Micropollutants in Human Health
8.2 Sources of Micropollutants
8.2.1 Point Source Pollution
8.2.2 Diffuse Source Pollution
8.2.3 Occurrence of Micropollutants
8.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Effects of Micropollutants on Human Health
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 What are the Micropollutants?
9.1.2 Sources and Pathways to Human Beings
9.2 Effects of Micropollutants on Human Health
9.2.1 Gastrointestinal Effects
9.2.2 Cardiovascular Effects
9.2.3 Neurological Effect
9.2.4 Incident of Toroku Arsenic Pollution
9.2.5 The Minimata Disaster and the Disease That Followed: Mercury Poisoning Sickened an Entire Japanese Town
9.2.6 Reproductive Effects
9.2.7 Lead: A Silent Killer in Nigeria
9.2.8 Carcinogenic Effects
9.2.8.1 Agrochemicals
9.2.8.2 Weedkiller 'Raises the Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma by 41%'
9.2.8.3 POPs
9.3 Future Perspectives and Need for Public Awareness
9.3.1 Measures to be Taken
9.3.2 Why is Environmental Awareness Important?
9.4 Convention and Regulation
9.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10 Biodegradability of Micropollutants in Wastewater and Natural Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Removal Mechanisms
10.2.1 Volatilization
10.2.2 Adsorption
10.2.3 Biodegradation
10.2.4 Photolysis
10.3 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of ECs in Wastewater Treatment
10.3.1 SRT
10.3.2 HRT
10.3.3 pH
10.3.4 Redox Condition
10.3.5 Temperature
10.3.6 Microbial Community
10.3.7 Suspended vs. the Attached Growth Process
10.4 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of ECs in Natural Systems
10.5 Biotransformation
10.6 Conclusion
10.7 Research Scope
References
Chapter 11 Biodegradation Technology for the Removal of Micropollutants: A Critical Review
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Physicochemical Treatment for Degradation
11.3 Photocatalysis
11.4 Sonochemical Methods and Nanoremediation
11.5 Biotechnological Approaches for Micropollutant Degradation
11.6 Microbial Electrochemical System
11.7 Immobilized Enzymes for Micropollutant Degradation
11.8 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Pollutant Degradation
11.9 Invention of Novel Genes Involved in Bioremediation
11.10 Enhanced Bioremediation Via Metabolic Engineering Processes
11.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 The Wholistic Approach for Sewage Sludge Management
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Current Status of Sewage Management
12.3 Source of Sludge From Different Unit Operations or Processes of STP
12.4 Characteristics of Sludge During Different Stages of Treatment
12.5 Major Contaminants in Sludge: A Brief Overview
12.5.1 Metallic Contaminants
12.5.2 Organic Contaminants
12.5.3 Pathogenic Organisms
12.6 Sludge Stabilization
12.6.1 Biological Stabilization
12.6.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AAD)
12.6.1.2 Aerobic Digestion (AD)
12.7 Sludge Thickening and Dewatering
12.7.1 Sludge Thickening
12.7.1.1 Gravity Thickening
12.7.1.2 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Thickening
12.7.1.3 Gravity Belt (GB) Thickening
12.7.1.4 Rotary Drum (RD) Thickening
12.7.1.5 Centrifugal Thickening
12.7.2 Dewatering Process
12.7.2.1 Belt Filter Press (BFP)
12.7.2.2 Screw Press
12.7.2.3 Rotary Press
12.7.2.4 Centrifugal Sludge Dewatering
12.7.2.5 Sludge Drying Beds
12.7.2.6 Lagoons
12.7.2.7 Electro-Dewatering (EDW) Process
12.7.3 Sludge Conditioning
12.7.3.1 Inorganic Chemical Conditioning (ICC)
12.7.3.2 Organic Polymers
12.7.2.3 Thermal Conditioning
12.8 Pathogen Removal From Sludge
12.9 Assessment of Sludge Treatment and Disposal Options
12.9.1 Current Sludge Management Practices
12.9.2 Disposal Options
12.9.2.1 Land Application
12.9.2.2 Incineration
12.9.2.3 Reutilization for Production of Building Materials
12.9.2.4 Landfilling
12.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 Enhanced Biogas Production From Treatment Plant Sludges
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Anaerobic Digestion
13.2.1 Microbiology of Anaerobic Digestion
13.3 Pre-Treatment
13.3.1 Biological Pre-Treatment
13.3.1.1 Aerobic Pre-Treatment
13.3.1.2 Anaerobic Pre-Treatment
13.3.1.3 Enzyme Pre-Treatment
13.3.1.4 Fungal Pre-Treatment
13.3.2 Chemical Pre-Treatment
13.3.2.1 Alkaline and Acidic Pre-Treatment
13.3.2.2 Fenton Pre-Treatment
13.3.2.3 Ionic Liquid Pre-Treatment
13.3.2.4 Ozonation Pre-Treatment
13.3.3 Physical Pre-Treatment
13.3.3.1 Mechanical Pre-Treatment
13.3.3.2 Microwave Pre-Treatment
13.3.3.3 High-Pressure Homogenization Pre-Treatment
13.3.3.4 Pulse Electric Field Pre-Treatment
13.3.3.5 Thermal Pre-Treatment
13.3.3.6 Ultrasonic Pre-Treatment
13.3.4 Combined Pre-Treatment
13.4 Pre-Treatment Challenges and its Scope
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Overview of Thermal Based Pre-Treatment Methods for Enhancing Methane Production of Sewage Sludge
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principles of Anaerobic Digestion
14.3 Conventional Thermal Pretreatment
14.4 Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAD)
14.5 Microwave Irradiation
14.6 Thermal Hydrolysis
14.6.1 The Cambi Thermal Hydrolysis Process (THP)
14.6.2 The Exelys Thermal Hydrolysis
14.7 Thermochemical Methods
14.7.1 Conventional Thermochemical Treatment Methods
14.7.1.1 Alkali Thermal Treatment
14.7.1.2 Acid Thermal Treatment
14.7.2 Microwave-Based Alkali Pretreatment
14.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Management and Disposal of Solid Waste: Practices and Legislations in Different Countries
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of Solid Waste
15.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste
15.2.2 Hazardous Waste
15.2.3 Hospital Waste
15.3 Health Impacts of Solid Waste
15.4 Life Cycle of Municipal Solid Waste
15.4.1 Determination of Individual Components of Solid Waste From MSW
15.5 Guidance for Carrying Out Waste Sampling and Analysis
15.5.1 Procedure
15.5.2 Analysis
15.5.3 Energy Equivalent of Solid Waste
15.6 Legal Framework of Solid Waste Management in India
15.6.1 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
15.6.1.1 Collection of Solid Waste
15.6.2 Environmental Protection – From the Indian Constitution Perspective
15.6.3 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003
15.7 Technologies Used for Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
15.7.1 Composting
15.7.2 Anaerobic Digestion
15.7.3 Incineration
15.7.4 Sanitary Landfills and Landfill Gas Recovery
15.8 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
15.9 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Nigeria
15.10 Integrated Waste Management
15.10.1 Rules and Legislation
15.11 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Australia
15.12 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Spain
15.13 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Ghana
15.14 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Hong Kong
References
Chapter 16 Sources, Characteristics, Treatment Technologies and Disposal Methods for Faecal Sludge
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Characteristics
16.1.2 Sampling and Analysis
16.2 Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Faecal Sludge
16.2.1 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Capture and Containment
16.2.2 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Emptying and Transportation
16.2.2.1 Fee Structures
16.2.2.2 Specific Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Desludging Trucks and Accessories
16.2.2.3 Regulations on Faecal Sludge Emptying and Transportation: Examples From Selected Countries
16.2.2.4 Other General Health Requirements for Operators
16.2.3 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Treatment and Disposal
16.2.3.1 Need and Objective of FS Treatment
16.2.4 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Use
16.2.5 Guidelines for Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Land Application
16.2.6 Lime Stabilisation for Agricultural Reuse
16.2.7 Occupational Risks on Farms
16.2.8 Soil Application of (Co-)Composted Faecal Sludge
16.2.9 Compost Application Guidelines (Nikiema et al., 2014)
16.2.10 Faecal Sludge Reuse
16.2.11 Faecal Sludge Reuse in Aquaculture
16.2.12 Effluent Discharge and Reuse for the STP
16.3 Treatment Technologies for Faecal Sludge
16.3.1 Faecal Sludge Treatment Practices: Developed vs Developing Countries
16.3.2 Factors to Be Considered While Deciding Overall Treatment Process or an Individual Technology
16.3.2.1 Faecal Sludge Characteristics
16.3.2.2 Technical and Economic Feasibility
16.3.2.3 Local Context, Regulations and Existing Faecal Management Practices in the Area
16.3.2.4 Treatment Objective, End Goal and Reuse Options
16.3.3 Steps for Choosing Appropriate Treatment Processes and Technologies for a Treatment Plant
16.3.3.1 Technical Features and Specifications for Optimum Performance of Technologies
16.3.3.2 Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge at WWTPs
16.3.3.3 Land Application
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index